Mount Emei is one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in my country. It is located in the south-central part of Sichuan, within the territory of Emei on the southwest edge of the Sichuan Basin. It is about 160 kilometers away from Chengdu and seven kilometers southwest of Emeishan City. It is higher than the five mountains and the most beautiful in the world. Among the famous tourist mountains in my country, Mount Emei can be said to be the highest one. The highest peak, Wanfoding, is 3,099 meters above sea level. The mountain extends in the north-south direction, stretching for 23 kilometers and covering an area of ??115 square kilometers. Mount Emei has long been famous for its beautiful natural scenery and fabulous Buddhist sites. She is quaint, magical, majestic and beautiful. Its mountains are endless and winding, with thousands of rocks and gorges, waterfalls and streams, and are beautiful and elegant, so it is known as "Emei is the most beautiful place in the world".
In the 1st century AD, the first Buddhist temple in China was built on the top of the beautiful Mount Emei in Sichuan Province. With the establishment of other temples around it, the site became one of Buddhism's major sacred sites. Over many centuries, cultural wealth has been accumulated in vast quantities. The most famous of them is the Leshan Giant Buddha, which was carved out of a rock in the 8th century and seems to overlook the confluence of three rivers. The Buddha statue is 71 meters tall, making it the tallest in the world. Mount Emei is also famous for its rich variety of plants, ranging from subtropical plants to subalpine coniferous forests. Some trees are over a thousand years old.
◎Overview
Mount Emei, also known as "Great Guangming Mountain", is located in the south-central part of Sichuan Province in western China, in the transition zone from the Sichuan Basin to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the main peak Jinding and the highest peak Wanfo The top is 3099 meters above sea level. Mount Emei is famous both at home and abroad for its beautiful natural scenery and mythical Buddhist fairyland. The beautiful natural landscape and long historical and cultural connotation are perfectly combined and complement each other. It is praised as "Emei is the most beautiful place in the world".
Mount Emei is located in an area where a variety of natural elements meet. The flora is complex, biological species are rich, and endemic species are numerous. A complete subtropical vegetation system is preserved, with a forest coverage rate of 87%. There are 242 families and more than 3200 kinds of higher plants in Mount Emei, accounting for about one-tenth of the total number of plants in China. Among them, there are more than 100 species of plants that are only produced or found in Mount Emei and named after Emei. In addition, Mount Emei is also the habitat of a variety of rare animals, with more than 2,300 known species. This is an important place to study issues of special significance such as the world's biota.
Mount Emei is one of the "Four Famous Mountains of Chinese Buddhism". The spread of Buddhism, the construction and prosperity of temples have added many magical colors to Mount Emei. Religious culture, especially Buddhist culture, constitutes the main body of Mount Emei's historical culture. All buildings, statues, ritual instruments, etiquette, music, paintings, etc. all show the rich flavor of religious culture. There are many temples on Mount Emei, among which the "Eight Golden Summit Temples" such as Baoguo Temple and Wannian Temple are the most famous.
The Leshan Giant Buddha is located on Qiluan Peak at the eastern foot of Mount Emei. It was called the "Maitreya Statue" and "Jiading Giant Buddha" in ancient times. It was started in the early Kaiyuan year of the Tang Dynasty (713 AD) and took 90 years to complete. . The Buddha statue was excavated from the mountain and the river. It is the largest existing cliff stone statue in the world. It is known as "the mountain is a Buddha, and the Buddha is a mountain". The Big Buddha is a seated statue of Maitreya, sitting east to west, with a dignified face and a height of 71 meters. The carvings are meticulous, the lines are smooth, the body proportions are well proportioned, and the momentum is magnificent, reflecting the grand style of the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. On the north and south walls of the Buddha's seat, there are more than 90 niches of stone sculptures from the Tang Dynasty, many of which are excellent works.
◎Reason for applying for inclusion in the World Heritage List
Mount Emei (including Leshan Giant Buddha) is well protected due to its unique geographical location, majestic and magical natural landscape, typical geological landforms The ecological environment, especially located in the combination and transition zone of the world's biota, has abundant animal and plant resources, has obvious regional characteristics, and has many rare and endangered species. Over the past two thousand years, a rich cultural heritage with Buddhism as its main feature has been created and accumulated. The natural and cultural heritage of Mount Emei has high historical, aesthetic, scientific research, science popularization and sightseeing value, and is the common wealth of all mankind.
(1) Mount Emei’s status among famous mountains in China
Mount Emei is famous both at home and abroad for its beautiful natural scenery and rich Buddhist culture. Characteristic, it ranks among the famous mountains in China and is the most beautiful among them.
