At the moment when the volcano erupted, countless victims were killed by pumice, poisonous gas and volcanic ash. Because of the temperature and chemical properties of volcanic ash and other ejecta, it is difficult to preserve the body. At that time, many bodies were wrapped in volcanic ash. After a long time, the bodies rotted, but the volcanic ash left a hard shell. In order to better preserve and show this history, scientists used a method, that is, gypsum casting, which makes it easy to copy the statue of the deceased. Although these people have passed away for nearly 2000 years, they can still give great shock to everyone who comes here. These seemingly frozen "human fossils" are actually not fossils, but a way to restore them now.
Volcanic eruptions are frightening because they can cause people's death in many ways ―― suffocating volcanic ash, flowing lava, floods caused by burst lakes, landslides, mudslides, burning natural gas, shock waves, earthquakes and tsunamis. According to statistics, in the eruption of Pompeii volcano, only 2000 people died in Pompeii, some were crushed to death in an instant, and volcanic ash slowly suffocated to death. The painful process of waiting for death in a helpless state is very terrible and unimaginable.
When archaeologists discovered Pompeii, they realized that they should have found bones wrapped in airbags, which were wrapped in pumice, volcanic ash and debris. Fortunately, they came up with a clever way to inflate the airbag. When they enter the balloon, plaster can ensure that the bones keep their shape for 48 hours. Then, they can chisel away pumice, volcanic ash and debris from the gypsum surface. Then lime is the shape of the body.
So, in fact, the remains of Pompeii people we see are only lime, not frozen bodies. These bodies have rotted and volatilized, leaving only bones. But pumice, volcanic ash and other debris will quickly harden around the body, just like making a mold. Therefore, when a corpse decays, it will leave the outline of the original corpse in a hard substance.
Some lime models are very shocking. Many of them are not as calm and tidy as the bodies we usually see in coffins. The remains of Pompeii have various postures. Some curled up on the ground; Some sit against the wall and tuck their knees; Some people hug each other.
So, how did these people die? People in the ancient city of Pompeii died in different ways: some died of fire, some died of suffocation, and some died of being hit by other debris.
Mount Vesuvius erupts at noon. From then on, until dawn the next day, about 8 feet, about 2.5 meters of pumice landed in Pompeii. White pumice at first, and gray pumice in the second half. Pumice is like hell. During this time, most Pompeii escaped. Some houses collapsed under the weight of pumice and some Pompeii people died. But most Pompeii people were excavated above the pumice layer, which means that they escaped the previous volcanic eruption.
The subsequent volcanic eruption was even more tragic. The explosion was mixed with a large area of volcanic debris. Compared with Herculaneum, the ancient city of Pompeii is farther away from Vesuvius, so the pumice and volcanic ash layer in Pompeii is only 4 meters, while the volcanic ash layer in Herculaneum is 20 meters. So the fragments of volcanic eruption can only reach the edge of Pompeii.
For a long time, there has been a speculation that the toxic gas released by volcanic eruption, coupled with lack of oxygen, led to Pompeii's suffocation and death. Today, however, the more popular version is that when the fourth wave of pyroclastic rocks strikes, Pompeii people are killed by high temperature almost immediately. In Herculaneum, all that's left is burnt bones. It's much hotter than Pompeii. However, the volcanic debris in Pompeii is only a few inches thick. But it is generally believed that even a little volcanic ash can make the ambient temperature reach 550 degrees Fahrenheit, which is enough to kill people instantly. Scientists believe that this is the reason why Pompeii remains exist in these postures.
Later, they were buried by pumice, volcanic ash and debris. Due to the different locations at the time of the incident, the burial time was early and late.
1748, Naples engineer Albier was ordered to survey 150 years ago, a water diversion channel was located more than 20 kilometers northwest of Naples. When it was dug to a depth of 6 meters, it found a mummy and some colorful paintings. According to the research of historians, it is a famous ancient Roman city Pompeii that has been missing for more than 600 years. So a large-scale excavation began. The original purpose of excavation was only to find artistic treasures and gold and silver treasures. 1763 German John sorted out the original appearance of Pompeii.
