Lusheng is the main musical instrument of Miao nationality, which is made of bamboo tubes and varies in size. Lusheng is an ancient reed instrument with a history of more than two thousand years. It is popular among ethnic minorities in the south, among which Miao and Dong are the most popular. Although Lusheng evolved from Hulusheng, its appearance is not similar to that of Sheng. It consists of Sheng bucket, Sheng tube, reed and * * * sounding tube. The bucket is made of Chinese fir or sycamore
hollowed out, with a long body, a mouthpiece at the thin end and a hole in the middle for installing the whole pipe. In the traditional lusheng, there are only six sheng pipes
, which are made of white withered bamboo with different lengths, and are vertically inserted into the * * * sounding box in two rows. Each empty pipe is provided with a sound pressing hole near the sheng bucket, and a sound outlet hole is provided at the upper end of the pipe. The sheng pipes inserted into the * * * sounding box are inlaid with copper reeds. When playing, the air enters from the mouthpiece, vibrates the reed, and sounds by pressing the hole with your fingers. The timbre is clear and pleasant, and it has both the timbre of the spring and the pipe, which is close to the timbre of western water pipe instruments to some extent. The remarkable difference between Lusheng, Shengsheng and Hulusheng is that the sound hole at the upper end of the sheng tube is covered with a bamboo horn or a trumpet, or folded into a triangular trumpet with bamboo pieces, which plays a good role in sounding, making the volume enlarged, the sound loud and the timbre beautiful.
Hulusi and Bawu are both ethnic musical instruments in Yunnan. Hulusi has a long history, and its origin can be traced back to the pre-Qin period. It was evolved from Hulusheng. The structure still maintains the legacy of ancient musical instruments. The number of flute pipes is the same as that of the three-pipe flute, and the two auxiliary pipes are exactly the same as the ancient flute without sound holes, while the continuous five-degree interval is vivid with the ancient flute's "harmony with many voices". However, its director has opened seven sound holes, which are very close to the flute of later generations and show its leap in history. -Huluxiao is often used to play folk tunes such as folk songs, and it is most suitable for playing music or dance music with smooth melody. Generally, there are many long tones, rich chorus and soft and harmonious music in the tunes, which can better express the thoughts and feelings of the players. Among them, the six-tube cucurbit flute can play single tone, double tone, single melody plus sustained tone and two harmonic melodies plus sustained tone. It not only maintains the unique timbre and style of the original instrument, but also increases the volume, expands the range and enriches the sound color and expressive force.
Sanxian originated from the ancient stringed instruments, and was the main accompaniment instrument in Yuan Dynasty. The structure of Sanxian is relatively simple, and it can be divided into three parts:
the head, the stem and the drum, which are composed of the head, the shaft, the mountain pass, the stem, the drum frame, the membrane, the bridge horse and the strings, and some of them are equipped with a tone shifting mountain pass. The piano head is mostly shovel-shaped, which is a decorative part of the three strings. Generally, bone flowers or carvings are embedded, and a chord groove is opened in the middle. There are chord holes on the side of the groove, and the three chord shafts are placed on both sides of the piano head. The piano rod is a semi-circular cylinder, with a smooth surface of a fingerboard with three strings, a mountain pass at the upper end and a square bottom inserted into the drum. The most striking feature of the three strings is that the piano rod has no character. The Qin drum, also called the drum or the drum head, is a three-stringed * * * sounding box, with an oval drum frame and embroidered skin on both sides (there are also wooden boards, Japanese cat skin, called Sanwei Line). Qinma is placed in the center of python skin. The strings are made of silk strings, which are the outer string, the middle string and the inner string in order from the treble string
. The outer string is made of sub-strings, the middle string is made of two strings, and the inner string is made of old strings. One end of the string is tied to the diamond-shaped wooden shell under the drum, and the other end is wound on three chord shafts respectively. In recent years, nylon steel wire strings have been used in Sanxian.
Dong Bu La
Kazakh musical instruments mainly include Dong Bu La, Xie Letier, Sazi, Jietegen and Pikli, etc.
