Confucius was a great thinker and educator in ancient China and an outstanding cultural giant in the world, which had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Confucianism, which was founded by him and centered on benevolent governance and rule by virtue, was regarded as the orthodox thought of feudal society by China, Korea, Japan, Viet Nam and other Asian countries, and was regarded as "the most holy teacher" and "a model for future generations". /kloc-in the 0/9th century, Confucius thought was introduced into Europe, which also had a great influence on the Enlightenment in Europe. In order to express admiration and respect for Confucianism, a large-scale Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House were built in Qufu, my hometown. Located in the center of Qufu, it is a group of magnificent ancient buildings with oriental architectural colors and styles gradually developed on the basis of Confucius' former residence. In the second year after Confucius' death (478 BC), his former residence was converted into a temple, and the clothes, crowns, pianos, cars and books used by Chen Fang were sacrificed on time. In the Han Dynasty, offering sacrifices to Confucius was included in the national sacrificial ceremony, and the Confucius Temple was maintained by the state. After many expansions, the Tang Dynasty has begun to take shape, including a main hall, two halls, a sleeping hall and other buildings. In the fifth year of Song Tianxi (102 1), it was expanded into a three-way layout with four courtyards and a hall of 3 16. Jin Mingchang was rebuilt in five years (1 194), and the number of spring houses in the hall increased to more than 400. In the Ming dynasty, it was expanded by Yongle, Chenghua and Hongzhi, which laid the existing scale. Kong Lin is the family cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. It is located on the south bank of Weihe River, one kilometer north of Qufu, and is connected with the city gate through Shinto. Kong Yu's tomb is located in the middle of Konglin, and its wall is axe-shaped. In the Han dynasty, temples were set up and holy doors were built; In the Song Dynasty, a stone musical instrument was carved. In the Yuan Dynasty, monuments were erected, walls were built and heavy doors were built; In the Ming Dynasty, the tomb gate of Xiangdian was rebuilt, and Zhushuiqiao Square and Changchun Square were added. Since the Han dynasty, the cemetery of Confucius has been protected by the state, and its scale has been expanding. It expanded to 65,438+0,200,000 square meters in the Ming Dynasty, and 2,000,000 square meters in the 23rd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (65,438+0,684), and an 8-kilometer fence was built. Confucius House is the official office of Confucius' eldest grandson, located in the east of Confucius Temple. While respecting Confucius, successive dynasties benefited their children and grandchildren and gave their grandsons official titles many times. In BC 195, the ninth generation of Sun Kongteng was named the god of Confucius, which was followed by later generations. In the second year of the Song Dynasty (1055), the forty-sixth generation Sun was renamed Duke, which lasted until the seventy-seventh generation, becoming the oldest aristocratic family in China (see Table 6). Confucius' eldest grandson has been living in the temple. In the tenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1377), in the sixteenth year of Hongzhi (1503), an independent banquet duke's mansion was established and expanded. Three-way layout, nine courtyards, a total of more than 560 buildings, covering an area of more than 70 thousand square meters. Although Confucius died more than 2400 years ago, his thoughts are still playing a role in China and even the world. Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House are the achievements of respecting Confucius for more than 2400 years. They have extremely rich historical connotations and are an important part of human cultural heritage, attracting more and more countries, thinkers, sociologists and people from all walks of life to visit and pay their respects. (2) Overview Qufu Confucius Temple is a temple dedicated to Confucius. It is the first and model of more than 2,000 Confucius temples in China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and other countries. It was built in 478 BC and has never given up offering sacrifices for more than 2,400 years. It is the longest-used temple in China and one of the most famous ancient buildings in China. Kong Lin has been used for more than 2,400 years and is the longest clan cemetery in China and even in the world. Confucius' first grandson had a hereditary title of nobility, which lasted for more than 265,438+000 years. He is the oldest aristocratic family in China, and his mansion, Confucius House, is the largest, best preserved and most representative building complex in China. The historical, scientific and artistic values of Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House are all reflected in their preserved cultural relics. More than 300, 65,438+0,300 ancient buildings of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, reflecting the architectural laws and characteristics of each period. More than 65,438+0,000 