(1) Xiong: Tall body, majestic momentum, arousing sublime beauty. Mount Emei rises from the flat ground on the southwest edge of the Sichuan Basin. The highest peak, Wanfoding, is 3,099 meters above sea level, with a relative height difference of 2,600 meters. Compared with Huashan, the highest among the Five Mountains, it is still more than 1,000 meters higher, so it has been called the "Gaoling Five Mountains" in the past. The three main peaks of Emei stand side by side, pointing straight into the blue sky, and are majestic. Climbing to the top of the Golden Summit, you can see as far as the eye can see, whether it is stacked mountains or a vast sea of ??clouds, it is endlessly changing and refreshing.
(2) Show: Mount Emei is located in an area where a variety of natural elements meet. The plant vertical spectrum is obvious, there are many types of plants, and the vegetation coverage rate is as high as more than 87%. There are many peaks and mountains in the mountains, lush forests, graceful contours, smooth lines, and colorful scenery. Among all the famous mountains in the world, its lush vegetation landscape ranks first.
(3) Magical: Mount Emei, the Buddhist holy land of "Samantabhadra Temple", is shrouded in a mysterious religious atmosphere with its rich Buddhist culture.
The rendering and dissemination of myths and legends, as well as drama, poetry, music, painting, martial arts, etc., make the magical color of this Buddhist fairy mountain even more unreal and unpredictable. In the long history, Mount Emei's Buddhist culture, temple architecture and natural landscape have been organically and skillfully integrated, making it the first of its kind among China's famous mountains. The unique meteorological landscapes of Mount Emei such as the golden sea of ??clouds, sunrise, Buddha light, holy lanterns, morning glow, sunset glow, as well as thunder cave smoke and clouds, Hongchun Xiaoyu, Daping Jixue, Yuxiang foggy and so on, are ever-changing and colorful, and can be regarded as The first of China's famous mountains.
The majestic and magical natural landscape of Mount Emei and the long historical and cultural connotation are organically integrated and complement each other, giving people the enjoyment and influence of beauty, making it an object of worship and praise and becoming famous all over the world.
Mount Emei is 3,000 meters above sea level
The golden-domed Huazang Temple is more than 100 meters high
(2) Mount Emei has unique geological features
Mount Emei has preserved the ancient The relatively complete sedimentary strata since the Bianfu period provide rare geological historical materials for studying the history of the earth's crust and biological evolution: the intrusive rocks and volcanic rocks produced by magma intrusion and eruption are useful for studying the deep processes of the upper mantle and the stretching of the lithosphere. Rupture and dynamic transformation of the earth's crust provide typical examples; the complex tectonic deformation of the crust produced by the Yanshan Movement and the Himalayan Movement also provide sufficient basis for studying the surface structure of the earth's crust.
At the same time, the neotectonic movement has produced majestic and diverse modern landforms on the geological structural background of Mount Emei, providing opportunities for the growth and reproduction of biological groups and the establishment of a unique mid-to-high mountain ecological kingdom. The prerequisites, the organic and unified interpretation formed by these backgrounds and conditions have created the aesthetic image, scientific connotation and special status of Mount Emei among the world's mountainous scenic spots.
(3) Mount Emei has rich and colorful plant species and typical subtropical vegetation types
The plants of Mount Emei have a unique status in the world and are of world significance, especially in: < /p>
(1) Mount Emei has the most typical and best-preserved subtropical vegetation type in the world. It has an original and complete vertical zone of subtropical forest. From the evergreen broad forest at the foot of the mountain, you can see evergreen upwards. Broad-leaf and deciduous broad-leaf mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaf mixed forest to dark coniferous forest.
(2) The variety of plants is extremely abundant. In such a special and diverse forest, there are 242 families of known higher plants and more than 3,200 species. For a mountain with only 154k square kilometers, it is unique in the world, and even unique in the subtropics of the world. Along with the diverse vegetation types and abundant plant species, the animal species is also extremely rich.
(3) There are many primitive and endemic species. There are more than 100 kinds of higher plants unique to leather. There are a large number of ancient and endangered plant species, and there are 31 species of plants listed as protected by the country.
(4) The flora of Mount Emei is in the transition zone between the China-Himalayan subregion and the China-Japan subregion. It plays an important role in the study of world biology.