Dong Bu La is the most popular traditional musical instrument among Kazakh people. There are many kinds of Dong Bu La, most of which are made of a whole piece of pine or birch, which are exquisitely carved and beautifully inlaid. In the form of Dong Bu La, one speaker is a triangle, and Abayi, a great poet in modern times, is used in Kazakhstan. A speaker named "Abayi Dongbula" is oval, named after Aken dzhambul, a Kazakh folk, and called "dzhambul Dongbula". These two kinds of Dongbula have different shapes and different timbres. In addition, due to the differences in Kazakh history, region, tribe, cultural psychology and living customs, there are other kinds of Dongbula among the people, and according to incomplete statistics, there are about a dozen varieties without springs.
It is made of a thin bamboo tube with a length of about 45 cm < P > and a square-shaped blow hole in the middle, and it is also made of two or three sections of bamboo tubes < P >.
when playing, the thumb of the left hand is placed at the left nozzle, the palm of the right hand is placed at the right nozzle, and both hands make various combinations of muffling and playing, and with the change of blowing force, more than two octaves of
sounds can be played. It is mostly used for solo or folk group dance accompaniment. Music
such as "Harvest Tune" and "Mountain Birds Singing". Most of them are used by Jingpo envoys < P >.
There are many people who have eaten snails, and there are many people who relish snails. But have you ever listened to the sound of a snail flute made of snail shells and its sweet rhythm?
The snail flute, originally a children's toy belonging to the Zhuang people in Jingxi, has been on display in Jingxi National Museum for many years, but it was two years ago that the imitation sound snail flute of Zhuang people was excavated. In October, 22, Jingxi County organized the Zhuang Museum and local folk artists to try out the snail flute with rich timbre and beautiful rhythm through a period of hard exploration and a lot of planning and improvement work such as multi-trial styles, multi-trial varieties and multi-trial sound quality.
The onomatopoeic snail flute of Zhuang nationality has a long history in Jingxi and other places, but it has not attracted people's attention for many years. The method of making the snail flute is very simple. Just choose a big snail, cut off the tip of the tail as a sound hole, remove the inner meat, and open a flute hole about 2 cm away from the big mouth and stick a flute membrane. When playing, the mouth sticks to the flute mouth, simulating the tune of the song to sing, and the sound vibrates through the flute membrane, becoming the flute sound coming from the sound outlet. The sound quality is both like bass and the sound of a pipe instrument. The snail flute can play folk tunes, Zhuang opera, Wu Lun and other tunes, and the timbre is better when matched with Ma Guhu, Huluhu and Huluqin of Zhuang nationality.
snail flute? In fact, it is an original national folk culture that exudes the fragrance of earth. In July, 21, a delegation of Korean folk culture visited Jingxi, and also specially discussed and exchanged folk culture such as snail flute and gourd Hu. In November, 22, Mao Zedong's daughter-in-law, General Shao Hua, visited Jingxi, and took photos of the snail flute, which was published in the Beijing media and attracted wide attention.
Through the mellow rhythm of the snail flute, we deeply realize the profoundness and rich connotation of Zhuang folk culture.
the spurge is an ancient wind instrument of Kazak nationality. Its predecessor was made of "Cong Wen Yi Cao" (similar to reeds) growing on the grassland, and now it is mostly supported by pine. Spass's forehead is hollow without springs, with three, four or five holes in the tube, thin wires tied outside the tube, and some of them are covered with sheep intestines to protect wooden flutes. When playing, put the mouthpiece in your mouth, block most of the mouthpiece with the tip of your tongue, and leave a small mouth as a blowhole. At the same time as the pronunciation of the instrument, a continuous bass is emitted from the throat to form two parts. Most of the music is composed of five tones, the rhythm is free, and the treble is controlled by breath, which can play overtones. It has a low volume and a soft tone. Because there are no fixed specifications for musical instruments, the range is generally f1-b2. When some herders play on the quiet grassland, they often attract deer from far away, and listen to the performance of the booth. When they find that their partners are not calling them, they slowly leave. The Irtysh River written by Kazakhs describes the natural scenery of the Irtysh River, which is a representative solo of the Bose.
the historical shakuhachi is an ancient wind instrument in China, which originated from bamboo and was one foot and eight inches long. It was quite popular in Sui and Tang Dynasties, but it was seldom used since the Song Dynasty. > >
shakuhachi spread eastward to Japan during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
more than p>13 years ago, shakuhachi spread to Japan.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Japanese sent envoys to China repeatedly, and many Chinese musical instruments spread to Japan.
