Brief introduction of Hezhe nationality

Hezhe nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China with a small population. Mainly distributed in Raohe and Fuyuan counties of Heilongjiang Province, they live in three ethnic townships: Jiejinkou, Sipai and Bacha. It ranks 55th among 56 ethnic groups in China, and its population exceeds that of Menba.

Hezhe language belongs to Altai language family, Manchu-Tungusic language family, and many words are the same as Manchu. Now Hezhe people under 4 years old can't speak the national language, and they can speak Chinese in general. Hezhe people have no writing, and Chinese is widely used. I used to believe in shamanism.

Hezhe people who live along the river still focus on fishing, regardless of sex, age and age, they are all good fishermen, with the fishery economy as the core, forming a unique and rich national culture of Hezhe people. It is the only ethnic group in northern China that relies on fishing and hunting for a living.

history of Hezhe nationality

Hezhe nationality is an ancient nationality in China. Its ancestors lived in the three river basins of Heilongjiang, Songhua River and Wusuli River very early. The "Blackwater" in Sui and Tang Dynasties was their ancestor. I used to live on the North Sea, but later I moved south. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, Hezhe ancestors belonged to five kingdoms. During the Yuan Dynasty, it was subordinate to Xingda Road in Liaoyang. During the Ming Dynasty, Hezhe area belonged to Nuergandusi. In the early Qing Dynasty, Hezhe people lived in Huerha Department, Woji Department, Waerka Department, Dog Department and Sahalian Department. The name Hezhe nationality appeared for the first time in the early years of Qing Dynasty. Historically, it was called "fish skin department" and "dog department" because of wearing fish leather clothes and dogs. It is a nation in northern China that mainly fishes and hunts and uses dogs to pull sledges. Until the beginning of the 2th century, Hezhe nationality was still in the stage of development from the end of primitive commune to class society. On the eve of the founding of New China, due to the invasion, plunder, burning and killing of Japanese imperialism, and the epidemic of typhoid, smallpox, cholera and other infectious diseases, a large number of people died and were on the verge of national extinction. At one time, there were only more than 3O people left. After the founding of New China, Hezhe people were reborn. Hezhe people have been engaged in fishery production for a long time and accumulated rich fishing experience. At the same time, they have also carried out diversified businesses, such as agriculture and aquaculture, and their lives have shown a prosperous scene.

Hezhe music

Hezhe people are mainly distributed in the northeast frontier-Songhua River, Heilongjiang River and Wusuli River, with a population of more than 1,4. There is no native language, and its language belongs to Altai language family. Most people are familiar with Chinese and believe in Shamanism.

Hezhe people have a strong ability to improvise songs. Their boat songs and fishing songs are graceful, stretching and melodious. This boat song has a bold style and ups and downs in melody, expressing Hezhe people's cheerful mood after work and their love for their hometown.

Hezhe Etiquette

Hezhe Celebration Festival

Hezhe Marriage Custom

In the process of young men and women's engagement, a banquet should be held to entertain their elders and matchmakers; At the wedding reception, the man's old man should propose three glasses of wine to the woman's old man. At the wedding reception, the bride should "sit on her back" facing the wall, and only after the farewell party leaves can she go down to the fields and eat pig's head and pig's tail with the groom. The groom eats pig's head and the bride eats pig's tail, which means that the husband leads the wife, is United and harmonious, and finally the bride and groom eat noodles to show their affection and grow old together.

Hezhe costumes

Fish fur clothing is a unique national costume of Hezhe nationality in the past. It fully shows that Hezhe people have the tenacious will and high wisdom to use, transform, adapt to the environment and create life. Fish fur clothing is made by completely peeling the skin of silver carp, carp and other fish, drying and descaling, beating it as soft as cotton cloth with a wooden mallet, and sewing it with silver carp leather thread. Influenced by Manchu costumes, fish fur coats are mostly long clothes, which are mainly worn by women. Its style is like a cheongsam, with a slightly narrow waist and a length above the knee. The sleeves are wide and short, and there is no collar, only a collar socket. The clothes and trousers are large, and the edges are all trimmed with cloth, or embroidered patterns, or decorated with bronze bells, which looks bright and beautiful. Fish skin pants, there are two kinds of men and women. Men wear the upper end flush, and the lower edge of the trousers is inlaid with black edges. Hunting in winter can resist cold and wear. Wear waterproof knee pads for fishing in spring and autumn. However, with the continuous improvement of material life, the materials and styles of Hezhe clothing have also undergone fundamental changes. Fish skin is no longer a covering costume of Hezhe nationality, but is collected as a folk craft in the treasure house museum of art.