(4) Mount Emei is the gene bank of animal germplasm
The animals in Mount Emei are in the transition zone between the Palearctic and Oriental realms and are closer to the Chishu area of ??the Oriental realm. The characteristics are very significant and typical: ① The fauna is complex, the types are complete, and the species are rich. It is a rare concentrated distribution area in the world; ① The distribution is obviously regional, with clear horizontal and vertical zoning, including both East Asian and South Asian groups. It also has plateau taxa; ③ It has the characteristics of "four more", that is, there are many ancient, rare and endangered species, many endemic species, many type species, and many Oriental species; ④ The ancient and rare species have been effectively preserved to this day, retaining the original ecology , is the best existing animal gene bank. It has high scientific research value and special protection significance.
Mount Emei’s Bronze Statue of the Samantabhadra of the Ten Directions>>
(5) Mount Emei has rich historical culture and Buddhist cultural relics
Mount Emei has a long humanistic history. According to existing archaeological data, there were activities of ancient ancestors in this area as early as 10,000 years ago. Entering into a civilized society, there are more than two thousand years of humanistic history with documents and historical relics to test. During such a long historical period, the ancient ancestors created a glorious history and culture and left behind a rich historical heritage. The introduction of Buddhism, the construction and prosperity of temples, have added a magical color to Mount Emei, the majestic and beautiful "Fairy Mountain of Shu"; religious culture, especially Buddhist culture, constitutes the main body of history and culture. All buildings, statues, ritual instruments, rituals, music, paintings, etc. all display the rich flavor and distinctive color of its own religious culture.
The architectural art of the temple is a prominent manifestation of the Buddhist culture of Mount Emei. It is an inseparable whole with the natural environment and landscape of this famous mountain, which is "the most beautiful in the world" and has become a scenic pearl. There are more than 30 temples in the mountain (including about ten major temples with large scale and long history). The buildings are endowed with the local traditional residential style, with elegant decoration, unpretentiousness, adapting to local conditions and mountains, and each with its own characteristics. No matter the site selection, design and construction, it is unique and original. It has the strictness of a temple and the beauty of the landscape. Its skill is so high that it can be regarded as a model of temple architectural art in famous mountain scenic spots in China.
The rich historical and cultural relics and Buddhist cultural relics of Mount Emei are rare among other famous scenic mountains in China. It is the crystallization and treasure of Mount Emei’s long history and culture. Among them, there are many Buddhist cultural relics and temple buildings that are very important to the study of Mount Emei. The rise and evolution of Buddhism and the entire history of Buddhism are very precious information and evidence.
Leshan Giant Buddha is characterized by the organic combination of the essence of cultural heritage and natural heritage, blending mountains and rivers. Within the 2.5 square kilometers of the scenic area, there are 2 national first-level protected cultural relics and 4 second-level protected cultural relics. It is located across the river from Leshan City, a famous historical and cultural city in China. It is a unique place. The scenic spot is centered on the Tang Dynasty cliff statue - the Giant Buddha. There are Lidui excavated by Qin Shu governor Li Bing, Han Dynasty cliff tombs, Tang and Song Dynasty Buddhist statues, pagodas, temples, Ming and Qing architectural complexes, etc. It is a museum with a history of two thousand years. The cultural relics related to famous people from past dynasties in China are very rich and unique. The collection of cultural relics is rich, with 7,226 items currently in the collection, many of which are rare treasures at home and abroad.
◎Cultural Heritage
The majestic and magical Mount Emei of Buddhist culture has attracted countless believers, pilgrims, literati, scholars and monks with its unique charm for thousands of years. They came to visit the mountains to worship Buddha, preach scriptures, compose poems and paintings, and write about their travels, creating a splendid Mount Emei culture that is famous at home and abroad.
In the middle of the 1st century AD, Buddhism was introduced to Mount Emei from India via the Southern Silk Road. The medicine farmer Pu Gong built Puguang Hall in Jinxiang today. In the 3rd century AD, the belief in Samantabhadra spread in the mountains, and the Chinese monk Huizhi built Samantabhadra Temple (today's Wannian Temple) at the foot of Guanxin Slope. In the middle of the 6th century, the center of development of world Buddhism gradually shifted from India to China. Sichuan once became the center of Zen Buddhism in China, and the construction of Buddhist temples came into being. In history, the number of temples once reached more than 100. In the 8th century AD, Zen Buddhism flourished and was unified throughout the mountain. In the middle of the 9th century, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin sent a monk group headed by Seng Jiye to visit India. After returning to China, Jiye Fengji came to the mountain to build a Buddhist temple, translated scriptures and taught Dharma, and cast a giant bronze Buddha statue of Samantabhadra weighing 62 tons and 7.85 meters high and enshrined it in the Wannian Temple today. It has become a masterpiece among the Buddhist statues in Mount Emei and has extremely high cultural and artistic value. . For thousands of years, Mount Emei, the "Holy Land of Buddhism", has been known at home and abroad as the "Puxian Taoist Temple". Together with Mount Wutai in Shanxi, Mount Putuo in Zhejiang, and Mount Jiuhua in Anhui, it is known as one of the four famous mountains of Chinese Buddhism.
