Songtsen Gampo
Tubo Zampo (617--650), the founder of the Tubo dynasty. Chinese historical records are called Qi Zong Nong Zan, Qi Sunong or Qi Zong Nong Zan. In the early 7th century, he succeeded his father Nangri Lunzan as Zanpu. After taking the throne, he first put down the internal rebellion of the nobles, and then annexed the tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, completing the great cause of unification initiated by his ancestors and fathers in one fell swoop, establishing a slave-owning regime, making Luosuo the capital, and building a palace on the Potala Mountain. During his reign, he worked hard to formulate a series of legal, official, military and other systems; he worked hard to develop the economy and unify the weights and measures system; he actively initiated cultural undertakings, created writing, introduced Buddhism, and began to translate Buddhist scriptures. In addition to being committed to the internal construction of the dynasty, it also actively sought to establish and develop good-neighborly and friendly relations with surrounding tribes in order to consolidate and develop the new Tubo regime. He first married Princess Nibala Chizun into Tibet, and then married Princess Wencheng of Tang Dynasty, and built Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Temple successively. Songtsen Gampo also paid great attention to absorbing Han culture and advanced production technology from the mainland. He sent noble children to Chang'an many times to study Chinese medicine, and introduced medicine, mathematics, craftsmanship and other knowledge from the Han area. During his reign, he made significant contributions to the political, economic, and cultural development of Tubo and the strengthening of ties with neighboring ethnic groups. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty (649), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty died and Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty ascended the throne. He was granted the title of "Consort Prince Consort" and the Prince of Xihai County. Their statue was carved on a stone and listed in the Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong. In the first year of Tang Yonghui's reign (650), he died in Pengyu (now Pengbo, Tibet). The Tang Dynasty sent envoys Xianyu Kuangji and Ben Zishu to Tubo to offer sacrifices. Because Songtsen Gampo was the first to introduce Buddhism, later Tibetan history books named him, Chisong Detsen and Chizu Detsen as the "three great Dharma kings" of the Tubo period. There are different opinions about the year of his birth and death.
Princess Wencheng (?--680)
The adopted daughter of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty (627-649), Tubo Songtsen Gampo sent Prime Minister Galdongzan as a marriage envoy to Chang'an to propose marriage. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty proposed to marry Songtsen Gampo with his adopted daughter Princess Wencheng. He also ordered Li Daozong, King of Jiangxia, the Minister of Rites, to be the chief wedding envoy and escort Princess Wencheng to Tibet. When Princess Wencheng passed through the Tuyuhun territory, she was warmly received by Nuohebo and Princess Honghua, the princes of the source of the Tuyuhun River. Songtsen Gampo led his ministers to personally go to Baihai near the source of the river (today's Maduo County, Qinghai) to welcome Princess Wencheng and her party. He paid an audience with Li Daozong, the king of Jiangfu, as a son-in-law, and then returned to Luosuo with the princess, and met in Mabu A special palace was built in Rishan (today's Potala Mountain in Lhasa) to accommodate the princesses, and the remains of their wedding chambers are still preserved in the Potala Palace. After Princess Wencheng arrived in Lhasa, she presided over the construction of Ramoche Temple and installed the Sakyamuni Buddha statue brought from Chang'an (later moved to Jokhang Temple). The Princess Liu in front of today's Jokhang Temple is said to have been planted by her. The princess is knowledgeable in books and etiquette, erudite and talented. She believes in Buddhism and is also a divination scholar. When entering Tibet, in addition to carrying a 12-year-old life-size statue of Sakyamuni, he also carried a large number of other items. At the same time, medicine, calendaring, textiles, papermaking, winemaking, pottery making, milling, etc. from the Central Plains were also introduced to Tubo; legend has it that she also brought with her 5,500 craftsmen and a variety of grains and livestock. It played a great role in promoting the development of Tubo economy and culture and strengthening the relationship between Tang and Tibet. After Songtsen Gampo died in the first year of Yonghui (650), she continued to live in Tubo for 30 years, teaching Tibetan women weaving and embroidery, and was deeply loved by the Tubo people. After his death, his deeds were widely spread in Tibetan areas in the form of dramas, murals, folk songs, legends, etc., and had a profound influence.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, that is, in the early seventh century AD, an outstanding leader emerged from the Tubo tribe named Qizong Nongzan, who was called Songtsen Gampo in the history of Tibetan Buddhism. Later historical documents all Use this name. He became a Zanpu at a very young age. He was brave, resourceful, brave and good at fighting. He led his men and conquered many tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau by force. Even the Yangtongguo (both big and small) of equal strength also surrendered. , the other smaller tribes all followed, established a powerful slave regime, and became the overlord of all tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with Luoxe (today's Lhasa) as the capital. At that time, the mainland was in the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and his prestige was far-reaching, with thousands of countries paying homage to him. Songtsen Gampo also admired the culture of the Tang Dynasty and admired the civilization of the Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634 AD), he sent the first batch of envoys to Chang'an. The Tang Dynasty also sent Feng Dexia to pay a return visit to Tibet, which established a friendly relationship between the Sino-Tibetan people. the beginning of. After that, Songtsan Gampo sent envoys to Chang'an many times to pay tribute. He wanted to follow the precedent of Tuyuhun and the Turks and marry a Tang Dynasty princess, but Tang Taizong did not allow it. The envoy returned to Tubo and lied: "When I first arrived in Chang'an, the Tang Dynasty treated me very favorably and allowed intermarriage.
