What are the artistic characteristics of Jiaodong drum, a traditional Shandong folk art?

Abstract: Jiaodong drum is one of the traditional operas in Shandong Province. The main accompaniment instruments are sanxian, book drum and steel plate (crescent-shaped on the top and rectangular on the bottom). It is a banqiang structure with seven-tone palace mode. The main banqiang styles include Qiqiang, Erban, Pingqiang, Luoban, etc. The artistic method of Jiaodong Dagu is mainly speaking and singing. Through rapping, the story is told, the characters are depicted, the environment is introduced, and the atmosphere is enhanced. So when did Jiaodong drums originate? What are the artistic characteristics of Jiaodong drums? Let's follow the editor to learn about the historical origin and artistic characteristics of this Jiaodong drum! Basic overview of Shandong Quzong. Popular in the coastal counties of Jiaodong Peninsula, Shandong. In the past, they were mostly named after the county where the artist was located, such as Penglai Dagu, Qixia Dagu, Rongcheng Dagu, etc. Since the artists are all blind, it is also known as the tune of the blind. In 1942, blind artists in the Jiaodong Peninsula Anti-Japanese Base Area under the leadership of the Communist Party of China organized blind artists to establish the Jiaodong Blind Anti-Japanese Salvation Association, and jointly organized training classes with the Jiaodong Literary and Art Association to help blind artists learn politics and reform the content of rap. At that time, Liang Qianguang, a literary and artistic worker from the Beihai Troupe, was responsible for the professional learning of blind artists in some villages at the junction of Penglai, Fushan and Qixia counties. He also learned the art of singing and singing from the artists, constantly absorbed the essence of the drum singing in each county, integrated it, and gradually Develop a new style. Before and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Liang Qianguang sang newly composed tunes and lyrics with the army in Jiaodong, Jinan, Luda, Bengbu, Shaoxian County, Yongcheng and other places in Henan Province. They were well received by soldiers and the masses, and were known as Liang-style drums. In 1949, it was named Jiaodong Dagu.

Historical Origin Jiaodong Dagu was originally called "Blind Man's Tune". It is a drum music art form that originated and became popular in the Jiaodong Peninsula. The founder was Shi Yuanlang of Zouxian County during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty. After establishing "Shimen", it has been passed down for ten generations and has a history of nearly 200 years. The main endemic areas are rural areas of Zou, Teng, and Yi counties in southern Shandong and parts of Zaozhuang City. In the early days, it was called "Penglai Dagu", "Fushan Dagu", "Rongcheng Dagu", etc. due to its popularity in the region. In the 1920s, blind people from all over the Jiaodong Peninsula absorbed singing tunes such as Donglu Dagu, Laiyang Tanci, and Mao Tune, and gained new development. In 1949, Liang Qianguang entered Qingdao to perform and named it "Jiaodong Dagu". Its schools are divided into North, East and South according to the three sea areas of Jiaodong Peninsula. "North Road" was popular in Penglai, Yantai and other places. In the early stage, famous artists included Ding Wuchen, Zhou Jiemei, Yang Datian, etc., and in the later period, there were Zhou Dexiang, Ren Futing, Wu Xianda, etc. The singing is high-pitched and bright, with strong melody and rich local flavor. "Donglu" is popular in Wendeng, Rongcheng, Rushan and other places on the eastern coast of the peninsula. The tunes are simple and rich in rap, represented by Peng Runzhi, known as "Peng Diao". "South Road" is popular in Laiyang, Jimo, Haiyang, Yexian and other places along the southern coast of the peninsula. The famous artist in the early stage was Xu Shanghou of Laiyang. Later, Zhang Zhenbao and Feng Dexiang of Qixia became famous. Its singing style is richly nourished by Mao Tune, Laiyang Tanci, and Donglu Dagu music, making it unique.

The Anti-Japanese War broke out in the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937). Based on their patriotic enthusiasm, blind artists from all over Jiaodong transformed the blind organization "Three Emperors Association" into the "Blind Anti-Japanese Salvation Association" and used drums to carry out anti-Japanese propaganda. . In 1943, Beihai Opera Troupe Liang Qianguang was ordered to work with Zhou Dexiang and Ren Futing to compose new lyrics and innovative tunes to serve the Anti-Japanese War. They created such outstanding works as "Battle at the Dahuang Family" and "Battle at the Upper Camp", and held a training class for blind artists in Yanzikuang, Penglai. , thus making Jiaodong drums active in the entire Jiaodong Anti-Japanese Base Area, and Liang Qianguang's innovative tune was known as "Liang Diao". Later, he went to Luda, Qingdao, and Jinan to perform, further expanding the influence of Jiaodong drums.

The main accompaniment instruments of the artistic characteristics of Jiaodong drum are sanxian, book drum and steel plate (crescent-shaped on the top and rectangular on the bottom). It is a banqiang structure with seven-tone palace mode. The main banqiang styles include Qiqiang, Erban, Pingqiang, Luoban, etc. In addition, sometimes songs such as "Manzhoumi", "Jasmine", and "Baby Tune" are interspersed with singing, and there are also many Peking Opera singers, so it is also called "Erhuang Dagu". There is a rich list of traditional books, including nearly 70 paragraphs such as "Tian Xiuying's Dream Comes True" and "Liu Ling's Drunkenness", and more than 20 medium-length books such as "Purple Gold Bracelet" and "The Story of Two Orchids".