By 1860, after 100 years of systematic excavation, the ancient city of Pompeii was rediscovered. The ancient city of Pompeii is located at the southeast foot of Mount Vesuvius, 23km from Naples and 24 1km from Rome. The ancient city is slightly rectangular, surrounded by walls and gates. The streets in the city are criss-crossed, and the block layout is like a chessboard. According to historical records, it is a densely populated town with frequent business trips. By 79 AD, it had become a paradise for the rich, and nobles and wealthy businessmen came here to build luxury villas. The ancient city of Pompeii became a famous city of wine and color. The streets of the city are lined with shops and restaurants, and advertisements and slogans are hung on the walls, which are set according to the industry. There is also a grand theater in the south of the city that can accommodate 1 200 audience. There are also arenas, stadiums, hotels, casinos, brothels and public baths. All these indicate the developed degree of Pompeii at that time.
Strangely, in the reappeared ancient city of Pompeii, people can clearly see the sudden interruption of life: there are unfinished eggs and fish on the table, baked bread in the bread oven and coins on the counter of the store. Although the victims have become fossils, their movements, postures and expressions are well preserved. Some people crouch on the ground with their faces covered, some people struggle on the ground, some people run away with pillows, beggars desperately hold their wallets, and slaves die next to chains that they can't earn ... all these are fixed in an instant like a focal plane. What happened in Pompeii?
Experts confirmed that the ancient city of Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. At noon on August 24, 1989, with a loud noise, Mount Vesuvius instantly spewed lava as high as the sky. Smoke wrapped in boiling volcanic ash, filled with suffocating smell of sulfur, flooded the ancient city of Pompeii. Within a few hours, the ancient city of Pompeii was submerged by thick volcanic ash, and the vibrant city disappeared without a trace.
Although the mystery of the disappearance of Pompeii has been solved, it is strange. Why was Naples not destroyed at that time? It is closer to the volcano than Pompeii. Today, the bustling ancient city of Pompeii has become a historical relic. Naples is the fourth largest city in Italy with a population of 978,000, and its beautiful bay is world-famous. Maybe this is history! No assumptions, no retrogression, only with the passage of time.
For a long time, there has been a speculation that the toxic gas released by volcanic eruption, coupled with lack of oxygen, led to Pompeii's suffocation and death. Today, however, the more popular version is that when the fourth wave of pyroclastic rocks strikes, Pompeii people are killed by high temperature almost immediately. In Herculaneum, all that's left is burnt bones. It's much hotter than Pompeii. However, the volcanic debris in Pompeii is only a few inches thick. But it is generally believed that even a little volcanic ash can make the ambient temperature reach 550 degrees Fahrenheit, which is enough to kill people instantly. Scientists believe that this is the reason why Pompeii remains exist in these postures.
Later, they were buried by pumice, volcanic ash and debris. Due to the different locations at the time of the incident, the burial time was early and late.
Pompeii
(Apennine Peninsula Ancient City)
Pompeii is an ancient city with a long history in Campania in the southwest corner of Apennine Peninsula.
It is about 240 kilometers away from Rome, located near Naples in southern Italy, at the southeast foot of Vesuvius 10 km. The west is about 20 kilometers away from the beautiful Bay of Naples, and it is a summer resort with its back to mountains and seas.
Built in the 6th century BC, it was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. However, due to being buried by volcanic ash, the street houses are well preserved, and archaeological excavations have continued since 1748, providing important information for understanding the social life, culture and art of ancient Rome.
From June 2065438 to June 2006, Pompeii was rated as one of the top ten ancient tombs in the world.
archaeological finds
1748, people dug up human remains wrapped in volcanic ash, and realized that Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD and buried a city.
