Abstract: There are countless ancient customs in old Beijing, among which the folk industry activities have a unique flavor. Let’s talk about the seventy-two lines of old Beijing, such as blowing sugar and playing with grasshoppers? They are still spread on the streets today. Most of the alleys have been forgotten, and some have even heard of them. Now let's go to the quaint alleys to experience the industries of old Beijing. Beijing festival folk customs 1. Old Beijing Spring Festival

New Year greetings on the first day of the lunar month are only for men, offering offerings in the Buddhist hall, setting up heaven and earth tables, placing offerings to worship ancestors, receiving gods in front of the heaven and earth tables, Buddha statues, ancestral tablets and three kowtows to elders< /p>

2. Laba Festival in Old Beijing

Old Beijingers have always regarded Laba Festival as a signal that the "New Year" is coming. In particular, merchants began to post accounts and prepare to ask for accounts, so people made a pun and said: "Send the letter's Laba porridge." Among the folk, Laba porridge is not only offered to Buddha and ancestors, but also mainly used as gifts among relatives, friends and neighbors. The second is to enjoy "Lili Lala Twenty-Three" at home. However, those who "observe the rules" in the event of a bereavement will not cook porridge.

3. Old Beijing Dragon Boat Festival

Sacrifice to the gods and ancestors to commemorate the ancestors, hang calamus and moxa leaves to prevent plague and avoid disasters. The most exquisite offerings are rose cakes and yellow rice and jujube rice dumplings. , Wearing colorful rice dumplings on the body to pray for longevity, and pasting gourd flowers to ward off the "five poisons"

4. Double Ninth Festival in Old Beijing

During the Double Ninth Festival, old Beijingers often used climbing and wearing People celebrate by enjoying dogwood trees, admiring chrysanthemums, drinking chrysanthemum wine, eating flower cakes, eating barbecued meats, boiling mutton, reciting poems and composing poems to pray for safety and health. These customs have been passed down to this day. Eating flower cakes is a must during the Double Ninth Festival in old Beijing.

5. Mid-Autumn Festival in Old Beijing

The Mid-Autumn Festival in old Beijing is very lively. They worship the moon, appreciate the moon, play with the moon, drink reunion wine, eat reunion cakes, and Beijing children also play with the rabbit. According to folklore experts, every house in old Beijing would set up a moon worship platform for worship.

6. Welcome the Spring in Old Beijing

The beginning of spring is also called "beating spring", "biting spring", and "heralding spring". This festival, like many festivals, has many folk customs and customs, including celebrations and activities to welcome the spring, "beating cattle" to beat the spring, and the custom of eating spring cakes, spring plates, and radish bites. Since the Zhou Dynasty, welcoming the spring on the first day of spring has been an important activity carried out by ancestors on the first day of spring. It is also a spring celebration ceremony that emperors and common people of all dynasties have participated in.

Beijing Food Customs 1. Dinner Table Culture

In old Beijing, different families or families formed their own distinctive dining table culture under the influence of society, economy, habits and environment. Many families have "family banquets", "guest banquets" and "casual banquets" in the way of meals. The various etiquettes at the dinner table in old Beijing are very particular. Over the long years, they gradually reflect the values ????of old Beijing, consciously or unconsciously. Consciously build a dining table culture with "propriety", "filial piety", "morality" and "teaching" as its contents.

2. Spring pancake

Beijing folk food, a very thin pancake, also known as pancake. Every year on the first day of spring, Beijingers eat spring pancakes, which are called "biting spring". The second day of the second lunar month is the day when the dragon raises its head as an ancient Chinese proverb says. On this day, Beijingers also eat spring pancakes, which is called "eating dragon scales." Spring pancakes are larger than the pancakes used to eat roast duck, and they are tougher (Beijing people call them "bone strong") because they need to be rolled with a lot of vegetables.

3. Qingming diet customs

Qingming dumplings, steamed buns, Qingming snails, black glutinous rice, moist cakes, cheese and ring cakes, and Zitui steamed buns

There is a saying among the old Beijing folk: "The first one is dumplings, the second is noodles, and the third is pancakes and eggs." This refers to the food customs that every family in old Beijing adheres to during the three days. Beijingers love to eat dumplings all year round. There are also various varieties and fillings of dumplings in Futian, including boiled dumplings, hot noodle dumplings, fried dumplings, pot sticker dumplings, etc.

5. The custom of "eating autumn"

Old Beijingers in the Fourth and Nine Cities have the custom of "eating autumn" after autumn begins, and there is also a folk custom of "stewing big meat at the beginning of autumn" Common saying. Generally, people in the middle and lower classes pay attention to "eating autumn fresh food". They believe that eating new grains and new fruits and vegetables are the most nutritious. Siheyuan people with better families often cook braised pork, braised fish, stewed chicken and duck and other protein-rich meat dishes to add to their autumn fat.

