1. Subject: The subject is the theme of a sentence and the subject of the sentence. Its position is usually at the beginning of a sentence. Words, phrases, clauses and even sentences can be used as subjects.

1. Noun as subject. For example: A tree has fallen across the road. (A tree fell across the road.)

Little streams feed big rivers. (Little streams feed big rivers.)

2. Pronouns serve as subjects. For example: You’re not far wrong. (You are almost right).

He told a joke but it fell flat. (He told a joke but it fell flat.

3. Numerals are used as subjects. For example: Three is enough. Three One is enough.

Four from seven leaves three. 7 minus 4 and more than 3.

The idle. are forced to work.

Old and young marched side by side.

5. Adverbs are used as subjects. For example: Now is the time. . Now is the time.

Carefully does it.

6. The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. .

We must endure the ups and downs of life.

7. The infinitive is used as the subject. For example: To find your way can be a problem. .

It would be nice to see him again.

It would be a pleasure to see him

8. Used as a subject. For example: Smoking is bad for you.

Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work.

Watching a film is pleasure, making a film. It's hard work.

9. The past participle of nominalization is used as the subject. For example: The disabled are to receive more money.

The disabled will receive more relief.

The deceased died of old age.

10. Prepositional phrases are used as subjects. For example: To Beijing is not very far. . It’s not very far to Beijing. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.

It takes three hours to get to Nanniwan from Yanan.

11. Clause used. Subject. For example: Whenever you are ready will be fine.

Whenever you are ready, it will be fine.

Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we have to.

Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we have to.

12. The sentence is used as the subject. For example: "How do you do?" is a greeting. "Hello" is a greeting.

2. Predicate

The position of the predicate or predicate verb is generally after the subject. The predicate is composed of a simple verb or a verb phrase (auxiliary verb or modal verb + main verb).

1． Made of simple verbs.

(1). What happened? What happened?

(2). He worked hard all day today. He worked hard all day today.

(3). The plane took off at ten o’clock.

2. A predicate formed from a verb phrase.

(1). I am reading. I am reading.

(2). What’s been keeping you all this time? What have you been doing this half day?

(3). You can do it if you try hard. You can do it if you try hard.

3． In English, certain action nouns are often used to replace dynamic predicate verbs to express vividness. This type of action noun was previously commonly used as verbs have, get, take, give, etc. which have little meaning. Such as:

(1). I had a swim yesterday. I had a swim yesterday (had a swim instead of swam)

(2). Take a look at that! Look at that! (take a look instead of look)

(3). He gave a sigh. (gave a sigh replaced sighed)

(4). I got a good shake-up. I was greatly shaken. (a good shake-up replaced was shaken up thoroughly (fully, thoroughly))

3. Predicatives

The function of predicatives is to express the characteristics, status, identity, etc. of the subject. It can also be said to be a subject complement. It is located after the linking verb and forms the so-called synopsis structure with it. In the expressive structure, the linking verb is only a formal predicate, and the predicate actually plays the role of a predicate. Words that can be used as predicates include: nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, participles, prepositional phrases, clauses, etc.

1． The wedding was that Sunday. The wedding was held on that Sunday. (noun)

2. So that’s that. (pronoun)

3. We are seven. We are seven people. (Numerical)

4. Are you busy? Are you free? (adjective)

5. Are you there? Are you listening? (telephone term) (adverb)

Is anybody in? Is there anyone in? (adverb)

6. All I could do was to wait. I could only wait.

(infinitive)

My answer to his threat (threat) was to hit him on the nose.

My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose. (infinitive)

7. Complimenting (praise, congratulations) is lying. Compliment is lying. (gerund)

Is that asking so much? Is that asking so much? (gerund)

8. I was so much surprised at it. (Excessive)

I’m very pleased with what he has done. I am very pleased with what he has done. (Excessive)

9. She is in good health. She is in good health. (prepositional phrase)

The show is from seven till ten. The show is from 7 to 10 o'clock. (prepositional phrase)

10. Is that why you were angry? Is that why you were angry? (clause)

11. This is where I first met her. (clause)

Supplement:

Substantial verbs that can be used as linking verbs:

come, go, run, turn, get, become, keep, stay , make (verb expressing change)

fell, sound, smell, look, taste (verb of sense)

seem, appear (seem, seem)

For example:

1. Our dream has come true. My dream has come true. (Come is often followed by easy, loose natural, etc.)

2. He fell sick. He fell sick.

Keep fit. Take care.