Human fossils from the Antiquities Museum
In fact, these "human fossils" are not fossils, and there were no traces left at that time! Because of the temperature and chemical properties of volcanic ash and other ejecta, it is difficult to preserve the body. At that time, many bodies were wrapped in volcanic ash and rotted for a long time, but the volcanic ash left a hard shell. They used a method, that is, gypsum casting, so that it is easy to copy the statue of the deceased [4]. This practice began in 1860. 199 1, nine bodies were copied in the same way, which made people more aware of the suffering and misery at the last moment of the disaster.
The development of history
As early as the 8th century BC, Pompeii, a small fishing village relying on the natural harbor of the Mediterranean, gradually developed into a city. Decades later, its merchants gathered and became the second largest city after Italy and ancient Rome.
It is located 300 kilometers north of Rome, west of Sicily and south of Greece and North Africa. Pompeii's magical temple of the sun, huge Colosseum, grand theater, effective wizard hall, novel steam bath, numerous shops and entertainment places have attracted many wealthy businessmen and nobles of Mediterranean city-states. In addition, the strange magma soil, volcanic rocks and geothermal hot springs brought by the repeated eruption of Navi Suwei volcano in the north of the city for hundreds of millions of years.
On February 8, AD 62, a strong earthquake struck this area, causing many buildings to collapse. Many damaged buildings we saw in Pompeii today were caused by that earthquake. After the earthquake, Pompeii rebuilt the city and pursued luxury.
On August 24th, 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius suddenly erupted. The volcanic ash with a thickness of about 5.6 meters ruthlessly wiped Pompeii from the earth.
The ancient city of Pompeii did not leave the remains of the body. What we are seeing now is that modern people copied it by pouring cement. The ancient city of Pompeii did not leave any wreckage at that time! Because of the temperature and chemical properties of volcanic ash and other ejecta, it is difficult to preserve the body. At that time, many bodies were wrapped in volcanic ash and rotted for a long time, but the volcanic ash left a hard shell. They used a method, that is, pouring cement, so that it is easy to copy the statue of the dead. This practice began in 1860. 199 1, nine bodies were copied in the same way, which made people more aware of the suffering and misery at the last moment of the disaster.
I think it's quite tragic that an ancient civilized city was destroyed in this way.
When it comes to volcanic eruption, people naturally think of Pompeii. On August 24th, 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius erupted and buried Pompeii. Debris flows caused by volcanic thunderstorms also covered the nearby town of Hekulanum. At present, 4/5 of the ancient city of Pompeii has been excavated, and the museum of Pompeii has become a world-famous tourist attraction, showing the world the civilization and natural power of the ancient Roman empire.
In 79 AD, it has become a paradise for the rich, and nobles and wealthy businessmen have come here to build luxury villas, and the ancient city of Pompeii has also become a famous city of wine and color. The streets of the city are lined with shops and restaurants, and advertisements and slogans are hung on the walls, which are set according to the industry. There is also a grand theater in the south of the city that can accommodate 1200 audience. There are also arenas, stadiums, hotels, casinos, brothels and public baths. All these indicate the developed degree of Pompeii at that time.
In just 65,438+08 hours, Vesuvius spewed more than 6,543,800 billion tons of pumice, rocks and volcanic ash. Pompeii was buried and forgotten for more than 1.500 years, and it did not reappear unexpectedly until 1.594 when the waterway was dug. The excavation has been going on for hundreds of years, and the discovery here has shocked the world-volcanic ash is like a "time capsule".
The most heartbreaking thing is those plaster models. The bodies of the victims have rotted, leaving only the shape covered by volcanic ash. Men, women, children and even animals are immortal at the last moment of their lives. Some victims even left clues about their identities.
The bones of a paunchy woman were found in Boris's home, surrounded by her family. In the gladiator's camp, the body of a lady covered in jewels lies next to the gladiator; In the ruins of a cheap hotel, a slave girl still wears a bracelet with letters; Near the bleaching workshop, there is a skeleton still clinging to a bag of gold.
Vesuvius still dominates the Bay of Naples, and the fertile soil it provides attracts people.
