Not copied from Wikipedia

Shakuhachi

Shakuhachi, made of bamboo, with outer incision, five holes (four in the front and one in the back), is an edge The vibrating air-sounding wind instrument is named after the pipe length of one foot and eight inches. Its sound is desolate and vast, and it can express an ethereal and tranquil artistic conception.

Edit this section on the history of the inheritance of the Shakuhachi in China

As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Qiang flute, the predecessor of the Shakuhachi, had been circulated among the people.

In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the shakuhachi became the main musical instrument in the court. "New Book of Tang·Lu Cai Zhuan": "During the Zhenguan period (627-649), the filial piety of the ancestors increased the music rhythm, and the musicians Wang Changtong and Bai Mingda had even more difficulties and could not resolve. Taizong ordered the ministers to recommend those who are good at music... Wang Gui and Wei Sheng of the Zhong Dynasty made the shakuhachi made by Zhongcai. There are twelve pieces of them, of different lengths, and they are in harmony with the rules."

In the Shoso-yuan of Todaiji Temple in Nara, Japan, there are still eight shakuhachi handed down from the Tang Dynasty in my country. One of them is a carved bamboo shakuhachi, 43.7 centimeters long, with an opening at the upper end of the tube, five holes in the front and one hole in the back. There is a circular pattern on the edge of each sound hole. The production is very exquisite, with carved patterns and images of ladies throughout the body. There are two women engraved on the first hole. One is leaning down to pick flowers, and the other is standing behind her with her sleeves open. Under the hole in the back, there is a woman standing with a fan in her hand, and another woman sitting and playing the pipa. The rest are decorated with flower and bird patterns. In addition, there are jade shakuhachi, tooth shakuhachi, carved stone shakuhachi and birch tape shakuhachi.

The Shakuhachi developed into the five-hole Shakuhachi in the Song Dynasty, and was spread eastward to Japan through the Tang monks sent by Japan at that time. It has been preserved to this day. Its technique is complex, and its tone is unique and has an ancient flavor. Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan" records: "The flute given by Ma Rong of the Later Han Dynasty is hollow and bottomless, with five holes on it, one hole coming out of the back, just like today's shakuhachi."

After the Song Dynasty, with the breakup of Han culture, folk instruments such as flutes and flutes gradually replaced the shakuhachi used in court music, so that this ancient musical instrument is no longer seen in our country. . The vertical bamboo wind instruments popular in China include Xiao, Nanyin Dong Xiao (Nan Xiao), Guangdong Dong Xiao, etc. The main difference between it and the shakuhachi is that the flute and Guangdong Dongxiao have a U-shaped mouthpiece that is dug inside and are often covered with a top cover; the Nanin Dongxiao (Nanxiao) has a V-shaped mouthpiece that is dug inside and does not have a top cover. The mouthpiece of the Shakuhachi is a half-moon shaped external mouthpiece. There are obvious differences between the flute and the south flute, as well as the mouthpiece and the shakuhachi. The openings of the shakuhachi and the flute are also different. Taking the shakuhachi as an example, the sound of the tube is D, and the pitch of each hole is F, G, A, C, D. In addition, there are significant differences between the shakuhachi and the flute in terms of inner diameter and timbre.

In recent years, with the international popularity of the Japanese Shakuhachi and the Japanese Shakuhachi community seeking its roots in China, the modern Japanese Shakuhachi with five holes on the outside has gradually been introduced back to China.

Shakuhachi spread eastward to Japan more than 1,300 years ago. According to records, the shakuhachi was passed from China from the late Northern and Southern Dynasties to the early Tang Dynasty (581-618 AD), which is equivalent to the Nara period in Japan, as an instrument for playing the Gagaku of the Tang Dynasty. Starting from the 20th year of Emperor Gaozu's founding in the Sui Dynasty (600), during the reign of Prince Shotoku of Japan, Japan had repeatedly sent "envoys to the Sui Dynasty" and "envoys to the Tang Dynasty" to China. Shakuhachi and many Chinese musical instruments such as dragon flutes were spread eastward to Japan. To this day, there are many kinds of shakuhachi made in the Tang Dynasty preserved in Shosoin in Japan. The first shakuhachi introduced to Japan was only used for court music. It had six holes and was called the "ancient shakuhachi". It was also often used as a plaything for high-ranking officials, so it was also called the "gaku shakuhachi". It is said that Prince Shotoku of Japan was particularly fond of the shakuhachi. The Chinese shakuhachi he used at that time is still treasured in the Horyuji Temple in Nara.

The 2008 International Shakuhachi Conference held in Sydney, Australia The five-hole "Shakuhachi" currently popular in Japan was popularized in Japan during the Kamakura period (the second year of Zhaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty to the first year of Yuan Dynasty). Zen monk Juexin of the Hua sect came to China to study Zen at the Hokoku Nio Zen Temple in Hangzhou, China. He learned how to play the shakuhachi from his fellow layman Zhang Shen. When he returned home, he brought back shakuhachi tunes such as "Void Bell" and "Void". Later, Xinjue founded the Puhua sect, taught the technique of shakuhachi, and integrated shakuhachi playing into Zen practice, which was called blowing Zen. Therefore, the Shakuhachi taught by him is called the Universal Shakuhachi.