According to Sun Yicheng, deputy research librarian of Zhejiang International Cultural Exchange Association, Japanese shakuhachi originated in Hangzhou, China. In the Southern Song Dynasty, a famous Japanese monk Juexin came to study at the Renwang Temple in Hangzhou, China. During this period, he learned the skill of playing the "shakuhachi" from Zhang Shen, a fellow layman, and brought back shakuhachi and his songs "Virtual Bell" and "Void" to China. Later, Xin Jue founded Puhua Sect and taught the skill of "shakuhachi", so he called the shakuhachi he taught "Puhua shakuhachi". The former site of the Renwang Temple in Huguo, which is still preserved in the campus of Zhejiang Art School, is the ancestral home of the Japanese "shakuhachi".
shakuhachi, which was first introduced to Japan, was only used in court elegant music and was called "ancient shakuhachi". It was often used as a plaything for dignitaries, so it was also called "shakuhachi". It is said that Japanese Shoto Kutaishi was particularly fond of shakuhachi, and the shakuhachi he used in China at that time is still in the Horyuji in Nara.
In the Zhengcang Courtyard of Toda Temple in Nara, there are also eight shakuhachi handed down from the Tang Dynasty in China. One of them is carved with a foot eight, 43.7 cm long, with an opening at the upper end of the tube and a hole behind five holes in front of the tube body. The edge of each tone hole has a circular pattern. It is beautifully made, with patterns and ladies carved all over it. The first hole is engraved with two women, one leaning down to pick flowers, the other standing behind and making sleeves. Under a hole in the back, there is a woman standing with a fan in her hand, and another woman sitting and playing the pipa. The rest are decorated with Hua Niaowen. In addition, there are jade shakuhachi, tooth shakuhachi, carved stone shakuhachi and birch tape measure. Suzhou No.1 National Musical Instrument Factory once copied and carved a piece of shakuhachi.
after p>1871, "Puhua shakuhachi" spread among the people. The shakuhachi now used in Japan evolved from the "universal shakuhachi", which is not limited in length. Generally, it has three sections, five holes (the first four and the last one) and no membrane holes. It is the main folk wind instrument in Japan, which can play both classical music and modern music. He often plays with Zheng and Sanwei Line, and even cooperates with western orchestras and electronic organs.
In addition, there is "one section cutting the eight feet" introduced to Japan from China.
in the 197s, kaizan, an American, introduced shakuhachi from Japan to the United States.
Introduction to Dong Flute Dong Flute is a unique folk musical instrument of the Dong nationality. Its shape is similar to that of Dong Xiao. Its mouthpiece is equipped with a reed, which is played vertically. Its timbre is beautiful and melodious, and it is full of Shan Ye flavor. It is often used for solo or accompaniment to singing. Widely popular in Dong areas.
Dong flute: a unique folk musical instrument of the Dong nationality, which is called Jiege or Jigesi in Dong language. The shape is similar to that of the Dong Xiao, and the mouthpiece is equipped with reeds, which blow vertically, and the timbre is beautiful and melodious, which can not only express the euphemistic emotional appeal, but also play a warm and jubilant melody. Rich in Shan Ye flavor, it is often used for solo or singing accompaniment. It is popular in the Dong people's residential areas at the junction of Guizhou, Guangxi and Hunan, with Liping, Rongjiang and Congjiang in Guizhou Province being the most popular.
