Waltz is a foreign music genre to our country. In English, it is sometimes transliterated as "waltz". Dance music generally originated in rural areas. The waltz developed with the development of society in cities, especially in Vienna. Therefore, some waltzes are also called Vienna waltzes. Tracing back to its roots, the predecessor of the waltz is the Austrian folk "Landerer Dance", which is also a rural dance music. Waltz is a three-beat dance developed on the basis of "Landler Dance". During the dance, pairs of male and female partners rotate in circles according to the rhythm of the dance music, with brisk and graceful movements and warm and cheerful emotions. These characteristics determine the genre characteristics of the waltz: faster speed, beat or beat. These characteristics, combined with the tones rotating around the fulcrum sound, vividly produce a sense of rotating and circular movements. The genre characteristics of the waltz are more clearly reflected in its accompaniment patterns. The typical waltz accompaniment pattern is three even quarter notes (eighth notes on the beat) with distinct strengths and weaknesses, one chord per measure, and the first beat is a strong beat, playing the bass of the chord. The second and third beats are weak beats, playing other chord tones in the higher register.

Concerto is a musical genre. Refers to an Italian vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment in the 16th century. Starting from the second half of the seventeenth century, it refers to an instrumental suite in which one or several solo instruments compete with an orchestra. During the Baroque period, a group of several solo instruments formed to compete with the orchestra was called a concerto grosso. Formed during the period of classical music, a concerto composed of a violin, piano, cello and other instruments competing with an orchestra is called a "solo concerto". Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and many composers of the Romantic school composed a large number of solo concertos. There are also two complex concertos (or double concertos) played with the same or different instruments and the orchestra, three triple concertos with the same or different instruments played with the orchestra, a single-movement minor concerto, and control of the orchestra competing with the orchestra. Concerto Grosso, etc. Concertos with control are mostly composed of three-movement suites: the first movement is allegro in sonata form, the second movement is adagio, and the third movement is allegro. The first movement of some concertos of the classical and romantic schools often adopts a double exposition. First, the orchestra plays the first exposition, then a solo instrument joins in to perform, and then the solo instrument plays the main part and the other content is not exactly the same. The second presentation department. In addition, a cadenza played by a solo instrument is inserted after the second inversion of the main chord at the end of the recapitulation of the first and third movements and before the beginning of the ending, and a long-duration vibrato on the dominant chord is used to transition to orchestral music. The end of the ensemble.

Symphony is a type of instrumental music. A large (sonata-type) suite played by an orchestra. Derived from an Italian opera overture, Haydn took shape at that time. The basic characteristics are: the first movement is allegro, in sonata form; the second movement is slow, in duology or trilogy form; the third movement is at a moderate or slightly faster tempo, and is a minuet or scherzo; the fourth movement is in the form of a minuet or scherzo; The movement, also known as the "final movement", is fast and adopts the rondo-sonata form. Haydn composed more than 100 symphonies, Mozart composed more than 50 symphonies, Beethoven's nine symphonies are called the immortal works of symphonies, and Schubert composed eight including "Unfinished Symphony". Other composers of the Romantic School such as Berlioz, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Borodin, Dvo?ák, Sibelius, Bruckner, Mahler, etc. All composed famous symphony works. Famous symphony composers in modern times include Oneg, Von Williams, Glazunov, Scriabin, Rachmaninov, Miaskovsky, Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Chachaturian, etc.

March

It was originally a formation music used in the army to adjust the pace, strengthen military power and boost morale. Its origin can be traced back to the war music of the 16th century. It is characterized by regular melody, distinct rhythm and many dotted notes. Early marches did not adhere to the time signature and were short in structure. For example, the "Assembly March" by J.-B. Lully, performed by the oboe and drum corps, was in three beats and two sections, repeated in two sections, with only 14 bars. Modern marches are all written in complex three-section form, in double or four beats (4/4, 4/2, 2/2, 6/8, etc.). Marches in three beats are rare (such as R. Schumann's "David"). March of the Alliance Members Attacking the Philistines"). In addition to instrumental works, marches are also common in songs. "La Marseillaise" is the most famous vocal march during the French bourgeois revolution.

Revolutionary songs from various historical periods in modern China, such as "United Song of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers", "Three Major Disciplines and Eight Points of Attention", "March of the Volunteer Army", "March of the Chinese People's Liberation Army", "Battle March", "Volunteer Army War"

Song", "Liente of the Detachment of Women", etc. are all songs in the style of march. In modern times, the use of marches has been increasingly expanded. In addition to military marches, there are also marches used for weddings, funerals, festivals, and marches dedicated to art appreciation. There are two types of wedding marches: one is faster to express the festive atmosphere, such as the wedding march in the drama music of F. Mendelssohn's "A Midsummer Night's Dream"; the other is slower and is used for wedding processions, such as The wedding procession music in Act 2 and the wedding chorus in Act 3 of R. Wagner's opera "Lohengrin". Funeral marches are slow and mostly written in minor mode. In the early days, major mode was also used, such as the "Death March" in G.F. Handel's oratorio "Saul". "Funeral March to Commemorate the Death of a Hero" from L.van Beethoven's "Piano Sonata No. 12" in A flat major (later used as the soundtrack for "Ploha?ka") and "Symphony No. 3" The second movement, as well as the third movement of F.F. Chopin's "Piano Sonata in B flat minor", are both typical works of funeral march

. The funeral march in the third movement of G. Mahler's "First Symphony", the theme adopts the tune of the French folk song "Brother York". Mahler developed this theme using a canon technique to form a simulated funeral march.