Keep as a linking verb is often followed by quiet, calm, cool, well, warm, silent, clean, dry

3. The well ran dry. The well ran dry. (short, loose, wild, cold, etc.)

4. A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.

A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.

A thin person always seems to be taller than his actual height.

Four. Object

The object mainly serves as the recipient of the action in the sentence, so it is generally placed after the transitive verb. Such as:

Our team beat all the others. Our team beat all the other teams.

Things that can be used as objects include: nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, nominalized participles, clauses, etc.

1． Do you fancy a drink? Do you fancy a drink? (noun)

2. They won’t hurt us. (pronoun)

3. If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5 plus 5 equals 10. (numeral).

4． I shall do my possible. I shall do my best. (nominal adjective)

5. He left there last week. He left there last week. (adverb)

6. Does she really mean to leave home? Does she really mean to leave home? (infinitive)

7. He never did the unexpected (unexpected, unexpected).

He never did anything surprising. (nominal participle)

8. Do you understand what I mean? Do you understand what I mean? (clause)

Extension:

Some verbs in the object require two equal objects, namely direct object and indirect object. The direct object generally refers to the recipient of the action, and the indirect object refers to the person or thing (mostly people) directed or performed by the action. Transitive verbs with such double objects are called dative verbs. Commonly used ones are : answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take Etc., the indirect object must generally be used with the direct object, usually placed before the direct object. Such as: I have found him a place. I found him a position.

5. Complement

A complement is a sentence component that completes the meaning of the subject and object. The sentence components that complement the meaning of the subject are called subject complements, and the sentence components that complement the meaning of the object are called object complements.

(1). Content words used as subject complements are often placed before the subject. , followed by a comma.

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. I was tired and sleepy, so I went to bed.

Sometimes it can be placed after the subject, with commas before and after, similar to a non-limiting attributive. Such as:

The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.

The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.

(2). Things that can be used as object complements include nouns, adjectives, infinitives, gerunds, participles, prepositional phrases, etc.

1. They named the child Jimmy. The child was named Jimmy. (Nouns used as conjunctions and complements)

2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.

My mother looks so tender, you would think she is me ’s sister (noun phrase as object complement)

3. He boiled the egg hard. She boiled the egg hard. (Adjectives are used as object complements)

3.I found the book very interesting. I found the book very interesting.

(Adjective phrases are used as object complements)

4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.

The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. (The infinitive is used as an object complement)

5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. (verb name as guest complement

6. Don't take his kindness for granted. Don't take his kindness for granted.

6. Attributive

Attributive is a word or a group of words used to describe the qualities and characteristics of a noun (pronoun). Examples that can be used as attributive include: adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, participles, and prepositional phrases. , clauses and sentences, etc.

1. There are a lot of adjectives used as attributions.

(1). She is a natural musician.

(2). He must be the best violinist alive. (post-positioned attributive)

2. Nouns are used as attributives.

（1）. A baby girl

（2）. well water

(3). Sports car two-seater light car

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(4). A fool's paradise

2. Pronouns as attributives

(1). Your hair needs cutting. ( Possessive pronouns are used as attributives)

(2). Everybody's business is nobody's business. Everybody's business is nobody's business.

(Possessive pronouns are used as attributives)

3. Numerals as attributives

(1). There's only one way to do it.

(2). Do it now. , you may not get a second chance.

Do it now, you may not get a second chance.

Cardinal numerals are used as postpositional attributives: page 24 Room 201 the year 1949.

4. Adverbs acting as attributives are often postpositioned, such as:

the room above the room above the world today

the way out a day off rest day

5. The infinitive is used as an attributive

(1). Her promise to write was forgotten.

(2). That's the way to do it. That's the way to do it.

6． Gerunds are used as attributives.