It happened that King Tuyuhun came to the court and tried to alienate our relationship in front of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, so we dropped the intermarriage proposal. "Songtsen Gampo was very angry when he heard this. He joined forces with the Yangtong tribe to attack Tuyuhun. Tuyuhun could not resist and fled to Qinghai. After Tubo attacked the Dangxiang and Bailan tribes, they stationed 200,000 troops in Songzhou (today's Songpan County, Sichuan). To the west, he sent an envoy to send gold, silver, and silk to Chang'an, claiming that it was a betrothal gift for marrying the princess. The envoy sent a message threatening: "If the great country does not marry the princess, it will immediately attack the interior. "This kind of rude request to force a marriage with heavy troops and coercion into marriage was naturally opposed by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty. Soon, Songtsen Gampo led his troops to attack Songzhou. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty immediately sent Hou Junji, the Minister of Civil Affairs, to lead 5 troops A four-pronged attack led to the beheading of the rest of the army. Songtsen Gampo was defeated and fled. He sent envoys to apologize and resume the marriage proposal. Only in the 14th year of Zhenguan (AD 640) did Emperor Taizong agree to the request for intermarriage. Songtsan Gampo sent his prime minister (who had the same title as prime minister) Ludongzan to send 5,000 taels of gold and hundreds of jewels to Chang'an for marriage. According to legend, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty agreed to marry Princess Wencheng, the daughter of the clan, to Songtsan Gampo. Before Taizong agreed, one of the five difficult things was to ask the envoy to identify the mother-child relationship between the hundreds of mares and the hundreds of colts. It is said that Lu Dongzan used the Tibetan people's rich experience in animal husbandry to establish a permanent mother-child relationship through the marriage of a princess, penning the mare and the colt separately, and temporarily cutting off the colt's water and fodder. After a day or two, the mare was put away. When the horses were released from the stable at the same time, there was a touching scene of the mother looking for her son, the son looking for her mother, and the mother and son leaning together. In this way, Lu Dongzan solved the five problems one by one. Tang Taizong was very happy and allowed him to marry Wencheng immediately. The princess entered Tibet. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to Princess Wencheng's marriage to Tibet. He not only prepared a lot of dowry for her, including books on poetry, classics, history, farming, medicine, astronomy, calendars, etc., but also grains, vegetables, fruit and tree seeds. As well as various exquisite handicrafts. In addition, they also brought various skilled craftsmen and a palace band. Buddhism was prevalent in the Tang Dynasty at that time, and Princess Wencheng was a devout Buddhist believer, so she also brought a Buddha statue. Reference:/f?kz=216882779
In Chinese history, there are many examples of princesses or clan daughters marrying off kings of Tibetan states, and this situation is nothing special
There are almost two situations: one is when the national power is weak, and the country seeks peace and harmony through peace and marriage in order to form a good relationship with the Tibetan people; the other is when the country is strong and powerful, and the country uses peace and marriage to appease the remote countries, and there are gifts. It means marriage. The former takes a humble stance and uses women's beauty
and femininity to ease conflicts on the battlefield; the latter is arrogant, showing off the status of a great nation and using relatives to win over< /p>
To influence the people outside Xinjiang. During the Emperor Taizong period of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Wencheng married into Tubo, which is an example of the latter kind of marriage.
