The Han nationality is a nation with a musical tradition. Han nationality music has a long history and unique creation. Before the Qin Dynasty, the ancestors of the Han nationality had created musical instruments and music, and invented music rhythms. During the prosperous period of the Han and Tang Dynasties, Han nationality music was known for its singing and dancing music; after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was dominated by opera music. Today's world-recognized musical temperaments, such as the law of fifths (called the law of thirds by the Han people), pure temperament, and equal temperament, were all independently invented by the Han people. Their results, like the convergence of wheels, have merged into the axis of world music theory.
——Ethnic musical instruments——
Ethnic musical instruments are divided into four categories: body-sounding instruments; membrane-sounding instruments; air-sounding instruments; and string-sounding instruments.
1. Body-sounding instruments
(1) Percussion body-sounding instruments: dingdong, wooden stick qin, rhyme board, kino bamboo tube, bamboo qin, gong, clang, singles , gong, bronze drum, triangle, wooden fish, Cantonese version, xylophone, aluminum piano, etc.
(2) Mutual sounding instruments: sticks, bronze mirrors, bamboo clappers, bamboo poles, cymbals, cloth cymbals, breast cymbals, head cymbals, two cymbals, small cymbals, cymbals, big cymbals, Chai, Si Ni, cymbal, small cymbal, bump cup, bump bell, waist bell, kuosuke, bench, other stone, other stone, bone board, etc.
(3) Falling body-sounding musical instruments: pestle, bamboo pounding tube, bamboo tube, Yao bamboo tube, aga, etc.
(4) Shaking musical instruments: Lianxiang stick, Sabayi, Reba bell, Panling, Vajra bell, Yao bell, Shaman bell, shaking bell, string bell,
Bronze bells, eight-treasure bronze bells, master swords, etc.
(5) Comprehensive musical instruments: bamboo reeds, Dandao reeds, iron reeds, Xibo iron reeds, etc.
2. Membrane-sounding musical instruments
(1) Hammer-beating membrane-sounding musical instruments: big drum, paigu, Zhonglao of the Zhuang people, Yao people’s big drum, Shui people’s big drum, Shui people’s big drum, plugu, Luedou, Guanglong, Xianjiang, Yao Monkey Drum, Miao Monkey Drum, Waist Drum, Pan Drum, Pig Mouth Drum, Jiang Drum, War Drum, Flat Drum, Bayin Drum, Book Drum, Huozhe, Rudong, Small Drum, Taiping Drum , Rimu, Huangu, Tiigugu, Dama, Nagra, Damaru, Jiangu, Shengu, Na'egu, Dabur, Bamboo drum, etc.
(2) Membrane-beating musical instruments: Sherpa drum, octagonal drum, tambourine, dabu, yellow mud drum, changgu, Guangya, Guangtun, etc.
(3) Mixed membrane-beating instruments: tambourine (commonly known as snakeskin drum), round drum, side drum, double-sided drum, stick drum, bee drum, Wangdu, etc.
3. Air-sounding instruments
(1) Lip-vibrating air-sounding instruments: horns, copper horns, steel horns, conches, deer flutes, trombones, cymbals, cymbals, Bubba, wait.
(2) Voice instruments: acacia flute, etc.
(3) Edge-shaped air-melting instruments: Hujia, Zhuangdi, Naiyi, transverse flute, Paixiao, short flute, tube flute, nose flute, Sibuxue, eagle flute,
< p>Bone flute, Turen, Zhitong Xiao, Bulia, Bagadiudong, Liedu, Diguizhen, Kuluo, double-barreled nose flute, Zhaling, Awu, Di Laono, Niwawu, Roe Deer Whistle, flute, xun, etc.(4) Breathing instruments: night flute, dong flute, saixiao, prize, wageluo, xionglin, sunayi, doulu, bass doulu, pacific flute, rattle, may. Xiao, bamboo flute, bamboo bamboo flute, le rong, sister flute, double-barreled dong flute, Bo Xiaohu, Jue Zhenjie, etc.
(5) Single-reed air-sounding instruments: Bawu, Ju, Ju Xiang, Miao Di, Mang Tong, Bamboo Leaf Flute, Ma Bu, Ju Lu, Cun Di, Dong Dong Kui, Pen Guan, Da Dilong, Juduohe, Bolu, Jujian, Lilie, Liluo, Dilie, Juer, Julangbulang, Mangdi, Meidu, Qizhen, double-barreled Bawu, double-barreled 筚langdao, 筚 General, decisive, double-barreled bamboo flute, double-barreled Mabu, Fichak, Huanda, Hulusi, Lusheng, Pai Sheng, treble Sheng, alto Sheng, bass Sheng, Konoha, etc.