A walking stick sleeping pills

eating implements learning method learning method

7. The participle acts as an attributive

a sleeping child a drinking man a drinking man

a retired worker a faded flower a faded flower

7. Prepositional phrases are used as attributives.

（1）. This is a map of China. This is a map of China.

（2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.

His ferocious look could not be more clear.

8． The clause is used as an attributive clause, that is, an attributive clause

The car that’s parked outside is mine. The car parked outside is mine.

Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.

I saw your car outside, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.

Seven. Same predicate

When two sentence components that refer to the same thing are placed in the same position, one sentence component can be used to explain or explain the other sentence component, and the former is called the appositive of the latter. .The components of these two sentences are mostly served by nouns (pronouns), and the synonymous predicate is usually placed after the noun (pronoun) it describes.

1. Nouns used as synonymous predicates are numerous.

（1）. We have two children, a boy and a girl. We have two children, a boy and a girl.

(2) We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.

2. Pronouns serve as synonyms.

(1). They all wanted to see him. They all wanted to see him.

(2). Let’s you and me go to work, Oliver.

3. Numerals are used as synonyms.

(1). Are you two ready? Are you two ready?

(2). They two went, we three stayed behind.

4． Infinitives and gerunds are used as predicates.

(1). Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.

(2). The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.

The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.

5. Of phrase is used as a synonym

The city of Rome the art of writing

The vice of smoking

6. The clauses use the same predicate, that is, the same predicate-heavy sentence

(1). The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

(2). We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.

We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.

8. Adverbial

Adverbial is a sentence component that modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs and the entire sentence. . Such as:

1. The girl is improving remarkably. The girl is improving remarkably.

2. Adverbs that can be used as adverbials include adverbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, infinitives, participles, prepositional phrases, clauses, etc.

(1). Adverbs are most commonly used as adverbials, and their position is relatively flexible. They can be placed at the end of the sentence, at the beginning of the sentence, or in the middle of the sentence.

He speaks the language badly but read it well.

He speaks the language badly but read it well.

Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.

When we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.

3． Adverbials are divided according to their uses and can be divided into time, place, manner, reason, result, purpose, condition, concession, degree, manner, accompanying, etc.

(1). Time adverbials are usually placed at the end or beginning of a sentence, but sometimes they can also be placed in the middle of a sentence

Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?

In China now leads the world.

Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?

In China now leads the world.

(2). Adverbials of place are usually placed at the end of the sentence, sometimes at the beginning and middle of the sentence.

There are plenty of fish in the sea.

She kissed her mother on the platform.

(3). Adverbials of reason, including adverbials expressing reasons, are usually placed at the end of the sentence, and sometimes they can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

Because he was ill, Tom lost his job.

I eat potatoes because I like them.

(4). Adverbials of result, mostly composed of infinitives , participles and clauses, often at the end of the sentence.

She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.

She spoke so softly that I couldn't hear what she said.

( 5). Adverbials of purpose are mostly expressed by infinitives, prepositional phrases and clauses, etc. They are often located at the end of the sentence, but can be placed at the beginning of the sentence when emphasized.

He ran for shelter. He ran for shelter.

In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.

(6). Conditional adverbial. It is mostly expressed by phrases and clauses, and is often placed at the end or beginning of the sentence.

We'll be lucky to get there before dark.

If he were to come, what should we say to him?

(7). Concession Adverbials, expressed by phrases and clauses, are often placed at the end or beginning of sentences.

For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. Although he had money, he didn’t seem happy.

He helped me although he didn’t know me.

(8). Adverbial of degree. Often expressed by adverbs, prepositional phrases and clauses.

The lecture is very interesting.

To what extent would you trust them? To what extent would you trust them?

(9). Accompanying adverbials are often expressed by phrases and independent nominatives. Counterparts are at the end and beginning of sentences.

My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.

He stood there, pipe (pipe) in mouth.

/Info/Article-9cc8b80 -1.html There is a grammar dictionary here (open it for infinitives, and there are 30 grammars at the bottom, both what you said and what you didn’t say. It’s troublesome to copy them one by one, just read it yourself