Question 1: How to overcome teacher burnout. Teacher burnout is the emotional feeling of exhaustion, boredom and frustration caused by the accumulation of long-term fatigue and stress among teachers, as well as the lack of sense of accomplishment and self-efficacy. mental state. This is a negative mentality. It manifests as being unhappy at work, feeling that life is boring, thinking that one's work is not recognized, and being full of stress, fatigue, and frustration. Teacher burnout is a highly contagious virus. It is normal for teachers to have professional burnout, just like people often catch a cold, and excellent teachers are most likely to suffer from professional burnout. Burnout is just a crossroads in life. If handled properly, you may be able to find a new direction in educating your life, turning crises into opportunities, and turning opportunities into opportunities for growth again. So, how to overcome teacher burnout? I think we can work on the following points: 1. Keep a normal mind. Some teachers have lofty educational ideals, full enthusiasm for work, and relatively high goals. Once work stagnates for a while, or work pressure increases, it is easy to develop burnout. A person's time, energy and ability are limited, and not everyone can climb Mount Everest. Teachers need to act according to their ability, face up to their own abilities and levels, their own energy and time, have moderate demands on themselves, not too high, properly evaluate their own work, and do not demand full blame from themselves. In good times, your mind is calm; in times of adversity, your mind is calm. Always maintain a normal mind. 2. Rekindle the fire of ***. To overcome burnout, you must reignite the fire of ***. Education requires passion, because education is a dialogue of the soul, an activity of heart-to-heart connection, an activity of inspiring the heart with the heart and communicating with emotion. ***, makes education inspiring and shocking, adds luster to education, and makes teachers rejuvenated and work energetically. Yu Yi said: *** is an essential quality for teachers. American scholar Weiwu said in "***, Make a Teacher": Those who want to be a good teacher may be more ambitious and unrestrained in most cases. Greatness is at least partly the result of talent, which cannot be spread. However, a great teacher must be a *** teacher. This kind of *** refers to the warm embrace of life, the strong love for the world, the persistent pursuit of dreams, and the indomitable questioning of all the unknown. What touches people's hearts is nothing but love. Teachers have ***, and it is easy to overcome professional burnout. 3. Continuously improve your professional level, gain a new sense of accomplishment, and achieve new results. This is a great way to beat burnout. If your professional level continues to improve, leaping from one height to a new height, and your work will be valued by leaders, praised by colleagues, recognized by students, and affirmed by parents, you will gain a new sense of accomplishment. After gaining a new sense of accomplishment, you will be more enthusiastic about work and research, thereby further improving your level. This forms a virtuous cycle, and burnout will naturally disappear. 4. Enrich your life and improve your quality of life. The essence of education is to allow educated people to enjoy happiness and pursue happiness. In this way, teachers engaged in education should first enjoy happiness and become happy people. And we ask teachers too much to be candles and torches, to burn themselves and illuminate others. It's really too tragic and tragic. Teachers work hard and die, often sacrificing their own time, sacrificing their own health, even sacrificing their own families, and sacrificing their children's future. He has been working on the front line of education for many years. This kind of spiritual exhaustion will naturally lead to a sense of burnout when encountering special circumstances. To change this situation, teachers should listen to music, dance, participate in physical exercises, and travel with their families during holidays to enrich their lives, use happiness to shape happiness, and use beauty to guide beauty. 5. Continuous innovation. Some teachers have worked for five or ten years and obtained the corresponding professional titles. They feel that they have thoroughly understood the teaching materials and mastered the teaching methods, so they follow the steps step by step and willingly repeat yesterday's story, creating a similar feeling year after year. Burnout comes naturally. In fact, education is an eternally young career, and every day of education is a timeless, beautiful and touching poem; every day of education has dreams that make people yearn for it, dreams that inspire unremitting struggle.

Teachers believe that children’s hearts are blue and vast, and that children are like budding flowers that are growing every day. Teachers with this concept will have a strong sense of mission and responsibility, and will continue to innovate, even if they have taught Textbooks that have been used several times must also be rethought and lessons prepared again. Innovative teachers believe that the sun is new every day and will compose a new educational movement. 6. Give your mind a holiday and give yourself a certain amount of rest... >>