in primitive society, there are many kinds of vessels. The pottery mound of Hemudu site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province is oval, with only blowholes and no sound holes, dating back about 7, years. The pottery whistle of Yangshao cultural site in banpo village, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, is slightly shaped like an olive and has only one blowhole. It is molded by fine mud, which is one of the original forms of the tomb, about 6, years ago. There are three clay pots unearthed from Jingcun site in Wanrong County, Shanxi Province, and one clay pot has two sound holes (Illustrated Music History of China Ⅰ-22 to Ⅰ-26). Neolithic pottery was found in Yaoguanzhuang in Weifang, Shandong, Guandong in Yuanqu, Fengcun in Yuanqu, Yijing Village in Taiyuan, Dahe Village in Zhengzhou, Henan, Wang Yang Temple Site in Anhui and Dadunzi Site in Pixian, Jiangsu, belonging to different primitive cultural regions.
The clay with pure soil and no sand and gravel impurities should be selected for making the clay basin, and the color can be any red, yellow or black soil. Add clear water to the clay, stir and knead it repeatedly, and make it into a mud block with moderate hardness, which is made by kneading, shaping, opening, polishing and calcining. Professor Cao Zheng of China Conservatory of Music has accumulated rich experience in making antique pottery caskets since 193s. Since 1979, Professor Chen Zhong of Tianjin Conservatory of Music has developed a nine-hole pottery casket.
Du Ciwen, a national orchestra of the Central Committee, went to the United States in 1984 to participate in the 23rd Olympic Arts Festival, and later performed his solo works Chu Ge, Tang Le and Feng in Spain, West Germany and other countries. Zhao Liangshan played "Eight Tones Together" in "Dancing with Bells", which won praises. Nine-hole purple sand pottery has been widely used in national bands, and Miao people play the flute and play musical instruments. The Miao language is called Zhanjian, which means a bamboo tube with a cork. Han people call it plug flute. It flows in Xingyi and Anlong in Guizhou Province, Longlin, Xilin and Napo in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and the Miao areas bordering Guizhou, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces such as Guangnan and Funing in Yunnan Province.
Bamboo pipes are mostly made of locally grown Miao-called chest-stinging bamboo, which has a thin pipe diameter and slender bamboo joints and is a good material for making plug flutes. The length of the tube is generally 42 cm, with no joint in the middle and transparent at both ends. The upper nozzle has an outer diameter of 2.1 cm and an inner diameter of 1.5 cm, and the lower nozzle has an outer diameter of 1.7 cm and an inner diameter of 1.3 cm. When making, a cork with a length of 2.6 cm and a diameter of 1.5 cm is inserted into the upper opening, and one side is cut off. Corks are mostly made of Chinese fir or paulownia wood, and the texture of cork should be consistent with that of bamboo tube. Split one side of the cork (1/4 arc surface of the circumference) along the grain, and then insert it into the back of the pipe head. The split part and the inner wall of the bamboo pipe form a half-moon air inlet channel. A rectangular sounding whistle hole with a length of 1.1 cm and a width of .6 cm is opened on the back wall of the air duct 3.7 cm away from the upper nozzle, and the lower part of the hole is trimmed into an inward inclined slope to serve as a gas distributing valve. There are six circular sound pressing holes in the middle and lower part of the front of the pipe body, the first hole is 5.8 cm from the lower end of the pipe, the sixth hole is opened at half of the sound hole to the first hole, and the second, third, fourth and fifth holes are opened between the first hole and the sixth hole, and the sound pressing holes are equally spaced.
when playing, the pipe body is vertical, the ring finger, middle finger and forefinger of the right hand press the first, second and third holes, and the ring finger, middle finger and forefinger of the left hand press the fourth, fifth and sixth holes. The mouth contains the pipe head, and the air flow enters the sound hole from the air passage, and part of it is blocked into the pipe by the slope-shaped air distribution valve, so that the air column in the pipe vibrates, and the high-low sound is generated by changing the length of the air column according to the hole. With flat blowing and super blowing, the range is B-F3. Flat-blown timbre is soft and elegant, while super-blown timbre is clean and bright. A few notes above c3 are difficult to play. Commonly used are playing techniques such as sliding and playing. Used for solo, all the music played comes from folk songs, but there is no fixed tune, only far tune and near tune.