After 1871, the popular Shakuhachi was spread among the people.

Japan's modern shakuhachi evolved from the popular shakuhachi. It usually has 3 sections and 5 holes (nowadays, the seven-hole shakuhachi is more popular). It has no membrane holes and comes in different lengths and sizes, so it can be played. It can also perform classical music and modern music; it often plays in ensembles with koto and shamisen, and can also cooperate with Western orchestras, electronic organs, etc. Japan's modern Shakuhachi has improved the change in inner diameter to make the sound more perfect and in line with the music.

In the Shoso-in of Todaiji Temple in Nara, there are still 8 shakuhachi handed down from the Tang Dynasty in my country. One of them is carved with a shakuhachi and is 43.7 centimeters long. The upper end of the tube is open, and there are five holes in the front and one hole in the back. There is a circular pattern on the edge of each sound hole. The production is very exquisite, with carved patterns and images of ladies throughout the body. There are two women engraved on the first hole. One is leaning down to pick flowers, and the other is standing behind her with her sleeves open. Under the hole in the back, there is a woman standing with a fan in her hand, and another woman sitting and playing the pipa. The rest are decorated with flower and bird patterns. In addition, there are jade shakuhachi, tooth shakuhachi, carved stone shakuhachi and birch tape shakuhachi. Suzhou National Musical Instrument No. 1 Factory once copied and carved a shakuhachi.

After 1871, the "universal Shakuhachi" spread among the people. The shakuhachi currently used in Japan evolved from the "generalized shakuhachi". It is not limited to length. It is generally 3 sections, 5 holes (4 in the front and 1 in the back), and no membrane holes. It is the main wind instrument among Japanese folk. It can play both classical and modern music. It is often played together with koto and shamisen, and can even cooperate with Western orchestras, electronic organs, etc.

In addition, the "One-kiri Shakuhachi" was introduced to Japan from my country. In the 1970s, American Kaizan introduced shakuhachi from Japan to the United States.

In addition, the American kaizan introduced shakuhachi from Japan to the United States in the 1970s. Today, the modern shakuhachi is receiving increasing attention internationally.

Shamisen

Shamisen (Japanese: shamisen (しゃみせん), shamisen) is a Japanese string instrument.

Origin

It is generally believed that Sanxian originated in China and was formed around the 15th century. China's traditional musical instrument Sanxian passed through the Ryukyu Kingdom (now Okinawa) and gave birth to the early Okinawa "Sanxian". Later, it spread to Japan and gradually took shape. The early Okinawa Sanshin was later modified into the current Okinawa Sanshin due to the influence of the local Shamisen.

Note: In the Japanese traditional music world, "Shamisen" is also directly called "Sangen (さんげん, sangen)", while the direct transliteration of China's national musical instrument "Sanxian" is called "Sangen (Sangen)"サンシェン, sansyen)”. However, in Chinese, since using only Chinese characters will confuse the two, Japan's national musical instrument is generally only called "shamisen".

Japanese Zheng

Ying Shao of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "Romance of Customs": According to "Book of Rites and Music": "Zheng is a five-stringed instrument that builds the body." According to this, the original Zheng For five strings. During the Three Kingdoms period, the guzheng completed the process of transforming from a bamboo chime body to a wooden one. Due to the widening and lengthening of the guzheng body, a twelve-stringed guzheng appeared ("Three Kingdoms·Wei Shu"). After more than 800 years of circulation, it was not until the Sui Dynasty that an additional string was added, making it a thirteen-stringed zither. During the more than 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, guzheng was very popular. Twelve-string and thirteen-string instruments coexisted for a long time and were used for both elegant and popular music respectively. Zheng making from the Tang Dynasty in China was introduced to Japan in the first half of the 7th century AD. A large number of "envoys to the Tang Dynasty" sent by Japan came to Chang'an, my country, to study and inspect Chinese culture. Japan maintained the ancient Chinese thirteen-string system in the Nara period. Originally, it was used to play elegant music in the royal court. Over the next thousand years, the koto gradually became the main instrument of Japanese traditional music. Modern Japanese zither basically follows the system of the Tang Dynasty, and its cultural imprint is in line with the spirit of the Tang Dynasty. Since the Taisho period, Japanese kotos have also made innovations, including the twenty-stringed koto, which is suitable for playing modern music. Over the years, the elegant and melodious guzheng music has been favored by people, and this classical harmonious sound still makes people intoxicated today. In recent years, guzheng and Western musical instruments have merged with each other, opening up new musical fields without losing the original aristocratic style.

The Japanese Zheng score is the Zheng score of the Tang Dynasty in my country, and has the same origin as the Ersi score spread in Lingnan, my country.

The 24th score is consistent with the tuning of the guzheng in the Tang Dynasty in my country; the 24th score is the "12-string Qing Shang Zheng score" produced after the fall of the Southern Dynasty, and is a simplification of the 13-string zither score in ancient my country.

In his "History of Oriental Music", Naoio Tanabe of Japan proposed the view that the koto was introduced to the Qin State from the West at the end of the Warring States Period, but this view is not accepted by the world.