Tubo is now Tibet, and there was no relationship with China before the Tang Dynasty. It is said that the Tubo people are the descendants of Bald Lilugu, the king of Nanliang in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty. They fled to the Tibetan Plateau due to the loss of their country. To commemorate their ancestors, they named "bald hair" < /p>
It is the name of the country, which was later changed to "Tubo" due to the similar pronunciation. The Tubo people lived a nomadic life, raising yaks, horses, pigs and dromedary camels. Some also planted highland barley and buckwheat. In the seventh century AD, Nongzan succeeded to the throne and became Tubo Zampu (King of Tubo). People also called him Songtsen Gampo, a brave man. A fierce leader, he led his army to unify many tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and established a powerful kingdom centered on Luoxe City, which is today's Lhasa.
In the twelfth year of Emperor Taizong's reign, Songtsen Gampo led the Tibetan army to attack Songzhou, a border town of Tang Dynasty, which is today's Songpan County, Sichuan;
The Tang Dynasty under the rule of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, At this time, Zheng's country was rich and powerful, so he sent Hou Junji to lead a large army to attack. Defeat Tubo at Song
Below the city. Songtsen Gampo had no choice but to surrender and admire the power of the Tang Dynasty. While writing a letter of apology, he also proposed to the Tang court.
After some consideration, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty decided to agree to his request, so he found a daughter of a clan
who was proficient in poetry and calligraphy in the palace and named her Princess Wencheng; Princess Wencheng She was originally the daughter of a distant relative of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, surnamed Hou Wang. She was dignified and plump. She had read poetry and books since she was a child. Although she had doubts about the distant Tubo, she was full of novelties. Yearning for it, so
I agreed. After more than two months of preparation, in the fifteenth year of Zhenguan, a very impressive team of escorts, led by Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia County of the Ministry of Rites, escorted Princess Wencheng to Tubo for marriage.
The reason why we set out in Lujiji is that it takes more than a month to travel from Chang'an to Tibet via Longnan and Qinghai.
We have to pass several fast rivers along the way. The gentleness of the river made it easier for the procession of sending the bride to pass. This team,
in addition to carrying a rich dowry, also carries a large number of books, musical instruments, silk and grain seeds; In addition to the maids, there are also a group of scribes, musicians and agricultural technicians, almost like a "cultural delegation" and "agricultural technical team". What are these people going to do? Because Tushan had already defeated Tuyuhun at that time, it suddenly became a very important power in the southwest. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty had foresight and felt that only by strengthening the ties with Tubo could the southwest of the Tang Dynasty be guaranteed.
Therefore, they tried every means to assist them economically and culturally, making Tubo appreciate and follow the Tang Dynasty in a subtle way. Princess Wencheng actually married far away with the political mission of harmonious diplomatic relations, and this bride-sending team also went to help her complete this mission.
After more than a month of arduous trekking in the wind and snow, when the spring was warm and the flowers were blooming, Princess Wencheng and his party arrived at the source of the Yellow River
where there are lush water and grass, cattle and sheep. The group of people changed the desolate scene along the windy and sandy road, which refreshed people's spirits
. Princess Wencheng, who was worried about the harsh terrain along the way, breathed a sigh of relief at this time, so the escorting team took a short rest here for a few days.
At this time, Songtsan Gampo personally led a large team to welcome relatives and horses and rushed to Heyuan. Songtsan Gampo and his entourage met the Tang Dynasty envoy
Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia County, accepted his decision. He paid homage and performed his son's wedding ceremony. He had already decided that Tang Dynasty would be the superior country of Tubo. Li Dao
Zong invited Princess Wencheng to meet Songtsen Gampo. When the Tibetan king who was riding on the plateau saw the golden branches and jade leaves of China, he immediately fell
for her. I saw Princess Wencheng dressed in gorgeous clothes, with a dignified expression and an elegant demeanor. She was completely different from the primitive and simple Tubo women. And the Songtsen Gampo that Princess Wencheng saw was dark and rough despite being shaped by the scorching sun and strong winds on the plateau
But coupled with his tall and strong figure and the bold spirit revealed between his eyebrows, He looked very heroic;
Princess Wencheng was secretly glad that she had married a great husband.
The procession of seeing off and welcoming the bride entered Luoxue City in a majestic manner. Under the auspices of Li Daozong, Songtsan
Gampo and Princess Wencheng followed the Han customs According to the etiquette, a grand wedding was held, and people from all over the city sang and danced to celebrate their Zampu and his wife. Songtsen Gampo was overjoyed and said to his subordinates: "My family and my father have never had any precedent of marrying into the country. Today I got the princess of the Tang Dynasty as my wife. I am really lucky. I will build a gorgeous palace for the princess. To leave a message for future generations."