(6) Double-reed air-sounding instruments: Balaman, Bobo, Xijuozhen, Xiaomudi, Suernai, Changsuona, Jialing, Bolie, Miao suona, Bai suona, Yi Suona, Bai, Leyou Lelang, Dongba, Kuosinanyi, Shuangjuozhen, Changji, Double-tube muffled flute, Mimi, Shuanglelang, etc.
4. Stringed instruments
(1) Percussion stringed instruments: dulcimer, bamboo qin, bamboo qin, qiang, etc.
(2) Plucked stringed instruments: Guzheng, Liuqin, Ruan (big Ruan, Zhong Ruan, Xiao Ruan), Guqin, Die Zheng, Xuanqin, Gayageum, Yatoga, Wuxianqin , Duxianqin, five-string pipa 3) Bow-stringed musical instruments: Erhu, Zhonghu, Laohu, Gaohu, Jinghu, Banhu, Morinqin, Jingni, Yazheng, Huqin, Yehu, Calabash Hu, Tuhu, Genka, Duxian Huqin, Shizheng, Dinghei, Xiqin, Reform Xiqin, Four-stringed Xiqin, Biwang, Tieqin, Horse Bone Hu, Bamboo Tube Hu, Erhuang, etc...
Supplement:
——Bronze musical instruments mainly include cymbals, cymbals, bells, bells, bells, hooks, upsets, drums, etc.
1. Stringed instruments
< p>String instruments are an important branch of the musical instrument family. In classical music and even modern light music, almost all lyrical melodies are played by string parts. It can be seen that softness and melodiousness are the common characteristics of all string instruments. The timbre of string instruments is unified and has multiple levels of expression: it is vigorous and exciting when playing in ensemble, and gentle and graceful when playing solo. It also has a vivid color due to the rich and changeable bowing techniques (trembling, breaking, plucking, jumping, etc.). The pronunciation method of stringed instruments relies on mechanical force to vibrate the tensioned strings to produce sounds, so the sound volume is subject to certain limitations. Stringed instruments usually use different strings to play different notes, and sometimes it is necessary to use your fingers to press the strings to change the string length, thereby changing the pitch. In terms of their pronunciation methods, stringed instruments are mainly divided into bowed stringed instruments and plucked stringed instruments (such as guitars).2. Woodwind instruments
Woodwind instruments originated very early and evolved from folk reed flutes and reed flutes. Woodwind instruments have the richest timbres among the musical instrument family and are often used to express scenes of nature and rural life. In the symphony orchestra, whether it is used as an accompaniment or as a soloist, it has its own special charm and is an important part of the symphony orchestra. Woodwind instruments mostly produce musical sounds through air vibration. According to the sound production method, they can be roughly divided into lip-singing types (such as flutes, etc.) and reed-singing types (such as clarinets, etc.). The material of woodwind instruments is not limited to wood, there are also materials such as metal, ivory or animal bones. Their timbres are different and distinctive. Everything from beautiful and bright to deep and dark. Because of this, in the band, woodwind instruments are often good at creating various vivid musical images, which greatly enriches the orchestral effect.
(1) Lip singing categories: flute (Flute), piccolo (Piccolo);
1. Pre-Qin music
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Pre-Qin musical instruments, chimes and bells are the most distinctive. The chimes are made of ground stone, and the bells are made of bronze. They come in the form of button bells, Yong bells, and cymbals. There are special chimes (single chimes) and compiled chimes (combined chimes). Bells also have special bells (single bells). Each one is hung on a wooden frame and struck with a wooden mallet to produce sound. There are also qin and harp, which are said to have been invented by Fu Xi. They are made of paulownia wood and ropes are the strings. There are 25 strings on the harp and 10 or 5 strings on the zither. The people of Qin destroyed half of the harp string and made it into the Qin Zheng, which has been passed down to this day. There is also zhu, which is a stringed instrument that is struck with a bamboo ruler to produce sound. Bronze musical instruments include Shang Dynasty bronze drums (unearthed in Chongyang, Hubei Province), duos, cymbals, and bells as percussion instruments. There is also the xun, which is made of clay, and the wind instruments include panpipes, shengs, flutes, etc.
It is said that the music rhythm was formulated in the time of the Yellow Emperor, but the legend cannot be fully believed. But by the 7th century BC, the Han people had formulated musical rhythms, and their "three-point profit and loss method" for calculating musical rhythms was recorded in "Guanzi·Diyuan Chapter". Musicians also believe that the three-point gain and loss formula should be based on the length of the string rather than the length of the pipe. Ancient music is dominated by the pentatonic scale, and the heptatonic scale appeared in the Zhou Dynasty (plus Bian Guan and Bian Zheng equal to 47). During the Warring States Period, the theory of the rotating palace existed, and the use of modes was also common.