In its long history, Mount Emei has not only accumulated rich Buddhist cultural treasures, but also preserved a large number of precious cultural relics. There are 30 existing temples in the scenic area, with a construction area of ??about 100,000 square meters. They all have their own characteristics and are full of personality. Among them, the Feilai Hall and the Beamless Brick Hall of Wannian Temple are both national first- and second-level protected items. There are many kinds of Buddhist cultural relics, including the Huayan Bronze Pagoda with a height of 5.8 meters, 7 square meters and 14 floors, with a complete version of the "Huayan Sutra" and more than 4,700 Buddha statues inside and outside, the Ming Dynasty bronze Buddha statues in Wannian Temple, and the Ming Dynasty Siamese The "Baye Sutra" and other gifts given by the king are rare treasures. There are 164 cultural relics and historic sites in Meishan, and there are more than 6,890 collections in temples and museums, of which more than 850 are nationally protected cultural relics. They all have different historical, cultural and artistic values.
Martial arts Chinese martial arts has a long tradition. It originated from the Zen practice in Buddhism, absorbed Taoist dynamic skills, and military defense and combat skills, and evolved into one of the three major schools of Chinese martial arts. The Emei Sect has been passed down to this day.
Poems
As the "Holy Land of Buddhism" and "Famous Mountain in the World", Mount Emei has always been closely related to the praise, description and dissemination of famous scholars, poets and poets. The famous poets Li Bai and Su Dongpo left many poems praising Mount Emei, which are still popular today. In Shawan Town, not far from Mount Er'e (ancient Suishan), there is the former residence of modern writer Guo Moruo. Guo Moruo wrote many poems about Emei and can be called the poet of Emei. His titles of "famous mountains in the world" have become rare treasures.
Leshan Giant Buddha
The Leshan Giant Buddha is located at the Qiwan Peak of Lingyun Mountain in the eastern foothills of Mount Emei, near the confluence of the Mian River, Dadu River and Qingyi River. The Buddha statue is a seated Maitreya Buddha statue carved into the mountain in the early 8th century. It took 90 years to build. With a total height of 71m and a sitting height of 59.96m, it is the tallest stone Maitreya Buddha in the world. Dafu carries Jiuxiang Mountain on its back and faces the confluence of the three rivers. The carving has smooth lines, well-proportioned and solemn features. On the north and south walls of the Buddha's seat, there are still 90 stone statues from the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the "Pure Land Transformation" niche and the "Three Buddhas" treasures are considered to be works of art and are of great artistic value.
The Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area contains Qinli Dui, Han Cliff Tombs, Tang Dynasty Buddhas, pagodas, temples, Song Dynasty Anti-Yuan Jiuding City and other historic sites. The cultural landscape is dense and integrated with the natural landscape, complementing each other.
◎Natural Heritage
Stratigraphy and Landforms
Mount Emei has preserved relatively complete sedimentary strata since the Precambrian, providing a rare opportunity for studying the history of the earth's crust and biological evolution. The geological historical data; the complex tectonic deformation of the crust produced by the Yanshan Movement and the Himalayan Movement also provide sufficient basis for studying the surface structure of the earth's crust. At the same time, the majestic and diverse modern landforms produced by the neotectonic movement on the geological structural background of Mount Emei provide prerequisites for the growth and reproduction of biological groups and the establishment of unique mid- and high-mountain ecosystems.
Biodiversity
Mount Emei is located in the intersection area of ??multiple natural elements, with complex flora, rich biological species, numerous endemic species, and a complete vertical spectrum of subtropical vegetation. , from the foothills upward are evergreen broad-leaf forest, deciduous evergreen broad-leaf mixed forest, coniferous broad-leaf mixed forest and dark coniferous forest, with a forest coverage rate of 87%. There are 242 families and more than 3200 kinds of higher plants in Mount Emei, accounting for about one-tenth of the total number of plants in China. There are more than 100 species of plants that are only produced in Mount Emei or were first discovered in Mount Emei. There are more than 100 species of plants named after Emei, and the first batch are listed as protected by the country. There are 31 species of plants, including Davidia involucrata, Cynophylla involufolia, Ginkgo biloba, Monophyllum sibirica, Lianxiang tree, and Collinaceae tree. Ancient species that have been inherited before the Tertiary Period and maintain a certain original shape, such as magnolia, magnolia, mignonette, smile, longevity bamboo, heather, hemlock, schisandra, etc., are discontinuous distribution groups that are opposite to North America, and have extremely high Scientific research and conservation value. The fauna of Mount Emei is complex and rich in species. There are many ancient, rare, endangered and gradually endangered species, many endemic species and many model species. It is a natural animal germplasm gene bank. There are more than 2,300 known species of animals, including 51 species of mammals, 256 species of birds, 34 species of reptiles, 33 species of amphibians, more than 1,000 species of insects, 60 species of fish, red pandas, forest musk deer, macaques, Su There are 157 species of rare specialties such as antelope, white pheasant, golden pheasant, gray-spotted pheasant, bearded frog, piano frog, ancient leaf butterfly, etc., with Mount Emei as the model origin. They have important status and special protection for the study of world biota. significance.