Han Dynasty stone reliefs, Confucius' sacred figures, stone tools and dragon columns reflect the changes and development of stone carving art; More than 5,000 inscriptions in the Western Han Dynasty are not only treasures of China's calligraphy art, but also precious materials for studying China's ancient times, thoughts, economy, culture and art; More than 65,438+10,000 ancient tombs are important objects for studying the tomb system, and17,000 ancient and famous trees are living cultural relics for studying ancient phenology, meteorology and ecology. Among the 654.38+10,000 cultural relics in the collection, Yuan and Ming costumes, portraits of Confucius, portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Feast and ritual vessels are the most famous. Among them, the costumes of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties are rare similar cultural relics handed down from generation to generation in China, which is of great value to the study of ancient costumes and textile art. There are 300,000 files of Confucian documents in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are rich private files in China and important materials for studying the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the economic history. Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House are not only the symbols and symbols of advocating Confucianism in ancient China, but also the important objects of studying the history, culture and art of China. The overall design of Confucius Temple is very successful. Shinto is on the front, and cypress trees are planted on both sides to create a solemn atmosphere and cultivate the reverence of temple worshippers; The main body of the temple runs through a central axis, the left side is symmetrical and the layout is rigorous. Nine yards before and after, the first three yards are collar yards, and there are only a few smaller doorways. Rows of pines and cypresses grow in the courtyard, creating a refreshing and clear-headed environment, while towering pines and cypresses create a deep tunnel, which not only makes people feel the long history of Confucius Temple, but also sets off Confucius' profound philosophy ideologically. The high plaque at the entrance of the building strongly praises Confucius' achievements, giving people a strong impression and admiration. After entering the Fourth Hospital, the building is magnificent, with yellow tiles, red walls and green trees, which complement each other, showing the profoundness of Confucius' thought and the great achievements of Confucius. The length of people who worship Confucian sages in the East and the West is 166 meters respectively, which also shows the long history of Confucianism. Confucius Temple has more than 100 buildings and 460 rooms, with an ancient building area of about 16000 square meters. The main buildings are the Monument Pavilion of Jinyuan in Ming Dynasty, Kuiwen Pavilion, Xingtan, Defeng Tiandi Square, Dacheng Hall rebuilt in Qing Dynasty, Bedroom Hall, etc. There are many Song-style characteristics in the practice of Jingu Damu, such as sparse barrels, long melon seeds, slow arch of coffins, jumping off two of the six shops, and the appearance of the stigma shop is the same as that of the repair shop. There are cloisters around the main hall, which is a common closed temple in Song and Jin Dynasties and a rare example. Dacheng Hall, Sleeping Hall, Kuiwen Temple, Xingtan, Dachengmen and other buildings adopt wood-stone mixed structure, which is also a relatively rare form. The layout and details of the bucket are flexible. According to needs, the number, density and length of each leveling department are different. Even in order to make up for the visual vacancy, the compartment, Wandan and Gua are lengthened, so that the lengths of two adjacent barrels in the same building are different and the same. Confucius Temple has preserved the inscriptions 1044 since the Han Dynasty. There are records of feudal emperors paying homage, closing Zen, offering sacrifices to Confucius and building Confucius temples, as well as poems and inscriptions of emperors, generals and literati offering incense and offering sacrifices to Confucius. The characters are Chinese, Mongolian, Basiba and Manchu, and the calligraphy style is true cursive seal script, which studies feudal society. Precious economic, cultural and artistic historical materials, including more than 20 Han Dynasty inscriptions and Chinese characters, are the places where the largest number of Han Dynasty inscriptions are preserved in China. Monument to Ceremony, Monument to the Book of Rites, Monument to Confucius and Shi Chenbei are Han Li's representative works, while Monument to Zhang Menglong and Monument to Jia Shijun are Wei Ti's models. In addition, there are calligraphy works by Sun Normal University, Mi Fei, Dang, Zhang Qiyan, Li Dongyang, Dong Qichang, Weng Fanggang, inscriptions by Yuan Haowen and Guo, and 584 calligraphy posts of Yu Honglou, a large calligraphy collection of Kong. The inscription on the Confucius Temple is a treasure house of ancient calligraphy art in China. The famous stone carvings in Confucius Temple include Han Dynasty stone reliefs, Ming and Qing stone pillars, and carved sacred pictures in Ming Dynasty. There