One thousand nine hundred years ago, in the southeast of Rome, there was an ancient city called Pompeii. The city is bordered by the blue bay of Naples in the west and the towering Vesucci volcano in the north, with more than 20,000 residents. On August 24th, 79 AD, a devastating disaster befell Pompeii. At one o'clock in the afternoon, Mount Vesuvius, about ten kilometers away from the city, suddenly erupted.
Smoke and countless sparks rose from the top of the mountain, and violent explosions continued. In an instant, the sky was dark, the earth shook, and even the calm Bay of Naples churned up rough waves. Mars is lava that spewed out and solidified into stone when landing. Many rocks and volcanic ash cover the ground near the volcano. Then it rained heavily, causing flash floods.
Pompeii
Mountain torrents carry countless stones and volcanic ash to form a huge mudslide and rush down the mountain. The ancient city of Pompeii, which was built in the 6th century BC, was completely buried ... 1000 years later, Pompeii was gradually forgotten. Scholars who study history only know that there is a city of Pompeii when they look up ancient Roman books, but where its ruins are always a mystery.
ancient city
In the early 18th century, when Italian farmers built a canal eight kilometers southwest of Mount Vesuvius, they dug up some ancient Roman coins and carved marble fragments from the ground. 1748, another stone was dug nearby, and the word "Pompeii" was engraved on it.
So it is here! The mystery of Pompeii is finally solved! "From 1860, people began to dig the ancient city of Pompeii in a planned way. After digging intermittently for more than 200 years, my husband saw eeea and Peng Youquan numbered 1 10, as if they were in their twenties again. Well done! Most of this ancient Roman city, which has been sleeping underground for thousands of years, has been rediscovered. Now, people can stroll on the spacious and flat streets and enjoy the scenery of this ancient city, just like entering Pompeii.
Pangjiancheng covers an area of about one square kilometer, surrounded by stone walls and equipped with seven gates.
Surrounded by stone walls.
The most magnificent buildings in this city are concentrated around a rectangular square in the southwest. This is the political, economic and religious center of Pompeii. To the southeast of the square is Pompeii's official residence. To the northeast of the square is a shopping center. Judging from the excavation, there were many shops here at that time, and the goods were dazzling and the business was very prosperous.
When the city of Pompeii was excavated, many tragic plaster statues were found. When the volcano erupted, about 2000 people in the city happened to have a gap to hide, so they were not crushed or killed immediately, but were sealed by dust and could not escape. After a long time, the human body rotted, but the dust of the volcano formed a model of the human body.
The most magnificent building in this city.
Archaeologists poured gypsum liquid into this model, recreating the various postures and expressions of the victims when they died: many people covered their faces with their hands, a mother clung to a crying child, many people dug holes at the foot of the wall, and a group of gladiator slaves were chained. ...
Archaeological work slowly unveiled the mystery of the ancient city of Pompeii, which enabled people to fully understand the real situation of the Roman imperial city in BC and let the world see the initial prosperity and charming brilliance of Pompeii.
There is a movie called The End of Pompeii, which tells the story of the ancient city of Pompeii. From this, we know that the ancient city of Pompeii was destroyed by the volcano.
So how did Pompeii people freeze to death? This involves some knowledge of physics. As we all know, once a person dies, the body will slowly melt under the action of bacteria until bones, hair and teeth are left. After excavation, the people in Pompeii still remain the same as before, which is amazing. Why is this? Let's do an experiment. Gypsum is poured into a hollow human body shape, which quickly solidifies and sets. This is why we often use plaster as a mannequin. Gypsum can also play an anti-corrosion role.
So is volcanic ash. After the volcanic eruption, volcanic ash and mud instantly covered people's bodies and even invaded their throats. Because they are buried deep underground and isolated from the air for a long time, after thousands of years of rain polishing and years of baptism, volcanic ash and soil have solidified into solids, making people always in a state of death. After archaeologists found them, they poured gypsum into them to avoid further damage and keep them in their original state for a long time. This is the fact that people in the ancient city of Pompeii were frozen stiff.