Hezhe diet

Hezhe people like to eat "Lala rice" and "Mowengu rice". "Lala rice" is a thick soft rice made of millet or corn dregs, which can be eaten with fish floss or various animal oils. "Mowen ancient rice" is porridge made by cooking fish or animal meat with millet and adding salt. Now, like the Han nationality, most people eat steamed bread, cakes, rice and various vegetables.

Hezhe people have some unique fish and meat flavor foods, which can be divided into raw dried fish, raw dried meat and fresh raw fish. There are many ways to eat fresh fish, mainly mixed vegetables and raw fish. There is also a kind of frozen fish fillets eaten in winter. If distinguished guests come, there is a plate of frozen fish fillets, which is a fine wine dish, delicious and cool, and is still popular among people.

cooked food, such as processed sturgeon, bighead carp and salmon roe, has high nutritional value. Fish fillets and animal meat are also processed by steaming, roasting, frying, stewing, boiling and frying. Among them, fish floss is essential for every meal.

Typical foods are: raw fish with mixed vegetables, called "Taleka" by Hezhe people, fish floss and "Tasi hate" by Hezhe people.

Hezhe architecture

Yao folk houses are good at adapting to local conditions, which can be divided into "half building", "whole building" and "quadrangle".

Generally, a "half-floor" has five columns and three rooms, with buildings at both ends, or buildings at one end, or buildings at the other end extending forward. The gate is mostly in the upper floor of the house. Most of these buildings were built by Hongyao.

"whole building" is called "half building"; It is generally built on a flat foundation along the river or in the middle of the mountain. The scale and ancillary buildings are the same as the "half building". Huayao and Panyao live in the "whole building".

"Siheyuan" is called "Siheyuan" because it connects and builds four "whole building" houses with a small square yard in the middle. This kind of building is only inhabited by wealthy families in Hongyao along the river.

Hezhe custom

Before drinking the first sip of wine, Hezhe people should dip a little wine with chopsticks and throw it into the air and sprinkle it on the earth to show respect to their ancestors and gods. But I don't like drinking tea. Sometimes I fry millet and brew it with water, or I collect wild roses, tender leaves and buds of small oak trees to dry and brew water for tea, but most people like to drink raw cold water all year round.

Hezhe women should eat millet porridge and rice porridge, crucian carp soup, tooth fish soup, rabbit broth and "Mowen ancient rice", noodles, noodle soup, eggs and other foods when giving birth to children. You can't eat green vegetables within three days after delivery, so as to avoid diarrhea for the mother and baby. During confinement, they all eat hot meals to avoid catching cold and affecting their health and milk.

After the Hezhe people die, they must use flour to make fried thin noodles and thin noodles snacks of various shapes, which can be served on the table and eaten by people attending mourning activities.

If a fisherman has a family funeral, he must set up a fire on the net beach after arriving at the fishing ground, and cross over the fire to smoke bad luck. Don't say strange words and lies during fishing, otherwise you will offend the gods and return empty-handed.

This ethnic group firmly believes in the primitive religious concept of "everything is there", and is careful to worship the gods of nature, such as mountain gods, river gods and tree gods, for fear of inadvertently offending and causing disaster. Avoid killing birds that fly into the room, believing that they are changed by the soul of the dead single, and those who fly into the room are "reincarnated". If you kill it, you will be infertile. Don't bury with leather objects, thinking that if so, the dead can't ascend to heaven and can't be reincarnated as human beings.