Emei medicinal plants
Emeishan medicinal plants have the characteristics of a wide variety, complex composition, many rare varieties, and many specialty varieties. According to research conducted in the past half of the world alone, the number of varieties has increased from 207 in 1952 to 2,050 in 1995. These medicinal plants belong to 212 families, among which there are 129 families and 1225 species of dicotyledonous plants, which are relatively concentrated in the class Dicotyledon. The ones often sought after by people include cinnabar lotus, Emei coptis, Emei notoginseng, Gastrodia elata, geranium, cordyceps, Emei Phellodendron, Emei ginseng, snow gallbladder, Buddha's palm ginseng, etc.
Four Wonders
Sea of ??Clouds
When the sky is clear, white clouds slowly rise from the mountains and valleys of Mount Emei, bright, thick and boundless. Buddhists call the sea of ??clouds the "silver world". Emei's sea of ??clouds is composed of low clouds, with high peaks and low clouds. Many islands emerge from the sea of ??clouds, surrounded by clouds and mist, like a fairyland in the Buddhist kingdom. The white waves are rolling, and these islands turn into floating boats, like "Cihang Pudu" . The modern poet Zhao Puchu's poem "The sky is dressed in clouds to welcome the sunrise, and the peaks and clouds are rising in the sea as a boat" is a wonderful portrayal of this scenery.
Sunrise
Mount Emei stands high on the western edge of the Sichuan Basin, overlooking the "Tianfu Plain" that stretches thousands of miles. Climbing the mountain to watch the sunrise will broaden your horizons, clear your mind, and deeply understand the relationship between people and people. The feeling of nature. As the sun rises in the east, the sky fills with morning glow, and thousands of golden lights shine on the earth, Mount Emei seems to be gradually covered with a golden cloak from head to toe, showing its full beauty. The poet Su Dongpo of the Northern Song Dynasty sang: "The autumn wind brings clouds and smoke, and the dawn makes the grass and trees look beautiful."
Buddha's Light
Buddha's Light, also known as Emei Baoguang. Buddhists call it the light emanating from the brows of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva. In fact, Buddha's light is a natural phenomenon of light, formed by the diffraction and diffuse reflection of sunlight on the surface of clouds and fog. In the afternoons of summer and early winter, a seven-color halo of red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue and purple suddenly appears in the clouds under Sheshen Rock, with the center as bright as a mirror. Viewers turn their backs to the westward sunlight and sometimes find their own silhouette appearing in the halo. Every movement of their hands and feet is followed by the shadow. Strangely enough, even if thousands or hundreds of people are watching at the same place at the same time, the viewer can only see the shadow and not disappear. Others. Tan Zhongyue's poem says: "It is neither clouds nor mist rising in the sky, and the colors are different. Try looking up from the height of the stone platform, everyone is in the light of the Buddha."
Holy Lamp
On a moonless night at the Golden Summit, I would sometimes see a light like a firefly under the rock. Then I would see a few spots, and then gradually become countless, erratic in the dark valley. The Buddhists call it "Holy Lamp", and the floating magic lamp is like "ten thousand bright lanterns facing Samantabhadra". Shi Xincheng's "Holy Lamp" poem says: "Flying from the east of the cliff, dots of red floated up. The flying back separated the distance and the distance, and was hidden in the sky. The flames of fire have been cold for thousands of years, and the light shakes half of the wall. In the dead of night, after the crowd is quiet, the palace of the Brahma King is covered with hangings. "The poem "Holy Lamp" written by Yin Shen of the Ming Dynasty also goes: "The light spreads from the upper world, and the flames spread across the sky. Only the stars are falling, and the dark valley is opened from the magic cloud. , see golden immortals everywhere.
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