Question 2: How can teachers avoid professional burnout? There are two deep-seated reasons for teachers’ professional burnout today. : First, work is "not serious"; second, not studying affects the quality of life. What I mean by "not serious" is that although most teachers put in a lot of "body", they have "little" heart. There is no denying the hard work of teachers, but because subject education is simply turned into subject teaching, or even... There are two deep-seated reasons for teacher burnout today: one is "not taking the work seriously"; the other is the impact of not studying. the quality of life. What I mean by "not serious" is that although most teachers put in a lot of "body", they have "little" heart. There is no denying the hard work of teachers, but because subject education is simply turned into subject teaching, or even fractions teaching, some teachers use it as a mouthpiece for reference books. So there is a situation where "there is only one Hamlet for a thousand students", because first of all, the Hamlet in the teacher's mind is copied from others. Another name for education is influence. Teachers do not have their own thoughts on the teaching materials, but mechanically repeat other people's opinions. Of course, such teaching will naturally affect students' interest in learning. Education is about developing students' potential, not energy. Before Wang Jinzhan teaches mathematics to freshmen, he first gives students a two-week "Mathematics" course to educate students on mathematics. It not only teaches students how to learn mathematics, but also allows them to realize that mathematics is fun and easy to learn. Let students understand the philosophy of life in mathematics. It not only increases students' confidence in mathematics learning, but also stimulates students' unlimited enthusiasm for learning. Due to insufficient education for students, the cost of teaching will naturally increase. Therefore, the investment in time and energy will naturally increase. Instead of developing students' potential, they maliciously exploit students' energy. When students are exhausted and rebellious, our teachers will have a wrong understanding and think that there is a moral problem in the students. Because there is only one ruler left to measure students - academic performance! The ancestor of our teacher has long said: "Disciples will be filial when they enter, they will be brotherly when they leave, they will be sincere and trustworthy, they will love others and be kind, and they will study literature when they have enough ability." This is the order of education. What is studiousness? This discussion appears twice in The Analects. Duke Ai asked Confucius: Which of the disciples is eager to learn? A gentleman who does not express his anger and does not make mistakes is a good man. A gentleman has nothing to eat and nothing to live in. If he is sensitive to things but cautious in his words, he will be righteous and upright. He can be said to be eager to learn. Confucius can occupy a place in history and even the world. Why? It means teaching according to the laws of education. Almost all the teachers in our school can recite chapters and sentences like this from The Analects of Confucius, and even understand them. However, The Analects of Confucius is definitely not for us to memorize, but more importantly for practice in education and teaching. Life is not about knowing but doing - Aldous Huxley. Confucius also said: A gentleman is quick in words but quick in deeds. If we teach according to the laws of education, students' potential will burst out naturally! The main reason for the situation of simply exploiting students' energy is that teachers lack real thinking about the subjects they teach! It can be said that the "heart" is not enough. This teaching model is similar to competing with students, which will inevitably affect the quality of teachers' lives. What education lacks is not energy, but spirit! A recent scientific study in Switzerland proved that people who work hard are happy! But why do our teachers work so hard but have no happy experience? In fact, the happy experience during hard work should be the unity of body and mind. Obviously we are influenced by fractionalism in today's society, and teachers have also become slaves to fractions. How can you be happy working in this state? The reality is that scores are necessary, but if teachers have rich experience, they will be able to teach with ease. Therefore, the root cause that truly affects the happiness of teachers today is: the lack of learning spirit! In the Analects of Confucius, Master Confucius said: When you are angry, you forget to eat; when you are happy, you forget your worries; you don’t know that old age is coming! It also illustrates that the premise of forgetting emotions in life is to be angry and forget to eat. And what is the content of being angry? Confucius once said: Be tireless in learning and tireless in teaching! The state of "tireless" is due to "never getting tired of learning".

Although Confucius suffered repeated setbacks in his official career, looking at Confucius's life and his understanding of life should be happy. He said: "Eating sparingly, drinking water, bending your arms and resting your head on it, happiness is also there!" Where is the happiness? Just learn! He said very confidently: "In a city with ten houses, there must be someone as loyal as Qiu, who is not as studious as Qiu." Learning is the fuel for happiness in life! A good class requires rich knowledge accumulation. Not just within the discipline, but also beyond the discipline. Only teachers who are well-read can easily control classroom teaching, enrich the content of the classroom, and make the classroom full of charm. Such a class itself will be filled with happiness! Moreover, Mr. Kong... >>