There are four categories of pre-Qin music: (1) large-scale classical music and dance music, such as "Da Shao", "Da Wu", etc.; (2) minor dance music, such as "Feather Dance", "Emperor Dance", " "Yan Dance", "Gan Dance", "Human Dance", etc.; (3) Instrumental music, such as Sheng music "Nanmei", Qin music "High Mountain", "Flowing Water", etc.; (4) Ballads, such as "The Book of Songs", "Chu Ci", each poem had a music score at that time, which can be sung along with the strings.
2. Music of the Han and Tang Dynasties
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From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the Han nationality carried out extensive cultural exchanges with its brother ethnic groups, and the development of Han nationality's song and dance music reached its peak. In the Han Dynasty, Yuefu, a music institution established by the state, appeared. The Yuefu poems collected and compiled by it all have tunes that can be sung.
Northern folk songs of the Han Dynasty include "Tu Ge" (singing a cappella), "Dange" (with accompaniment), and "Xianghe Ge" (with orchestral accompaniment and rhythmic instruments). The highest form of "Xianghe Song" is a song and dance song, called "Xianghe Daqu", which consists of multiple sections of song and dance and the interludes "Yan", "Trend" and "Luan". From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the folk music of the Han people in the south and the north was collectively called "Qing Shang Yue" or "Qing Yue", including folk songs and dance music, and was an integral part of Yan Yue (banquet music). There are also court elegant music (ceremonial music), as well as drum music composed by absorbing the national music of brothers, such as "Battle City South"; horizontal wind music, such as "Purple Horse Horse Song" and so on. Famous qin music during this period include "Guangling San" and "Hu Jia Eighteen Beats" written for Hu Jia.
Folk songs of the Tang Dynasty are called "tunes" and can be found in Dunhuang materials, such as "Bodhisattva Man" and "Sword and Instrument Ci". They all have musical tunes and later developed into literary forms. Many large-scale song and dance pieces in the Tang Dynasty are called "Daqu", which combine instrumental music, vocal music and dance, and are dozens of sections long, such as "Green Waist". The more elegant part of the Daqu that is close to the Han nationality's "Qingyue" system is called "Faqu" 》.
The famous "Nishang Yuyi Song" in the Tang Dynasty is "Fa Qu". During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, music was divided into "Li Bu Ji" based on the performance method. There are eight outdoor performances: (1) "An Le", (2) "Taiping Le", (3) "Breaking Formation Le", (4) "Celebrating Good Music", (5) "Dading Le", ( 6) "Shangyuan Music", (7) "Shengshou Music", (8) "Guangsheng Music"; indoor performances are six parts: (1) "Music", including "Jingyun Music" and "Qingshan Music" , "Breaking Formation Music", "Chengtian Music", (2) "Longevity Music", (3) "God-given Music", (4) "Bird Song Longevity Music", (5) "Longchi Music", (6 ) "Little Broken Formation Music". The development of singing and dancing music reached its peak during this period.
The newly created or introduced musical instruments during the Han and Tang Dynasties include: Han pipa (Ruan Xian), harp, horn, 笳, Qiang flute, six-hole shakuhachi (all the predecessors of the current Xiao), 筚篥, and Fangxiang , gong, Dabu (single-sided drum), festival drum, rail zither, Xiqin, Qi drum, Jie drum, eaves drum, Dutan drum, Mao Yuanpeng, Sia La drum, Jilou drum, Wang drum, Lian drum, and 桴 The total number of various types of musical instruments during this period reached more than 300, including drums, Taiping pipes, Baxi pipes, and seven-star pipes.
In terms of musical temperament, the pure temperament scale has been officially used in the guqin music of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The Sui Dynasty established the octatonic scale. Yanle music in the Sui and Tang Dynasties used 28 tones.
Wan Bao, a musician in the Sui Dynasty, often proposed the theory of 84 tunes and applied it in the court music of the Sui
Tang Dynasty. During this period, the composition methods of "breaking the tune" and "transposing the tune" appeared, and the expressive performance of the main music was proposed. The method of notating Qin music scores with subtracted characters also appeared. In Dunhuang, the use of gongqi notation to record Tang music scores was discovered, which was convenient for music notation. preservation and transmission.
3. Music of the Song Dynasty
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The opera music of the Song Dynasty mainly includes Zaju music and Southern opera music. Miscellaneous music is formed by absorbing musical elements such as song and dance songs, northern rap music, and folk songs. The music of Southern Opera is mainly composed of ditties and ballads that were popular in southern folk at that time, and was formed by absorbing popular lyrics and songs and dances. In addition, there are also rap music "Tao Zhen" (rural) and "Ya Ci" (urban) performed by folk "Lu Qi people".