Soon, a beautiful palace with magnificent houses was built. The pavilions are exquisite and elegant, and a pond with rippling blue waves was dug out, and various beautiful flowers and trees were planted. All the structures were modeled after the palace gardens of the Tang Dynasty, and were used to house Princess Wencheng. , to comfort her homesickness.
In order to have more of the same language as Princess Wencheng, Songtsan Gambo took off the furs he was accustomed to wearing and put on the silk Tang suit that Princess Wencheng had sewn for him. Trying to learn Chinese from Princess Wencheng
An interracial couple has a harmonious relationship, loves and respects each other, and begins their new life.
According to traditional custom, Tubo people apply ocher-colored clay on their cheeks every day, which is said to ward off evil spirits. Although it looks very ugly and uncomfortable, it is because it is No one raised any objections to traditional customs, and most Tubo people just followed the rules.
After Princess Wencheng arrived in Tubo, she carefully understood and pondered this habit and believed that it was unreasonable and harmful to hygiene.
It was really a vulgar and bad habit, so She tactfully expressed her opinion to Songtsen Gampo. After hearing this, Songtsen Gampo felt that her words made sense, and immediately ordered the abolition of this custom. At first, some nostalgic Tubo people were not used to it, but slowly
slowly They all felt that it was convenient and good-looking to keep their true colors, so everyone was happy to accept it. They were even very grateful to Princess Wencheng for breaking the rules for them.
After life settled down, the Han musicians brought by Princess Wencheng began to perform their duties. They worked very hard to play the most popular songs in the Tang Palace for Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng.
Music, the music was soothing and beautiful, which made Songtsen Gampo feel as if he was hearing the music of immortals
He praised the musicians and the music, and selected a group of talented and intelligent boys and girls to follow the Han musicians
Learning gradually spread Han music throughout the Tubo territory and into the hearts of the Tubo people.
The accompanying scribes also began to work. They helped organize relevant documents about Tibet and recorded important conversations between Songtsen and ministers. Toward formalization. Songtsen Gampo was overjoyed and ordered his ministers
and the aristocratic children to sincerely worship the scribes as their teachers, learn Han culture, and study the poems and books they brought; then he also
< p>Sent batch after batch of aristocratic children to travel thousands of miles to Chang'an, enter the Tang Dynasty country, study poetry and books, and introduce Hanculture back to Tubo.
Agricultural technicians do not preach anything. They just sow the food seeds brought from the Central Plains on the fertile soil of the plateau.
Then they irrigate, fertilize and weed carefully. When the harvest season came, the Tubo people's eyes widened with the stout crops and astonishingly high yields; because although the Tubo people also planted some crops such as highland barley and buckwheat at that time, they Due to poor management, they often just plant without caring, so the yield is extremely low. They have to admire the superb planting skills of Han agricultural technicians.
Under the instruction of Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng, agricultural technicians began to teach the Tibetan people agricultural techniques in a planned way, so that they
can still cultivate their own food while nomadic. A lot of food was harvested. Especially after the technology of growing mulberry and raising silkworms was passed on to them, Tubo gradually produced homemade silk fabrics with soft luster and rich colors, which greatly beautified the lives of the Tubo people and made them happy< /p>
They are all very grateful to Princess Wencheng for the benefits she brought to them after entering Tubo.
Princess Wencheng treated Songtsen Gampo with kindness and kindness, which made the Tubo king who grew up in a barbaric land deeply appreciate the cultivation and tenderness of Han women. Princess Wencheng not only cherished her, but also tried her best to adopt some of her suggestions.
Princess Wencheng relied on her own knowledge and insights to carefully observe the people's sentiments in Tubo, and then put forward various reasonable suggestions
to assist her husband in governing this vast territory with strong and simple folk customs. country.
And Princess Wencheng is not the kind of woman who is extremely powerful
She participated in the governance of the country, but never asked Songtsen Gampo to give her any official position. She was very important to the Tubo Kingdom
< p>She only put forward her own opinions on major political decisions and did not forcefully interfere. Therefore, Songtsen Gampo and the ministers were very pleased with her and often asked her for advice on the political system of the Tang Palace. They served as a reference for their administration, and the majority of the Tibetan people regarded her as a god.