Geography Review for the Senior High School Entrance Examination (II) The second volume of Grade 7 Chapter 1 Understanding continents 1. 1 Asia and Europe "Asia" and "Europe": Asia: the place where the sun rises in the east; Europa: where the sun sets in the west; The continental parts of Asia and Europe are integrated into one, forming Eurasia. Asia borders the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean on the east, south and north, Europe on the west, Africa on the southwest and North America on the east across the Bering Strait. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south. Asian terrain dominated by plateaus and mountains: three characteristics: 1. Terrain is mainly plateau and mountain, with high average altitude; 2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly. 3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around. Terrain difference: The average elevation in Asia and Europe is high. The continent with the lowest altitude in the world is relatively high and the ground fluctuates greatly. The main topographic plateau and mountain plain are high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed in the south and north. The climate in Asia is complex and diverse: the continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential. Asia with many rivers: most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountains and flow radially into the sea along the terrain; Asia has a large population and many countries: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2000, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population. Most countries in the world with a population of 1 100 million or more are in the continent with the largest number of countries in Asia and Africa: "Africa" is the "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, across the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau, which is called "Plateau continent". The Sahara Desert, located in the north of Africa, is the largest desert in the world, accounting for about the whole continent. Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world. African savanna is the largest area in all continents. Climate characteristics: high temperature; A vast arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south. Rich in resources: Africa has a vast territory and rich and diverse products, and is known as the "rich continent". The reserves and output of diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world. Economy in urgent need of development: 1.3 America: "New World": America is short for "America". The natural environment between the north and the south is different: the average altitude in North America is relatively high, and the terrain fluctuates greatly. The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system, the middle is a vast plain, and the east is a low highland. Immigration and Economy: Chapter II Understanding Region 2. 1 Southeast Asia: Including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including the Indian zhina Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indochina Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers of China. Mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 20,000 islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, and few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". The topographical features of Japan, known as the "country of earthquakes", are the characteristics of rivers in the zhina Peninsula, India, where mountains and rivers crisscross from north to south Malay archipelago, which is rugged, short and swift. Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation. Rich in minerals: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops are important producing areas in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world. The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The population is concentrated in alluvial plains, estuarine deltas and coastal plains, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated. 2.2 South Asia South Asia subcontinent: South Asia is the vast area between the central and western parts of the Himalayan Mountains and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a total area of about 4.3 million square kilometers. The three regions: Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau are divided into three seasons: the three seasons are divided into hot seasons from March to May; June-10 is the rainy season; 1 1 The cool season in February of the following year is religion and society: Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam in Pakistan. Population and economy: South Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a population of about 65.438+0.3 billion, accounting for more than 654.38+0.5 of the world population. 2.3 Land of the Five Seas and Three Kingdoms in West Asia: Mediterranean Sea; Black sea; Caspian sea; Red sea; Arabian sea. Asia; Africa; Europe This is also the famous "Silk Road" in ancient China. Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: crops need water for irrigation, especially in Israel. Arab countries: Religion: the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The world oil treasure house accounts for 25% of the world total output. Shipped out through the Persian Gulf. Oil export route: 2.4 Location and scope of Western Europe: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, including more than 30 countries. Judging from the level of economic development, most of them belong to developed countries. Strong economic strength: tourism prosperity: 2.5 Arctic and Antarctic ice and snow world: Arctic refers to the area north of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia, North America and some islands. The inland area of the Arctic Circle is about 8 million square kilometers, and the area of the Arctic Ocean is about 1365438+ million square kilometers. The Antarctic region includes the Antarctic continent, its islands and continental ice, as well as a part of the South Pacific Plain, the South Atlantic Ocean and the South Indian Ocean. The polar regions are extremely cold, windy and rainy. In the Arctic Circle, the population living for a long time is close to 3 million. The local aborigines are mainly Inuit and Lapp. Antarctica has no country and no permanent residents. Polar scientific expedition: China Great Wall Station (6213's; 58 58 ′ west) China Zhongshan Station (69 25 ′ s; 76 10′