Musicology·Music activities in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties·Music historical achievements in historical writings
1. Music historical achievements in "Song Book"
Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty The "Song Book" compiled by Shen Yue, a native of Qi, Qi, and Liang, has eight chapters. Among them, "Lü Li Zhi" and "Yue Zhi" were important academic achievements in the study of music history at that time. Due to the strengthening of the concept of music history, "Song Book" divided the traditional "Book of Rites and Music" into two parts, namely "Book of Music" and "Book of Rites". This separate approach strengthens the status of music history in official history. Similarly, the "Lü Li Zhi" in "Book of Song" is divided into two gates, the first volume is the "Lü" gate, and the middle and lower volumes are the "Li" gate, which is also a strengthening of this concept.
The author of "Lvzhi" may be He Chengtian, a musicologist who made important contributions to the study of ancient musicology. The descriptions in "Lv Zhi" have general historical significance. Unlike "Han Shu·Lv Li Zhi" which talks about the number of laws and rules, measures, quantities and balances without recording history, "Hou Han Shu·Lv Li Zhi" focuses on recording the laws of the Han Dynasty and is written in a chronological way. "Song Book·Lv Zhi" traces back to the Yellow Emperor who sent Ling Lun to make bamboo lugs, and arrested various lu officials in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. It also records important events in the history of music and tempo, such as the Sixty Rhythms of Jingfang, Xun Xu's Flute Rhythm, and the Palace Legal Affairs. There are records. Among them, there are also detailed records of the traditional methods of the mutual generation of twelve rhythms, the mutual generation of five-meter rhythms, the relationship between rhythms, weights and measures, as well as the comparison table of old and new rhythms, and the size, hole position and specification of the flute system. The list and comparison of old and new temperaments in "Lvzhi" and the criticism of Jingfang's sixty temperaments are based on the research results of music temperament at that time. Therefore, "Lv Zhi" contains academic achievements in two aspects: the description of the history of the law and the theoretical research of the law.
The detailed description of "Yue Zhi" is consistent with Shen Yue's copy of the "Yue Zhi" of previous historical books. "Ya", "Zheng", the festival of praising ballads, all of them are rejected." This approach is deeply insufficient. In addition to recording the historical facts of ancient music, "Music Records" also provides quite detailed records of modern music, reflecting a "concentrating on the present" view of music history.
"Le Zhi" consists of four volumes, each with its own emphasis. Volume 1 records the ancestral temple and banquets with music. The description of ritual music and dance begins with the Yellow Emperor, focusing on the evolution and development of music and dance in the past dynasties since the Qin and Han Dynasties. It is worth noting that the records of music in "Music" are not limited to ritual music activities, but also include records of entertainment kabuki music and songs from folk songs. Comprehensively reflect different types and functions of music activities. This is to be appreciated. "Le Zhi" records the inheritance of songs, music and dances during banquets, and the changes in musical aesthetics and fashions in the musical life of past dynasties. It provides very important historical materials for today's study of music from the Han to Liu and Song Dynasties. The article records the shape, historical origins and transformation of the eight-music instrument. It also talks about the use of the instrument and the types of instrumental music (such as percussion music), which has high historical value.
Volume 2 mainly records the lyrics of music, songs and dance songs for sacrifices and banquets in suburban temples during the Jin and Song Dynasties.
Volume three records the lyrics of Xianghe, Qing and Shang three tunes (Ping tune, Qing tune, Se tune), Daqu and Chu tune respectively, and talks about the history of Xianghe's songs. Among them, the record of "Jie" through lyrics is an important historical material for studying the musical structure of the three tunes and Xianghe Daqu of the Qing and Shang Dynasties.
Volume 4 records the lyrics of various songs and dances in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties. The article mentions the phenomenon in the spread of music that "musicians pass on their sounds from generation to generation, and exegesis cannot be reinterpreted", and records the way of recording the relationship between sounds and words at that time, "using words to record sounds (language rhyme)", so as to preserve it for future generations. A rare piece of music history material.
"Song Book" is known as "Extensive Learning" ("Chongwen General Catalogue"). "Le Zhi" contains rich contents and has high historical value. The description of music history in "Yue Zhi" makes it have the significance of music history writing in Han, Wei, Jin and Song Dynasties. The article describes the historical phenomena of music, paying more attention to the changes and development of music types, genres, works and even musical instruments in each generation. There is a brief description of the development rules of music, which was initially formed in the writing of "Music History" A way or structure for recording music history. The independence of "Le Zhi" has led to the strengthening of the status of music history writings in official history, and this is obviously related to Shen Yue's strong awareness of music history.
2. The musical historical achievements of "Book of Wei"
Wei Shou, a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, wrote "Book of Wei", which was the first "official history" in history to record the historical events of the ethnic minority regime. A chronicle and chronological history work. Although the book was revised several times after it was written, it mainly focused on the biography and not the music. "Book of Wei·Yue Zhi" records the movements and rhythms of the sacrificial ceremonial activities at that time. In compiling the history of music, it has a strong sense of standard and has quite detailed records of the ritual and music activities of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In addition, when recording music phenomena, he also paid more attention to the exchanges and influences between northern and southern music. These provide important historical information for future generations to study the musical exchanges between the Han regime and the ethnic minority regime during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. What is recorded in the article is based on the narration of the joyful events of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and has the significance of special dynasty history. "Yue Zhi" has quite detailed records of the people and remarks related to music in the memorials. For example, the memorials of Chen Zhongru, Sun Zhi, Zu Ying and others are important historical materials for understanding the elegant music activities (music, music rhythm, etc.) at that time. . The records of Chen Zhongru's "accurate" method of playing and "tuning according to the five tones of the qin to balance the instruments" show that Wei Shou was able to pay attention to those specific and vivid musical events, reflecting that he had a strong sense of history. Regarding the historical development of music in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it is recorded in "Le Zhi" that "Gaozu conquered the Huaihe and Han Dynasties, Emperor Shizong ordered Shouchun, and changed his voice and skills. The old songs of the Central Plains "Ming Jun", "Holy Lord", "Gong" were passed down by Jiang Zuo "Mo" and "White Hu", as well as Jiangnan Wu Song and Jingchu Xisheng, are collectively called "Qing Shang". As for the banquet in the palace and the performance of it, it is the study of the exchange of music between the north and the south in the Han, Wei, and Southern Dynasties that has important implications for the Qing Shang Dynasty. important historical data on the influence of music development.