1. Early Classical Music: The new music in the main form that emerged in Italy after the Renaissance, with the background of aristocratic society, flourished throughout Germany and Austria. In its early days, there were three main music schools: the Berlin School, centered on the second son of the music master Bach, Carlo F. Bach; the Mannheim School, centered on Johann Stamitz (1717-1757) The early Viennese music school centered on Wagenzal and Munn. Although opera is an important part of classical music, on the whole, the characteristics of classical music lie in instrumental music, especially in the form of sonatas and symphonies. The chamber music and symphony of the Mannheim School not only influenced the Vienna School, but also had a direct impact on the young Beethoven in Bonn. 2. Vienna Classical Music Sonata is a very representative form in classical music. Its presentation part has a contrast between the first and second themes, a development part appears in the middle, and then there is a recapitulation part where the two themes are repeated. The Mannheim School already had a fairly complete sonata form at that time, and they also added minuet movements to their symphonies. In the symphonic orchestration of this school of music, the woodwind instruments also adopt a double-tube arrangement. Mozart's use of clarinet in his symphonies was also influenced by the Mannheim School. Concert activities already started in the 18th century. In the past, instrumental music was mainly performed at the court or in the homes of upper-class figures. Now a whole new situation has emerged, where people (usually both music lovers and professional musicians) gather together to hold concerts and entertain themselves (some of people’s livelihood) and entertain the audience who come. Music professionals were plentiful in the larger cities, and London and Paris were the first to establish regular orchestra concerts, with other cities quickly following suit. The court orchestra also often held ticketed concerts. Especially in the late eighteenth century, concert activities developed rapidly. Outstanding performers tour from city to city. Famous local artists also held annual "benefit" concerts (actors still got paid). Orchestras were increasingly organized as a group, and concerts open to the public were a novelty at the time. To accommodate this need, music was composed Techniques also needed to be updated, requiring music to have a more logical and clear form to attract the audience's attention and interest. In order to adapt to the requirements of this era, a new generation of composers emerged. The three giants are Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. This is the so-called Viennese Classical School. Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active in Vienna from the 1880s to the 1820s, and they all influenced each other by using sonatas. Masters of form, they wrote immortal masterpieces in such genres as sonatas, symphonies, and quartets; they were also committed to the development of themes and the use of tonal configurations to inject delicate and subtle expressions into abstract forms. Although there are many operas, only Mozart truly left a brilliant legacy in opera, and there is indeed no opera style that can be called "classicism". It was mainly the instrumental music of these great composers that gave rise to that time and the entire 19th century. century with great influence. Except for Beethoven's later works, which are more difficult, the works of these three people are both profound and easy to understand, which also promoted the music of Bach and Handel from this period to the world. It was still only circulated in central Germany and the United Kingdom, but Haydn's works were not only performed in the noble mansions where he was employed, but also in Vienna, Paris, and London; Mozart traveled throughout Europe as a performer, playing his own works; Beethoven's works can be heard everywhere in Europe since 1805. The Viennese classical music school, represented by the "Father of the Symphony" Haydn, the "Music Genius" Mozart and the "Music Saint" Beethoven, has played an important role in music. An immortal monument has been erected in history. The main characteristics of this music school are to reflect the universal ideological requirements of mankind. They pursue the concept of beauty, emphasize the elegance of style, and give people an optimistic and enterprising spirit.

Some composers have successfully written avant-garde music that is easily accepted by the public. They are P. Hindemith (1895-1963), O. Messiaen (1908-1992), E. Carter , 1908- ), W. Lutoslawski (1913- ), W. Henze (1926- ) and K. Penderecki (1933- ), their music has become increasingly popular performed in the concert hall. Some other composers, like K. Stockhausen (1928-), have extremely strong personalities. Although their music has always been aimed at specialized audiences, their creations and musical activities still gave the music industry a fierce influence. impact. Only time will tell whether these composers are pioneers who forge ahead and open up new paths for future generations, or whether they are passing clouds that appear in a historical period when tradition collapses and lacks direction. 1. Characteristics of modern music 2. Complex modern music genres Just like other art forms in the 20th century, music art also tends to be diversified, with many genres integrated into one, completely separated from the classical aesthetic tradition. Several typical music genres are: "primitivism" represented by Bartók and Stravinsky; "neoclassicism" represented by Hindemith; and "neoclassicism" represented by Schoenberg and Webern. "Twelve-toneism" represented by Prokofiev and Shostakovich; "Socialist Realism" represented by Prokofiev and Shostakovich, etc. After the middle of this century, new and slightly "weird" genres such as "sequential music", "accidental music" and "concrete music" were also said to have appeared.