are more than 90 stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty with a wide range of subjects, which are not only the records of people's social life, but also the reflection of historical stories, myths and legends. There are various carving techniques, such as line carving and relief, and line carving includes reduction, carving, plain and line; Relief is deep and shallow, smooth and rough. The style is rigorous and fine, or bold and unconstrained, with smooth lines and beautiful shapes. Seventy-four stone pillars were carved in Ming and Qing Dynasties, including 56 reliefs and 18 high reliefs. Grinding and engraving are mostly small Yunlong and phoenix peony. In the seventh year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, flowers such as peony, pomegranate and lotus were engraved in Chongsheng Temple, which were relics of Hongzhi in the seventeenth year of Ming Dynasty. Exquisite stone carving is a relief dragon column; There are ten columns on the front eaves of Dacheng, each of which is six meters high and the highest. The two pillars of Chongsheng Temple are vigorous and lively, with the highest level. In addition, the characteristics of Yunlong stone in shallow relief in Shengshimen, Dachengmen and Dachengdian also have high artistic value. Since the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592), the Confucius Temple has been supplemented with wood carvings of the Song and Jin Dynasties. They were painted by Mao Fengyi, a Confucian scholar in Qufu, painted by Yang Zhi in Yangzhou and carved by masons in Suzhou, with a total of 120, which vividly reflected the life of Confucius. It is one of the early large-scale comic books in China, with high historical and artistic value. For more than two thousand years, the Confucius Temple in Qufu has been continuously destroyed and repaired, and it has never been abandoned. Under the protection of the state, it developed from Confucius' private residence into a huge building complex similar in scale and shape to the palace. It has been delayed for a long time and the records are rich, which can be said to be an isolated case in the history of human architecture. Although the overall layout of Kong Lin, Kong Lin was not formed at one time, it was very successful. Linmen and the North Gate are connected by a Shinto with a length of1.266m.. Shinto is as straight as an arrow, and pines and cypresses are solemn on both sides. Entering the Great Gate, the tall wall will enclose a closed deep space between the Great Gate and the Second Gate, and a narrow road will be opened between the tall red walls of cypress and Wakaji, which will lead people's eyes to the towering gatehouse. Through Erlenmen, there are dense ancient trees, lush grass and flowing water. In fact, it is a natural wild interest, which is refreshing. Turn west and cross lishuiqiao; Walking along the central axis, climbing the tomb door, crossing the aisle, enjoying the hall and entering the cemetery, a generation of great men were buried in the earth. It makes people feel more cordial, and their backs are falling, and they can't bear to leave. Kong Lin covers an area of 2 million square meters, with numerous tombs, forest-like stone tablets, stone musical instruments and towering ancient trees. There are more than ten thousand tombs of descendants since Confucius. In addition to the Han tablet moved into the Confucius Temple, there are more than 4,000 tombstones from the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China, and nearly 1,000 stone utensils from the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as stone men, stone horses, stone sheep, stone lions, watchtowers, altars and Shinto squares. In order to praise Confucianism and meet the needs of sacrifice, there are more than 60 buildings in Ming and Qing dynasties, such as doors, squares, temples and pavilions. Kong Lin buried the eldest grandson of Confucius to the 76th generation, and the collateral descendants to the 78th generation. From a week to now, there has been no interruption. As a family cemetery, there is no precedent in the world for its long duration, numerous tombs and good preservation. It is the product of the dominant position of Confucianism in China's long feudal society. Kong Lin's rich cultural relics on the ground are of great value to the study of the evolution of the tomb system in China and the economy, culture, customs, calligraphy and art in ancient China. As the official office of Confucius' grandson, Confucius has always advertised the "rules of propriety and righteousness" and adhered to the ancestral teachings of poets and owners. Architecture is also restricted by Confucian etiquette, leaving the imprint of Confucian patriarchal clan system and ethical concepts. Confucius' house followed the traditional China system, with a front hall and a back room. The front hall is used for working and meeting guests, and the back room is used for family life, including an inner room, a living room and a hall. The functional divisions of the building are clear and orderly. The design of architecture follows the principles of ethics and patriarchal clan system, and arranges a series of buildings with different functions in the order of primary and secondary. The central axis of