Beijing Specialties>>Beijing Snacks>>

Beijing Culture and Customs 1. Peking Opera

Beijing Opera, known as the “quintessence of China”, has a history of more than 200 years. . Its predecessor is Hui Diao, commonly known as Pihuang Opera.

The performance pays equal attention to singing and dancing, incorporates martial arts skills, uses virtual movements and has a strong sense of rhythm, creating many programmed performances. When singing, pay attention to the accent and enunciation, and the recitation is musical. A complete artistic style and performance system have gradually been formed in terms of singing, chanting, acting and playing. Peking Opera is divided into Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. Accompanied by musical instruments such as jinghu, erhu, yueqin, sanxian, flute, suona, drums, gongs, and cymbals.

2. Shadow puppets

Early shadow puppets in Beijing were divided into two schools: Eastern and Western. The only remaining Western-style shadow puppets were first formed during the Zhengde period of the Ming Dynasty. Beijing shadow puppets have a long history of formation, unique expression techniques, and artistic characteristics that are different from shadow puppets in other regions. Mainly reflected in the differences in performance, vocal tone, modeling and many other aspects. Since Beijing shadow puppetry has been dominated by singing halls in the capital for a long time, its performances are more delicate and exaggerated.

3. Nursery Rhymes

There are two main ways of inheriting nursery rhymes in Beijing: written document inheritance and oral inheritance. Nursery rhymes are widely sung by children and have strong local characteristics. Nursery rhymes are treasures of human oral culture, with simple language and strong philosophy. They have accumulated the excellent national culture of the motherland and contain rich educational content. Nursery rhymes are people's summary of production and life experiences. They come from daily life and are easy for people to accept. They have been widely circulated among the people for thousands of years.

4. Wrestling Art

Since the 1920s, Wan Baye’s apprentice Bao Shanlin (1900-1965) set up a wrestling ring in Tianqiao, Beijing, and created his own unique wrestling style. Wrestling art: It was active in the late Republic of China and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China with its unique wrestling art model of flexibility, graceful body shape, humorous explanations, a combination of civil and military arts and the addition of Chinese flags. As an excellent national cultural heritage, Tianqiao wrestling not only has folklore, art, sports, culture, society, history and other values, but also combines with Chinese flags to demonstrate the unique Chinese folk wrestling art.

5. Hawking

Pawdling in old Beijing is a folk culture formed by people engaged in business activities in the old capital to sell goods and provide paid services in alleys and streets.

6. Pingju Opera

Beijing Pingju Opera can be divided into West Road and East Road. Xilu Pingju evolved from Xilu Lianhualuo and Shibuxian. It was formed around 1900 and is called Xilu Bengbeng. Since the East Road Pingju opera entered Beijing in the 1930s, the West Road Pingju opera has gradually declined. Currently, there are no professional performing groups. Only a dozen singing styles such as Dabei tune, Xiaobei tune, and Toad tune are spread, and there are only a handful of inheritors. number.

7. Storytelling

Beijing storytelling is the main body of storytelling in the north. It was formed in Beijing and is popular in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and the three northeastern provinces. The performance form of Beijing Pingshu in the early days was one person sitting behind a table, using folding fans and wake-up wood as props, and wearing a long gown. By the middle of the last century, it gradually became a standing speech, and the clothes were no longer fixed.

8. Qinshu

"Beijing Qinshu" is a representative type of drum music in the Beijing area. It is "speaking like singing, singing like talking", and the singing tune is mixed with It is written in plain language, highlighting the Beijing dialect, with fast, slow, framed and loose styles, which greatly enriches the performance and singing effects. It is deeply loved by everyone and has extremely high academic and educational value.

Old Beijing Etiquette and Customs 1. Social Etiquette

In the old days, Beijingers had to bring gifts when visiting relatives and friends, and they paid attention to sending "Beijing Eight Pieces", that is, "Big Eight Pieces" and "Little Eight Pieces". Eight pieces”. When guests come to the house, the tea sets should be washed and fresh tea made for the guests. In general, when a guest comes, he or she will treat him to noodles (stretched or scooped out), which means that the guest will stay longer.

2. Marriage customs

The wedding customs of Beijingers are similar to those of Manchu and Han Dynasties. The Han people's etiquette for celebrating weddings can be divided into old and new ones. The new style uses floats and bands to bow; the old style uses sedan chairs and drums to play the deacons and kneels down.

3. Giving birth

Child-rearing in old Beijing contains a lot of Manchu customs. Everyone in old Beijing knows that the "descendant empress" and "send-off empress" are important among the "empresses". Many people (regardless of bannermen) worship this empress at home. The Manchu people originally did not believe in Buddhism, but they have maintained their Sama beliefs since ancient times. "Capturing Zhou" is an ancient tradition of the Cha people, and the Manchu people did not have this custom. The original custom of the Manchus was to hang a bow and arrow at the door when a boy was born, and there was no such thing as catching an object when he was one year old.