Question 3: How to deal with teacher burnout. Last Wednesday, our school invited Teacher Zheng Rui from the County Party School. Lectures on Occupational Burnout. In the lecture, Teacher Zheng analyzed the sacredness and responsibilities of the teaching profession from theory to practical cases. After listening to the lecture, my soul was baptized again, yes! Teachers are the most glorious profession in the world. They bear the important task of spreading knowledge and promoting social civilization. However, after many years of teaching life and imparting unchanging knowledge, it is an indisputable fact that the majority of teachers suffer from professional burnout. If we always carry heavy psychological baggage, it will only weaken our fighting spirit and waste good time in vain. How to correctly face job burnout, correct your attitude, and devote yourself seriously to your work is a problem that every teacher must face. I believe that there are many reasons for teacher burnout, mainly including: competitive pressure, teachers’ specific professional characteristics, school management system, social support and expectations, job benefits and teachers’ personality characteristics, etc. The most important thing is losing interest in students. So how do you find your passion for work and integrate this passion into teaching? Why don’t we try the following methods: 1. Read more, study diligently, and cultivate noble sentiments. Teachers should not only strengthen their professional studies, but also be well-read, which can purify their souls and broaden their minds. In addition, after work, teachers can also make friends with calligraphy and painting, accompany with piano and chess, walk with poetry, and dance with music. People who have a colorful spare time must be full of love for life. 2. Think back to the students’ care and contribution to themselves in their daily work, such as a glass of water, a sincere greeting, a beautiful smile, a small greeting card, etc. Only when sincerity is found in the details can we I will reflect on the care and contribution I have made to my students. 3. Try psychological suggestions to improve self-regulation ability. When you encounter something that is not what you want or what you can't do, you should use more self-psychological suggestions and tell yourself like a bystander: You can definitely do it and never give up easily. Always give yourself confidence and you will definitely do it. The mind is open and the spirit is happy! In short, if teachers face job burnout and can adopt positive coping strategies and recognize that pursuit and development are the core of teachers’ professional life, they will definitely get out of the shadow and confusion of “job burnout” and sprinkle warm sunshine on their souls. !

Question 4: How to prevent teacher burnout? First, the occurrence of teacher burnout is closely related to their lower socioeconomic status and unsatisfactory treatment. Therefore, improving teachers' remuneration and creating a good social environment for the teaching profession are effective ways to solve the problem of teacher burnout. At the same time, giving full play to the macro-control and policy guidance role of the government is also a particularly important way to solve this problem. For example, in response to the problem of low teacher remuneration, administrative control measures should be used to use the improvement of teacher income and teacher status as a reference for assessing the performance of local governments to ensure that teacher remuneration is gradually rationalized, and to actively optimize society in response to society's high expectations for teachers. public opinion, advocate new professional values, establish reasonable expectations for teachers, create a relaxed public opinion environment for teachers, etc. Second, as the institution that has the greatest influence on teachers, the school’s management mechanism and atmosphere have an important impact on teachers’ professional psychology. Schools should establish a good school ethos and style of study, give teachers a positive impact on their mental outlook and professionalism, and promote teachers' growth by improving their professional level and teaching skills. Schools should conduct regular training for teachers to help them update their teaching theories, improve their teaching skills, correctly understand various setbacks in their careers, and effectively control their personal emotions. Practice has proven that a good school atmosphere can provide strong support for teachers’ development and can inspire Teachers’ achievement motivation can effectively prevent the occurrence of professional burnout.