the building complex is symmetrical left and right, forming a three-dimensional layout. After the middle road was occupied by Confucius' son, the Duke of Feast, the east road was always occupied by the second son, and the middle road was respected. It embodies the noble status of sons and the difference in rank and status between sons and non-sons. There is a clear boundary between the official residence and the inner residence in the Middle Road, which shows that men and women are not close to each other in giving and receiving, but there are differences inside. On the shaft. Principal room and wing room, middle door and side door reflect the difference between master and servant. The name of the building is also marked with Confucianism, "Unity Hall", "Loyalty Hall" and "Anhuai Hall", which not only praises Confucius' thought of loyalty, righteousness and resentment, but also shows his determination to follow the example of his grandson. "Oriental Learning" and "Western Learning" not only praised Confucius' achievements in creation and teaching, but also showed Confucius' attitude of spreading his poems and rituals in Ji Cheng Sun and attaching importance to teaching tradition. There are more than 0/70 buildings in Confucius Mansion/KLOC-with 560 rooms, and there are 480 rooms in the existing 152 building, of which the main entrance, instrument door, lobby, hall, hall, inner hall door, front building, Yingenmen door and family temple are Ming Dynasty buildings, and the rest are Qing Dynasty buildings. The construction area of the ancient building is12740m2. There are many precious cultural relics preserved in Confucius' mansion, which were constantly given by feudal emperors in past dynasties to show their respect for Confucius and kindness to his grandson. Empress Mo Bao, imperial poems, Confucian classics, ritual vessels and Four Treasures of the Study are all available, and Confucius' grandson also pays attention to collecting ancient artifacts and constantly enriches the collection of cultural relics. At present, Confucius House still maintains the furnishings of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Regular architecture, art treasure house The existing Confucius Temple covers an area of 327.5 mu, with 466 buildings, 9 courtyards in front and back, with the longitudinal axis running through the whole building, symmetrical left and right, rigorous layout and magnificent momentum. The first three courtyards are equipped with guiding buildings, such as doors or archways. Fourth, into the courtyard, there is a three-eaves pavilion, Kuiwen Pavilion, which contains books given by emperors in previous dynasties. There is an "apricot altar" in the Seventh Hospital, which is said to be the place where Confucius gave lectures before his death. Dacheng Hall, the main hall of Confucius Temple, is 3 1.89 meters high, 54 meters wide and 34 meters deep. There are 28 gulong pillars under the porch, none of which are carved from a whole stone. The ten stone pillars under the front porch are carved into deep relief dancing Shuanglong, with clouds, stones and waves lining them. They are beautiful and lifelike, and they are rare art treasures. There are also a large number of inscriptions and portrait bricks in the Confucius Temple, which are valuable materials for studying ancient Chinese calligraphy, culture and art. ◆ Confucius House is a model of the combination of official residence and garden residence. On the east side of Confucius Temple is Confucius House, which is the hereditary residence of Confucius' eldest grandson. Founded in the Song Dynasty, it has been expanding from generation to generation, forming the present scale. It covers an area of more than 200 mu and has more than 480 houses. The combination of official residence and residence is a typical feudal aristocratic manor. The hall of the official residence is used to accept the imperial edict issued by the emperor or handle family affairs. There is a garden in the backyard of Confucius House, which is elegant, fresh and unique in layout. It is a masterpiece of gardens and a model of the combination of gardens and houses. There are a large number of historical archives, cultural relics handed down from ancient times, costumes and utensils in Confucius House, which are extremely precious. Konglin is the oldest and best-preserved family cemetery. Konglin, also known as Zhi, is located outside the north gate of Qufu City, covering an area of 3,000 mu, surrounded by a brick forest wall in 14. It is the family cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. There is a cypress passage in Kong Lin. Entering Kong Lin, you have to pass through the tomb of 1200m, and then pass through stone archways, stone bridges and tunnels to reach the tomb of Confucius. The tomb of Confucius is 6 meters high. To the east of the mausoleum are the tombs of Confucius' son Kong Li and his grandson Kong Ji. In Kong Lin, some graves still have carved China watches, stone statues and stone beasts. These are all based on the rank of the people in the tomb who were knighted at that time. The whole Kong Lin has been used for 2500 years, and there are more than100000 graves in it. Its long duration, numerous model burials and good preservation are rare in the world.