Tao Di (English: Ocarina, also translated as Yang Lian, Wa Lian, Tu Di, Okali Na Di, etc.) is an Italian wind instrument, which looks like a submarine, has a whistle and ten holes, and is usually made of clay.

Whether the modern submarine-like "ocarina" and China's Kui have the same origin is impossible to test, and apart from the difference in appearance, the main difference between them is that the former has a whistle and the latter does not; * * * The common point is that both of them are closed-tube musical instruments mainly made of clay. Therefore, users of the word "Tao Di" occasionally confuse this word with China's "Yi".

Features

Tao Di is light in appearance, easy to carry, beautiful in timbre, simple in fingering, and the sound of the little star is very crisp and loud; The tone of the big star is low and euphemistic, and it only takes a little breath to blow out the notes. As long as it is practiced, it is easy to blow out the favorite music and feel a sense of accomplishment.

editing the predecessor and evolution of this paragraph

the origin of modern Tao Di can be traced back to the painted musical instruments imitating bird songs used by Mayans and Aztecs in South America in the 6th century.

In p>13, Gemshorn, a kind of closed wind music, which was made of antelope horn and was believed to have evolved from ancient Maya flute, appeared in Britain.

The modern submarine-like ten-hole Tao Di was shaped and named by Italian musician Giuseppe Donati in 186.

in the 2th century, Tao Di first spread to the United States and Asian countries.

in 1928, the Japanese Kawataka Akita added two semi-tone press holes to the original ten-tone press hole Tao Di, so that it could play the "related minor" of its own tune (for example, after a Tao Di with a C key and two semi-press holes on Tao Di

, it could play B and A notes lower than C, and a C flute could play the "related minor" A key of C).

there are other versions with different numbers of holes besides 1 holes and 12 holes.

in the 196s, the British musician John Taylor developed a version with four-press holes, spheres and octaves. Later, the sculptor Barry Jenning improved Taylor's four-press hole flute to a maximum of seven-press holes.

these musical instruments ranging from four holes to twelve holes (whether submarine-shaped or not) are called "ocarina".

Taiwan Province has also developed varieties with China characteristics. For example, the purple sand flute made of clay used for making purple sand pots has a particularly crisp tone because of its high hardness.

Tao Di has also developed some decorative varieties with animal and fruit shapes, which can be worn as pendants.

because Tao Di's vocal range is not wide (alto c flute can play a to f 12 degrees), some people have developed a two-cavity and three-cavity Tao Di to expand its vocal range.

editing a brief history of the development of this paragraph

Yun is the originator of clay musical instruments. When you see Tao Di, many people will associate it with China's ancient musical instrument Yun, so that in Taiwan Province and Hongkong, Tao Di's nickname is Yang Yun.

Although these two musical instruments have been around for a long time, the history of China is much longer, but it cannot be confirmed that Tao Di developed under the influence of the instrument

.

considering the specific conditions of primitive society and the pottery unearthed in various places, it is not possible to verify whether this manufacturing technology is taught to each other.

Tao Di musical instruments have a long history. In 1973, many bird bones with different holes were unearthed in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang.

These birds' bones have been detected by carbon 14 and have a history of 7, years. After identification by experts, they are believed to be hunting tools first used by people to trap birds.

Some bone whistles can still blow out simple tones, which are similar to birdsong.

In addition, the oldest fiddle in China was also unearthed here, but there is only one blowhole, and there is no sound hole. Normal playing can only make one sound.

(Many folk clay whistle artists use a blowhole to show several scales) A number of clay-fired instruments were unearthed in Ecuador, South America. They were made in about 2 BC. After analysis, it was found that people made clay at that time at a very high level. These instruments were proved not to be toys, and some of them could play simple music.

After development, in 5-6 BC, Tao Di made by Mayans could play a complete scale.

Tao Di came to Europe from America during the Spanish occupation. In 1527, a group of Mexican Aztec artists used Tao Di with a whistle to perform for Charles V's court.

The performance was a great success, which left a deep impression on everyone present. After they became famous, they often performed all over Europe to let more people know this instrument.

The origin of editing this paragraph's name

The origin of Tao Di's name ocarina, there is a saying that there is a baker named juzeppe in budurio, a small village in northern Italy, who often cooks low-temperature ceramic toys and some novel things in his oven. Once, he cooked an egg-shaped toy with a whistle like a neck on it, so it was named "ocarina" because it was very similar to the shape of a common goose in daily life, which is Italian dialect.

Tao Di's English name "ocarina" came from here, transliterated as Okali Na Di, which is still widely used today.

With the development of free trade and industrial revolution, the Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861. In 186, Giuseppe Donati set up the first factory in Italy and began to make Tao Di. They transformed the formerly popular Tao Di, and the ten-hole Tao Di in Italy now appeared after that.