School managers, especially principals, must care about and support teachers’ work, and truly ensure that management serves teaching. Schools must also continue to stimulate teachers’ work motivation. The occurrence of teacher burnout is related to the loss of work interest and motivation. Therefore, schools should stimulate teachers' intrinsic work interests and ideal ambitions to meet the multi-faceted needs of teachers. For example, giving teachers the power to participate in school management, enhancing teachers' sense of responsibility for the school, meeting their needs to perform different roles, etc., allowing teachers to take on teaching work at different grades, have greater autonomy, appropriately increase the difficulty of their work, etc. It can often stimulate their work enthusiasm and prevent burnout. Third, guide teachers to cultivate healthy personality and get rid of professional burnout. First of all, teachers should cultivate a healthy psychology and improve their self-personality. The occurrence of occupational burnout is often related to unhealthy psychology, such as self-doubt, narrow-mindedness, high (low) self-esteem, emotionality, hostility to others, etc. Therefore, strengthening the maintenance of one's own mental health and personality training is the fundamental way to reduce psychological frustration and professional burnout. Relevant experts believe that the cultivation of teachers' psychological quality should start from normal colleges, and teachers should be regularly maintained and provided with mental health maintenance and guidance after they join the workforce. Second, teachers should develop a positive sense of self. Psychological research has proven that people with strong self-acceptance will actively avoid internal conflicts caused by the differences between reality and ideal personality, and maintain an equally accepting attitude towards the external world. On the contrary, you will often feel angry, frustrated and disappointed because things don't go as expected. Therefore, teachers should get rid of the misunderstanding of the perfect image of teachers and omnipotence, clearly understand their own strengths and weaknesses, face their own emotions, and avoid self-embarrassment and rejection. Cultivate a positive self-awareness, accept yourself, do not be too demanding of the external environment, do your best within your ability, and find the best combination between ideal and reality. Thirdly, teachers should learn positive coping strategies in the face of objective pressure. For example: improve work efficiency and avoid repeating useless work for a long time; carry out self-psychological suggestion and replace negative emotions with positive emotions; achieve a balance between work and rest and strengthen physical exercise, such as swimming, walking, playing ball, etc. Teachers should maintain relatively strong energy at all times to cope with the challenges of work and life. Finally, when facing pressure, teachers should actively seek social support. For example, telling the problem to the principal, relatives, friends, and colleagues will better resolve negative emotions. At the same time, through conversations with others, you will have a better understanding of yourself and others, which will help teachers maintain a realistic attitude towards life, avoid misunderstandings that are divorced from reality, and eradicate the negative impact of professional burnout.

Question 5: What suggestions does Mr. Li Zhenxi give to overcoming professional burnout? What is education? Li Zhenxi’s answer: One day, one child is education. Polishing every day and accompanying every child is what education is all about. A teacher who tells a story every day is a happy teacher. The teacher is the creator, weaver, and protagonist of the story. Therefore, a teacher with stories is a happy teacher. The more stories, the happier. If there are not many stories, there will be no happiness.

At Chengdu Wuhou Experimental Middle School where Li Zhenxi is the principal, a teacher named Xiao Zhao used to be very slack and often did not prepare lessons or watch early self-study classes. Li Zhenxi went to Teacher Xiao Zhao and asked the reason. She replied: "I don't feel the slightest happiness of being a teacher. It's very painful. I sleep soundly every morning, and I am woken up by the alarm clock. When I want to study early, I can't wait to wake up the alarm. The bell is broken. I feel that I am too unlucky to be a teacher."

"If you are not satisfied with your career, you have only two options: either change your career or change your career mentality." This is! The "prescription" Li Zhenxi gave to Teacher Xiao Zhao was also his mantra. "Who do you work for? Not for the principal, but for yourself. It's useless to complain. If you complain ten thousand times, you have to face it the next day. Why bother? Don't always feel that you are the most unlucky. Is it easy for doctors? Is it easy for police? In a society where everyone feels that they are unfortunate, this is the country’s greatest misfortune.”

As a result, Teacher Xiao Zhao really seemed like a different person: he found out the underachievers to tutor at noon every day, and his grades also improved. Went up. She said she used to be very bored, and the more bored she became, the less accomplished she felt. But now she feels that she can't change her students, she can only change herself, but she finds a lot of happiness in it: she criticizes a student, and another student she criticized in the past "helps"... She found a job as a teacher Sense of happiness.

Li Zhenxi said: "It is my educational pursuit to leave warm memories full of human brilliance to my students. If they feel that the time they live with me is a sunny period in their lives, Days later, I had professional happiness. It was as simple as that. It had nothing to do with mission or ideals, but it had something to do with happiness. ”

Talents are grown, not cultivated. It’s not made of anything

Only the simplest and most peaceful soil can grow the fattest crops. Li Zhenxi said that the sign of a good school is not the image of the school and the political achievements of the leaders, but the ability of each student to grow. A teacher achieves his own value and dignity. An excellent teacher must maintain a simple heart.

The growth of talents is a natural and free process. Nature means providing a relaxed ecological environment for talents to grow, and freedom means respecting everyone's individuality, allowing their souls to stretch and be elegant, and allowing them to educate "unscrupulously" and do whatever they want. Therefore, talents are grown, not cultivated, let alone built.