Guerci is also known as "small drum" and "mupizi". The tune was originally a combination of scholars' chanting tune and the local popular Li Cuilian ditty. Most of the singers are poor scholars, so the books are all compiled by themselves, imitating the story of Jia Fuxi in Qufu. They play small leather drums and wooden handboards, and perform singing by uncovering manuscripts, which is commonly known as "revealing leaves". Because it is a chanting and singing method without string accompaniment, the tune varies from person to person and is extremely unstable. It is mostly influenced by flower drums and fishing drums, so it can be said to be a wooden drum produced in Shandong. The singing list includes many historical war stories about Iron Horse and Jinge, including "Wuyue Spring and Autumn", "Fengjian Spring and Autumn", "Eastern Han", "Western Han", "Sui and Tang", "Ping Donglai", "Yue Tang", "Remnant Tang" , "Tianmen Formation", "Ming Heroes" and more than 30 films.

The artistic method of Jiaodong Dagu is mainly speaking and singing. Through rapping, the story is told, the characters are depicted, the environment is introduced, and the atmosphere is enhanced. Speak kindly and sing beautifully. Its characteristic is that it is simple and easy to perform. It only requires one or two people, one or two instruments, or even one person with a drum board. No makeup or clothing is required. You can sing wherever you go. Jiaodong drum is still a type of music that has had a worldwide impact.

People can see from the Jiaodong Dagu's "Suicide Letter" that due to the unique charm of Jiaodong Dagu, in 1923, world music master Kreisler came to Yantai and was immersed in the charm of Jiaodong Dagu, which also inspired his creation. , and subsequently, the world classic "Chinese Drum" he composed has become a classic in the world music scene that reflects China and even Asia in the past century, making the world feel the true meaning of "the most national is the most cosmopolitan".

Jiaodong drum occupies an important position in Jiaodong folk culture and is an epitome of the rich and colorful Jiaodong folk culture. Therefore, it is imperative to discover, rescue and protect Jiaodong drums.

Main Features "Jiaodong Dagu has a complete set of singing tunes such as drum set, rising sound, throwing tune, flat tune, coloratura, tragic tune, allegro, reverse allegro, counting banquet, falling banquet, loose banquet, and paper-burning tune. It has a drum board structure. The big drum set at the beginning, which is now called the overture, is very difficult and very strenuous. My father plays it in a cool and unrestrained way. He does not play like a literati and gentleman. The soft style of play, on the contrary, is the kind of play that goes from slow to fast, from fast to fast, sonorous and powerful, and full of wind, especially the tense tone at the tail end, which is very atmospheric in our jargon. In my father's place, he said. The story is new, the format is also new, it is very life-like, and all the burdens can be opened. The audience is so happy that it is indescribable. Every time the performance ends, eggs - which were a rare thing at that time, many audience members keep watching. When she said this, Liang Jinhua seemed to be sitting in the audience, feeling happy or sad along with her father's high-pitched singing - the "sun-moon plate" she was holding was left by her father and was made of steel. (Jiaodong drum artists believe in the three emperors of "heaven, earth and man". The emperor is on top as the sun board, and the earth emperor is on the bottom as the moon board. People are in the middle, hence the name "sun and moon board"), and the slip edge has been polished. The drum used by his father is now on display at the China Military Museum.

Traditional repertoire of Jiaodong drums, "Xiangzi Shangshou", "Zhuge Liang Beats the Dog", "Purple Gold Bracelet", "Bee Story", "Hu Yang Joins the Army", "Tianmen Formation", "Children's Heroes" "Li Dapeng", "Battle at the Upper Camp", "Liu Ling Drunk", "Sandu Linying", "Big Crab", "Greedy Wife", "Teacher Lu Mengzheng", "Tan Xiangnu Crying Melon", "Cao Xiuying Selling Articles" ", "Red Lantern Story", "Purple Gold Bracelet", "Jin Bao Zhuan" and so on are more distinctive. Among the new works, "Battle at Qingshiling", "Battle at Banbidian", "Liu Si's Stand", "Children's Hero Li Dapeng", etc. are more influential.

Inheritance value Jiaodong drum occupies an important position in Jiaodong folk culture. It is an epitome of the rich and colorful Jiaodong folk culture. It has played an important role in various historical periods, especially during the Anti-Japanese War. , huge impact. The discovery, rescue and protection of Jiaodong drums will have an important role in promoting the construction of spiritual civilization in Yantai and even the country, enriching the cultural life of the people, improving the quality of the people, promoting people's all-round development, and building a harmonious socialist society.

Jiaodong drum was first created by blind people, and the singers in the early years were both storytellers and fortune tellers. After the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, it was combined with "Guoshan tune" and slowly developed into early drum tunes. In the 1920s, blind people from all over the Jiaodong Peninsula absorbed singing tunes such as Donglu Dagu, Laiyang Tanci, and Mao Tune, and gained new development. Jiaodong drum is a form of drum music popular in Jiaodong Peninsula, which can be roughly divided into three groups. According to estimates from the time when Rongcheng and Liu Xueyi appeared in the early years of Qianlong's reign, this type of music has a history of about 250 years. The accompaniment instruments of Jiaodong drum include drum, board and sanxian. In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), the Anti-Japanese War broke out. Based on their patriotic enthusiasm, blind artists from all over Jiaodong transformed the blind organization "Three Emperors Association" into the "Blind Anti-Japanese Salvation Association" to promote anti-Japanese propaganda by singing drums.