Let's briefly review the history of Pompeii.
The ancient city of Pompeii is located in the Italian Apennine Peninsula, 240 kilometers away from Rome and 0/0 kilometers away from Mount Vesuvius/Kloc. It was built in the 6th century BC and occupied by the Romans in 89 BC. Because of its beautiful scenery, growing population and developed commerce, many nobles and businessmen have built luxury villas here. The peak population of Pompeii was close to 30,000, making it the second largest city after Rome at that time. Important buildings include the Temple of Jupiter, the Temple of Apollo, the Great Hall, the Bath and the Colosseum.
As we all know, the soil covered by volcanic ash is particularly fertile, and so is Pompeii. Because it is close to Mount Vesuvius, the grapes grown here are big and sweet, which is very suitable for wine making. Moreover, volcanic rocks have the functions of stopping bleeding, relieving pain and calming the nerves, and there are many geothermal hot springs that attract people from all directions and are very lively. However, Vesuvius is a typical active volcano, but people living here are not aware of its harm. Many nobles set up palaces here, drinking and enjoying luxury every day. On August 24, 79 AD, under the strong action of the earthquake, Vesuvius suddenly woke up and erupted, with thick smoke rolling down, mixed with volcanic ash and mud. The ancient city of Pompeii suddenly became a sea of fire, and people were swallowed up in an instant before they could escape or even sleep. An ancient city that was once infinitely brilliant disappeared into history.
1594, people found a stone engraved with the word "Pompeii" when building a drinking canal on the sarno River. 1707, when people dug wells in a garden at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, they dug up three beautifully dressed female statues. 1748, people dug up human remains wrapped in volcanic ash, only to realize that Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD and buried a city! The excavation of Pompeii began at 1750. With the deepening of excavation, the ancient city of Pompeii was finally revealed to the world and showed its true colors to the world.
Now the ancient city of Pompeii has become a world cultural and natural heritage, attracting countless people to visit and is the spiritual wealth of all mankind.
I'm Mr. Wu Shang, and I'll answer.
Pompeii, also translated as Pompeii, is located in the ancient Roman city of Campania. According to records, the ancient city of Pompeii was founded in the 6th century BC, which is equivalent to the Spring and Autumn Period in China. Businessmen once gathered here, with the most beautiful manors and luxury villas at that time, as well as leisure and entertainment facilities such as baths, stadiums and theaters. There are many workshops and shops in the urban area, all of which are set by industry. There are marble statues on the walls and porches in the gardens of the city, which show a high artistic level at that time. However, this magnificent ancient city was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
Mount Vesuvius is1277m above sea level. According to the research of geologists, this is a typical active volcano, which has been erupting continuously for thousands of years. The foundation of the ancient city of Pompeii is on the hardened lava after the eruption of the ancient Vesuvius volcano. According to the unearthed cultural relics and related materials, historians and archaeologists infer the whole process of the sudden eruption of Vesuvius volcano on a certain day in 79 AD: in an instant, the fiery magma spewed from the volcano covered the sky and splashed everywhere; Thick black smoke, mixed with boiling volcanic ash, poured down overwhelmingly, and the air was filled with suffocating sulfur smell; Soon, lava and volcanic ash with a thickness of about 6 meters poured into Pompeii mercilessly, and the ancient city was instantly annihilated, and Pompeii disappeared on the earth.
The sudden disaster brought the life of the ancient city of Pompeii to an abrupt end, but it also left its face at the moment of destruction. It was sealed in the gradually cooled, solidified and hardened volcanic ash, and escaped the erosion for thousands of years, so that when it was discovered later, the world could still appreciate the true content of this great ancient civilization.
The most fascinating thing about this site is that it truly preserves the situation of Pompeii and Pompeii people when the disaster comes. Being here today, people seem to travel through time and space, return to the Roman Empire in the 1 century, and feel the massiness and impermanence of history.