Fantasia

A kind of instrumental music with free and easy form and imaginative music. Fantasias in the 16th and 17th centuries were often played by string instruments (mainly lute) or keyboard instruments, and often used polyphonic imitation techniques (basically the same melody appears alternately in different high and low voices) to freely develop the theme. Later, Fantasia was often used as a prelude to fugues and sonatas, in contrast to the rigorously structured fugues and sonatas themselves, such as J.S. Bach's "Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue" and W.A. Mozart's "Fantasia in C Minor" . In addition, it is also used as an independent instrumental piece, similar in nature to the capriccio, such as Mozart's Piano Fantasy in D minor and C minor, L. van Beethoven's "Piano Fantasy in G minor" and "Fantasia in C minor for piano, orchestra and chorus". 》. The piano fantasias of the Romanian composers F.F. Chopin, R. Schumann, J. Brahms and others often express dream-like artistic conceptions. F. Liszt called his piano and orchestra arrangements based on songs, operas, and instrumental themes fantasies. Many opera collections that freely develop themes, such as "Carmen Fantasia" by P. de Sarasat and F. Waxman, are also called fantasies. Fantasia and Caprice are both related and different. Generally speaking, Fantasia focuses on the expression of innermost feelings, which is more subjective; while Capriccio focuses on the expression of charm and emotion, and is more externally emotional. In terms of formal structure, Fantasia is often older than Caprice. However, the two often interpenetrate each other and are difficult to distinguish completely.

Serenade is a musical genre, a song used to express affection to a loved one. It originated from knightly literature in the European Middle Ages and spread in Spain, Italy and other European countries. Initially, serenades were performed by young men singing to their lovers' windows at night, expressing their love. The melody was beautiful, euphemistic, and touching, often accompanied by guitar or mandolin. With the development of the times, its form has also developed. Serenade composed by Schubert and Tosini recorded in "Famous Songs at Home and Abroad" are all still alive. Serenade was originally a love song sung by European troubadours in front of the lover's window in the Middle Ages. It was popular in Spain, Italy and other countries. When singing, they are often accompanied by stringed instruments such as guitar and mandolin. The singing is lingering, melodious and melodious. Later, instrumental solo serenades became as popular as vocal serenades. The serenade in the second act of the opera "Don Giovanni" by the Austrian composer Mozart is a typical serenade played by a girl playing a mandolin in front of her window.

Sonata

sonata

A multi-movement instrumental suite. Also known as "Sonata Suite". It consists of 3 or 4 contrasting movements, with one instrument playing solo (such as piano sonata) or one instrument and piano ensemble (such as violin sonata for violin and piano ensemble, flute sonata for flute and piano ensemble, etc.).

The basic characteristics and musical structure of each movement are as follows: the first movement is Allegro, in sonata form; the second movement is Adagio, in variation form, complex three sections or free sonata form; the third movement is minuet. Or scherzo, in complex three-section form; the fourth movement is Allegro or Presto, in sonata form or rondo form. Early sonata The word sonata is derived from the Italian word sonare (meaning: sound) and first appeared in musical terms in the 13th century. In the early 16th century, it generally referred to various instrumental music, as opposed to the general name of vocal music, cantata. For example, G. Gorzanis's "Lute Sonata" is actually two dance pieces, and G. Gabrieli's "Lute Sonata" is an instrumental ensemble. After Gabrieli, Italian composers such as S. Rossi, M. Neri, and B. Marini all called their Canzonas for instrumental performance sonatas.

Variations

A theme and a series of variations are repeated and composed according to a unified artistic conception. The word "variation" comes from the Latin word variatio, whose original meaning is change, which means the evolution of the theme. From ancient fixed bass variations to modern decorative variations and free variations, the variation techniques used vary. Fixed bass variations take a bass melody or chord progression of 4 to 8 bars as the theme (the former is like J.S. Bach's "Pasacalia" in C minor, and the latter is like his "Chaconne" in D minor). When the theme is repeated, , the upper voice meanders and endlessly changes the polyphonic structure and harmonic texture. In the suites of the Baroque period, when some dance music was played repeatedly, the melody was often decorated or its texture was changed at the same time, which was called "plural variation".

Minuet

The ancient French folk dance music flowed into the court in the 17th and 18th centuries and gradually became popular in aristocratic society. Triple beat, moderate speed, elegant and graceful style. It can be written as an independent instrumental piece, and is often used in the third movement of an ancient suite or sonata. Usually a complex three-part structure with a "three-part middle". The minuets of Rameau, Mozart, Beethoven and others are the most famous. Originally a French folk dance, a three-beat dance. It was introduced to the court around 1650 and gradually became a slow-paced and elegant dance music that became popular in aristocratic society. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was often used in clavichord suites and orchestral suites, either as a movement (often the third movement) or as a separate instrumental piece. Its structure is a three-part music body, and the middle part is often written in three parts, so it is called "three-part middle part" and is still used today.

Aria

A very lyrical and dramatic solo section in Western operas, oratorios or cantata. Generally, it is larger in length, has a wider range, and is more technical, and is used to focus on the emotional activities of the characters. Accompanied by orchestra or keyboard instruments. The use of arias began in the early 17th century. As opposed to the recitative recitative, the structure is effectively free. In the 18th century, its structure became stylized, usually in the form of a complex trilogy of A+B+A', especially in the operas of the Neapolitan school of music in Italy. Overly strict stylization hindered the development of the plot. Gluck broke this format in his opera reform. Aria occupies a very important position in opera and can be used as a separate concert piece. Some instrumental works with strong singing characteristics are also called arias, such as the theme of Bach's "Brandenberg Variations".