In the Song Dynasty, the musical instruments Sheng and Qin developed greatly. There are Yusheng, Hesheng, Fengsheng and gourd qin, Bohai qin, Ji qin (Xi qin), seven-string rail zither, double rhyme, etc. Other imported or newly made musical instruments include: five-hole shakuhachi, chashou flute, partridge, husheng, besi, silver-shaped nakaguan, nakaguan bewu and other wind instruments. The stringed instrument Mawei Huqin was also introduced from the northwest in the 11th century.
Using the three-point profit and loss method to calculate 18 temperaments, which reasonably solved the problem of modulation, was an outstanding achievement in the study of temperament during this period.
4． Music and Drama in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
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In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, Han music was dominated by opera music. Opera in the Yuan Dynasty is called "Yuan Opera" and can be divided into Zaju and Sanqu. Yuan opera music originates from Tang and Song Dynasty lyrics, Daqu, famous tunes in various palace tunes and northern folk pop music. Among them, a single piece of music is called a Xiaoling, and several single pieces of music in the same seven-tonal scale of the same palace tune are connected into a suite according to a certain logic. There is an introduction in the front and an ending in the back, which is called a suite. Southern opera is uniquely called "Southern Opera", and the opera consists of Southern Opera with pentatonic scale. After the mid-Yuan Dynasty, Zaju operas moved southward, and northern and southern operas merged, forming a "north-south combination" opera routine.
People in the Ming Dynasty called Nan Opera "Legend".
After the Ming Dynasty, the form of Zaju gradually declined, and the music of "Legend" dominated the theater world. It also included Zaju music and was renamed Kun Opera. The music of "Legend" includes four major tunes: "Haiyan Tune", "Yiyang Tune", "Yuyao Tune" and "Kunshan Tune". Its reputation was prominent in the Ming Dynasty, and its formation began in the Song and Yuan dynasties.
In the north there is "Qin Opera", which originated in Shaanxi. It uses jujube clappers as its boards and is called "Coconut Opera" because of its high-pitched and exciting music. There is also "Xiqin Opera", which originated in Gansu. The music is desolate and deep, and later evolved into "Xipi Diao". "West Qin Opera" was combined with Shaanxi folk music to form "West Road Bangzi" and "East Road Bangzi" respectively. "Donglu Bangzi" spread to Shanxi and combined with local folk music to form "Shanxi Bangzi", "Henan Bangzi" in Henan and "Hebei Bangzi" in Hebei. There is also "Xiansuo Tune", which is a singing tune with sanxian or pipa accompaniment. It originated in Zhongzhou in the early Ming Dynasty. It spread to the south of the Yangtze River and developed into three sects: Taicang, Suzhou and Jiading.
In the early Qing Dynasty, there was "Erhuang Tune", which originated in Jiangxi and spread to Anhui, Hubei and Guangxi. Also known as "Huguang Tune", or "Erhuang" after Huanggang and Huangpi in Hubei Province, "Xipi Tune" and "Erhuang Tune" are combined to form "Pihuang Tune", which is the opera music foundation of Hui opera and Han opera. In 1870, "Pihuang Tune" entered Beijing and formed "Peking Opera". Since then, based on the five major tune systems of Kunqiang, Gaoqiang, Bangzi, Pihuang and Xiansuo, combined with folk music from various places, some types of opera music have gradually been formed. Such as "Kun Opera", "Hui Opera", "Han Opera", "Qin Opera", "Shanxi Bangzi", "Hebei Bangzi", "Cantonese Opera", "Sichuan Opera", "Fujian Opera", "Dian Opera", "Hunan Opera", "Gan Opera" and other dramas.
The most eye-catching rap music is "Tanci" in the south and "Drumci" in the north. Tanci is played with the accompaniment of the stringed instrument Pipa and Sanxian, and is represented by "Suzhou Tanci". In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Suzhou Tanci was divided into Chen Tiao, Yu Tiao and Ma Tiao according to different tune styles. Famous artists include Tao Zhenhuai, Qiu Xinru, Chen Ruisheng, Liang Desheng, Wang Zhoushi, Chen Yuqian, Yu Xiusheng, Ma Rufei, Lu Shizhen, Yao Sizhang, Zhao Xiangzhou, Wang Shiquan, etc. "Drum Ci" is performed by actors and accompanied by sanxian, pipa, sihu and other string instruments. "Drum Ci" is also called "Dagu", among which "Xihe Dagu" and "Cangzhou Wooden Wooden Dagu" in Jizhong are the earliest. Famous artists include Hao Laofeng, Wang Xiaoyu, Ma Sanfeng, etc.