4. Big coffin and coffin

Large coffin is to formally bury the body of the deceased into the coffin. After the coffin lid is closed, the relatives and the deceased can no longer see each other. According to the teachings of Buddhism and Taoism, Beijing folk have the custom of suspending spirits.

The longest period of inactivity is seventy-seven forty-nine days, and the minimum is three days. During the period of mourning, Buddhist and Dharma rituals must be performed. Every July, I have to do things, entertain relatives and friends who come to express condolences, and prepare a banquet.

5. Sacrifice to the land

The activity of worshiping the land originated from ancient times. According to written records, it has a history of more than 4,000 years in our country (historical data records: the summer solstice in May, the Shang solstice in June, and the summer solstice in Zhou Dynasty at Fangqiu in Zezhong)

Traditional folk crafts 1. Flower arrangement

Traditional flower arrangements are divided into four major types according to the creative group: folk flower arrangements, temple flower arrangements, palace flower arrangements, and literati flower arrangements. The main containers are six categories: bottles, plates, bowls, baskets, jars, and tubes. , containers, flower arrangements, shelves and pads, accessories, etc.

2. Dough sculptures

Dough sculptures are commonly known as dough figures and Jiangmi figures. Historically, there was a folk custom of using flour to knead "moon cakes" and "noodle fish" during New Years and holidays, which gave rise to the art of dough sculpture. Beijing dough sculpture art has been passed down and developed by several generations of folk artists, absorbing the essence of other arts, drawing on the best of others and constantly exploring, gradually forming a dough sculpture art school with Beijing characteristics. "Mianrenlang" is one of the genres.

3. Folk toys

Rattle: one of the most traditional and oldest toys in my country. According to historical records, it came into being as early as the Zhou Dynasty; it is still loved by people today. Bristle man: made of clay, straw, cotton, colorful clothes, and pig bristles. The mane figures are about 9 centimeters tall, and they all use characters from shadow puppetry and Peking opera to create different images.

4. Unique folk skills

Paper-cutting, silk figures, colored eggs, clay sculptures, kites? There are many traditional folk skills in old Beijing. These unique skills and traditional handicrafts are the pride of Beijingers and the most important. Distinctive Chinese symbols allow people to see the authentic Beijing.

5. Hairy Monkey

Everything on the hairy monkey is made of traditional Chinese medicine. Its limbs are made of cicada sloughed limbs, and its body is made of another traditional Chinese medicine - Xinyi, which is the flower bones formed by magnolia flowers in autumn. The surface is covered with a dense layer of gray-brown hair, which is a coat to protect the flower in winter. When spring comes, the down gradually recedes, and the flower bones slowly grow into beautiful magnolia flowers. This downy hairy bone is very similar to the body of a hairy monkey, which is really a wonderful effect.

Old Beijing trade 1. Smoking pea cake

Boil the peas with their skins on, rub them into a soft paste, pile them into lumps, and then sell them to children in the streets, which is called " Pea Cake". When a child buys pea cake, it is not called buying, but called "pushing pea cake".

2. Mouse-playing

The mouse-player carries a small wooden box with a trained white mouse in it. Blowing locks along the street.

3. Selling Appraisal Clothes

There are Appraisal Clothes Shops in Beijing, there are Appraisal Clothes Shops around the overpass, and there are Clothes Appraisal Stalls in various temple fairs. The so-called appraised clothes refer to old clothes that are 70% to 80% new. Clothes that have just been made but have not been worn yet are sold to a garment appraiser and must be priced according to the appraised clothes. It is commonly known as "cut off the clothes to estimate the clothes".

4. Singing Dagu Shu

"Dagu Shu" was a common folk art form in the north in the past. It became popular in Northeast China in the late Qing Dynasty.

5. Hoop barrels

Hoop barrels do not make wooden barrels, but use lead coils to re-tighten and repair leaking or exploded wooden barrels. The main skill lies in "hooping" "It's not about "making". Of course, it also has the basic skills of carpentry.

6. Sugar Blower

Among the small vendors on the streets of Beijing, the most popular among children is the Sugar Blower. The vendor who blows the candy must have the skills to make the candy, as well as the energy of the Dantian and the ability to blow hard.

7. Shaving your head and putting it to sleep

For those who have pain in their muscles and bones after shaving their heads every day, the person having the head shaved should sit on a high stool and the other person should lie on the legs of the shaved person. Beating it is extremely joyful and energetic.

8. Land boat racing

Chinese Han folk dance. It is widely spread and is often performed on New Year's Day.

9. Making a mat

Tie reeds with strings to form a mat. When building a house, put it on the purlin, and then cover it with mud.

10. Selling betel nut

The method of making betel nut cake is to add thinly sliced ??betel nut when boiling sugar, and then make it into small pieces for sale.

11. Selling Glaze Trumpets

Glaze trumpets are toys sold in factories during temple fairs or Spring Festival.

12. Ice bed

The ice in Beijing in winter adds a lot of fun to people, and it also adds a kind of convenience. This is ice play and ice bed . Bingxi is an ancient ice sport