After several transfers, this studio is still producing Italian Tao Di.

During World War I and World War II, due to its small size and easy playing, Tao Di became popular in the US military to boost morale. In order to facilitate mass production, gypsum or plastic materials were generally used, and the shapes were mostly gosling and sweet potato.

You can see about this kind of Tao Di in the film Cell 17.

With the popularity of Tao Di, the first four-hole Tao Di was made in John Taylor, London, England in 1963. The four holes with different sizes seemed to be arranged in binary, which could be combined into sixteen different states. For the first time, more sounds were realized with few holes.

fingering is also different from the previous sequential fingering, which adopts cross fingering. In addition, it can be extended to 5 holes, 6 holes or even more, and the range will also increase.

The popular six-hole Tao Di is based on it.

editing the development status and prospect of this paragraph

In Japan, Kawataka Akita, then a high school student, first met Italian-style Tao Di at the German Expo in Tokyo, which left him a deep impression and aroused great interest.

When I entered the Sculpture Department of Tokyo University of the Arts in 1928, I began to make Tao Di, and transformed the Italian Tao Di into a musical instrument with standardized fingering scales. This is the 12-hole Japanese Tao Di we see now. In Japan, Tao Di also has a name called Tudi.

With the popularity of the 12-hole Japanese Tao Di in Japan, many famous Tao Di performers have appeared.

Zong Cilang is one of them. His "Original Scenery of My Hometown" has appeared in many martial arts films and TV dramas shot in Hongkong and Taiwan Province.

The earliest popular Tao Di in Taiwan Province is the Peruvian-style craft Tao Di, which can make sounds but is not easy to play the scales with standard fingering. After improvement, it has now become the main Tao Di style in Taiwan Province, and it is called Taiwan Province Tao Di in Chinese mainland. The conventional shape is like a water drop or a heart-shaped style, and there are also various deformed ocarina varieties.

There are many places in Taiwan Province where Tao Di is made, such as Dingji Tao Di in Nantou County, Tangshan Flat Flute in Kaohsiung City, Zonghan Tao Di, Shicheng Tao Di, etc. Among them, Tao Di variety developed by ChengTao Di Chen Jin is different from the popular standard six-hole one.

when it comes to the development of Tao Di in China, there are two people who can't help but mention Mr. Zi Lei and Mr. You Xuezhi. Both of them are very prestigious people in the field of ocarina. Mr. Zi Lei has established four "Tao Di Communes" in China, and Mr. You Xuezhi has played a great role in promoting Tao Di in Taiwan Province. Both of them have played an irreplaceable role in promoting the development of Tao Di. So far, many ocarina music records have been produced.

In Chinese mainland, the name "Tao Di" also followed the name of Taiwan Province. In 21, the maker of Tao Di in Shandong began to make and sell 8-hole mud whistle with a range of 9 degrees in small batches. From the end of 22, he set up a workshop to mass-produce 8-hole and 4-hole Tao Di with a preference for entertainment souvenirs. In April 24, he established the factory of Huaqiang Tao Di in Linyi, Shandong. In October of the same year, Li Yunlin, following Ningxia, opened the Tao Di website a few days later, which is now the "predecessor of China Tao Di Network". However, because of the huge output at that time, the scope and demand of the cognitive environment were difficult to respond to it. After eight months, it was shut down because of poor operation and returned to the workshop state. Around 24, there have been more Tao Di producers in China, some of whom were originally mainly engaged in making pottery rafts, and also worked as Tao Di, such as Dragon Rhyme. There are also some producers who apply the finger hole arrangement of China's flute for fear of the trouble in cross fingering teaching and production, which is easy for people with flute foundation, but the range is too narrow; Another part is based on Taiwan Province's six-hole Tao Di, and after imitation and improvement, it inherits the characteristics of Tao Di's easy learning.

For example, the 7-hole Tao Di made by Sun Jiangang of Yadea Workshop in Xiamen, and many Tao Di producers from Taiwan Province Province also set up factories in mainland China to produce Tao Di, such as Xinli porcelain flute in Jingdezhen. These Tao Di production teams have played an important role in the popularization of Tao Di in mainland China.

At present, the largest Tao Di factory in the world is Fengya Tao Di in Jiaxing, China, which has made a rapid breakthrough in the production field in Tao Di! At present, Tao Di with three bass pipes is the top product in the world.

I believe that Tao Di will become a popular musical instrument in Chinese mainland soon!

Edit this paragraph to learn Tao Di

1. Tao Di's playing posture

1. Front: Sit or stand, your body must be straight, your center of gravity should be balanced, your upper body should be relaxed, you can't shrug your shoulders, and your elbows should be slightly open.

2. Side: The back is naturally straight, and it is not allowed to lean forward, so that Tao Di can keep an upright body at 45 degrees.

2. Mouth shape

1. First, gently place the mouthpiece on the lower lip.

2. The position of the mouthpiece is between the upper lip and the lower lip, and the front teeth are tight. You should not bite the mouthpiece with the front teeth, and it should not be too deep.

3. Hand shape (elegant Tao Di playing six holes)

1. Press the two sound holes behind Tao Di with your thumbs, press the upper two holes in front of Tao Di with your forefinger, and press the lower two holes in front of Tao Di with your middle finger, so as to hold Tao Di in the most natural posture, not too loose or too tight, so as to open/press each sound hole flexibly and accurately.

2. Hold the tail end of Tao Di with the ring fingers of both hands, with the right hand on top and the left hand on the bottom (irreversible).

3. Press the hole with the thick, flat and soft part of the belly of the first finger, instead of the fingertip. The finger joints must naturally bend and bulge, and the joints should not be depressed by excessive force.

4. When practicing playing, try to hang Tao Di on your chest to avoid breaking.

Fourth, breathing methods

Tao Di's breathing is quite different from that when he usually speaks.

it needs to adopt "abdominal" or "chest-abdomen combination" breathing method, just like blowing out a candle 1 meter away. Instead of simply exhaling the lung gas through the throat, it should subconsciously take a deep breath and subconsciously guide it to the abdomen (a little lower abdomen under the umbilicus). At this time, the inhalation must be naturally relaxed and combined with the chest and abdomen.

The feeling of exhaling is just like calling a companion from one hill to another. You must stretch your breath as long as possible, that is, singing loudly and singing lyrically.

The water is flowing rather than sudden diarrhea. When practicing, one breath should not be less than 8 seconds. Within 8 seconds, you can support and control your breath with your abdomen, so that your pronunciation can be relaxed.

The quality and artistic appeal of playing Tao Di's pronunciation mainly depend on mastering the correct breathing method.

V. Ways to transport the tongue

Tongue plays a very important role in Tao Di's playing: Tao Di needs to use his tongue to make "TU" (sound: spit, denoted by T) or "KU" (sound: bitter, denoted by K) when pronouncing, which can make the blown sound full and powerful, and can also be used to separate the two same sounds before and after.

according to a certain rule, using "tu" and "ku" with pronunciation can also express cheerful and jumping music.

Editing the playing methods and skills of this passage

Playing methods

1. Press the two air holes on the back of Tao Di with both thumbs, and press the front air holes with the index finger and middle finger respectively.

Second, gently hold the bottom of Tao Di with your ring finger to prevent Tao Di from falling when your fingers are fully released.

third, gently press the air hole with your fingertips, but don't use your fingertips. Just be careful not to have any gaps and don't use too much force.

playing skills

first, gently hold the mouthpiece with your lips, not too deep, so as not to cover the air outlet.

second, the blowing method should be delivered stably by the force of abdomen, which can avoid too much saliva and produce vibrating effect, making the flute rhyme more pleasant.

third, the playing of long notes requires a steady volume, and the sounds should be connected smoothly and not intermittently.

Fourth, short sounds and stress need to use the technique of "kicking the tongue", press the tip of the tongue against the joint between the teeth of the palate and the gums, and retract the tongue instantly when blowing, just like reading the phonetic notation "ㄊㄨ". This sound is clean and powerful, and it sounds lively and happy.

5. Slippery sound: Generally speaking, the way to open and close the air hole is to directly raise the finger, and the scale changes instantly. Another way is to slowly slide the finger away from the outside of Tao Di, which can produce beautiful sliding sound.

6. Smooth notes: put a ""mark between two or more notes with different heights, and this mark becomes a smooth line. Its blowing method is to blow the whole string of notes in one breath, with uninterrupted air in the middle. Pay attention to kicking the tongue on the first note!

Edit this paragraph's experience and suggestions for beginners to buy Tao Di

Although some people say that the fingering of 12 holes is simple, it may be easy to master because the fingering transformation basically follows the scale; However, the fingering of 12 holes is difficult: the reason is that there are more holes in the 12-hole Tao Di, and each finger should be responsible for at least one hole, so beginners are prone to the problem of lax hole pressing; In addition, because the 12-hole Tao Di needs to use the ring finger and the little finger, and the middle finger has to control two holes, while the 6-hole Tao Di only needs the flexible thumb, forefinger and middle finger, so even if the fingering transformation of the 6-hole Tao Di is not in accordance with the law of scale transformation, the 6-hole Tao Di is better than the 12-hole Tao Di.

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