Question 6: How do teachers overcome burnout? Burnout is a common and serious problem among teachers. After teaching for many years, the monotonous repetition every day seems to be difficult to evoke the original passion. As far as I am concerned, here are some ways to overcome job burnout. I will write them down and share them with teachers. I hope they can be of some help to you all! The first is to change schools. Different schools have different cultures, different characteristics, and different colleagues. This is also fresh! Although almost all schools in China are similar! But there are still options, such as college preparatory schools like Guangya that do not take the college entrance examination and Waldorf schools in Chengdu! Not only in China, you can also teach in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and even around the world! The second is to change the teaching content. It can be changing courses. For example, I used to teach Chinese courses in public schools, but at Guangya I taught IB courses from Europe. Starting this year, it has become AP courses from the United States; it can also be changed subjects. , I first taught high school history, then taught college preparatory literature appreciation classes, and later taught theory of knowledge. Such subject switching can also gain a sense of freshness; you can also change the specific teaching content. Even if you always teach the same subject, the content in each academic year will be different. Changes can occur. Lu Xun got tired of teaching "Dream of Red Mansions" and taught "Dream of Red Mansions" more than a dozen times? Then I will talk about "Historical Records", "Laozi" and "Hamlet". Anyway, I have to keep trying new content! The third is to change teaching methods. You can teach by yourself, you can let students discuss and debate, you can let students rehearse plays, watch movies and shoot DVs, you can let students collect information for presentations, you can also let students go out of school to visit or do social surveys, etc. Fourth, the process of teaching and education must be a state of research and creation. The teaching content can be repetitive, but if you adopt a discussion-based teaching method with students as the main body, then every class may generate new inspiration and sparks in the interaction, which can also make the teacher feel excited. Education is extremely complex, and there are too many issues worth studying. Research and discovery are full of fun and excitement, and this kind of research and exploration is never-ending. If the process of education and teaching does not become a research process, it will be difficult to avoid feeling burnt out. Fifth, it is best to teach in a school with a group of like-minded friends and a good atmosphere for education, teaching, and ideological and knowledge research. It is very pleasant to be in such an atmosphere of mutual communication and spiritual growth. Sixth, teaching must not be just for making money to support the family or just for students to cope with exams. In that case, your work has nothing to do with ideological value or spiritual meaning, and it will be difficult for you not to get bored! People must set up a transcendent ideal for themselves to have inexhaustible motivation! Seventh, switch back and forth between teaching and other jobs. If you get tired of teaching, you can go into the media, do business, or open a restaurant or teahouse! After a while, I feel the desire to teach again, so I go back to school!

Question 7: How to overcome teacher burnout. The teaching content and methods are interesting and will be approved and encouraged by students. This will dispel this fatigue to a certain extent and repeat the same teaching materials every day. Of course you will be tired.

It is best to teach in a humorous way, which not only entertains yourself but also entertains yourself, and the effect is better; pay attention to the balance between work and rest, as well as a wide range of interests and distractions. You are not only a classroom, but also your own life and emotions.

Question 8: How to overcome professional burnout and improve teachers’ professional social ethics. Schools play a huge role, because everyone comes from schools, so it is always said Teachers are engineers of the human soul. Teachers' words and deeds have a great impact on students and parents. This is a profession that can create bad karma and accumulate virtue very quickly. If teachers do not realize this height and only care about what they think and like, The profession is naturally slack, not just teachers, but the entire education industry and the entire school will form a bad trend, constantly sending people with ignorant minds and dirty morals into society.

Question 9: How to deal with teacher burnout. Once it occurs, teachers themselves seem unable to cope with it. If the objective factors in the formation of teacher burnout are not eliminated, it will be difficult to deal with them.

Question 10: How to understand the current theory of job burnout among primary and secondary school teachers? How to treat the problem of job burnout among primary and secondary school teachers

1. Expression forms and harms

Occupational burnout was first proposed by American scholar Feidenberg in the 1970s when he was studying occupational stress. He believes burnout is a symptom of emotional exhaustion most likely to occur in the helping professions. Later, Maslow and others called the psychological syndrome produced in response to long-term emotional and interpersonal stressors at work as occupational burnout. Its research shows that occupational burnout consists of three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, dehumanization, and reduced sense of personal accomplishment. It is generally believed that occupational burnout is an extreme reaction when an individual cannot cope with work pressure smoothly. It is a state of exhaustion of emotions, attitudes and behaviors that occurs when an individual experiences long-term stress.

Teacher burnout is an extreme psychological reaction when teachers cannot cope with work pressure smoothly. It is a state of exhaustion of emotions, attitudes and behaviors that accompanies teachers under long-term high-level stress experience. It is a typical example of teacher burnout. Symptoms are low job satisfaction, loss of enthusiasm and interest in work, and emotional detachment and apathy.

Typical teacher burnout mainly manifests as the following symptoms:

(1) Attitude. In terms of cognition, they believe that work is meaningless and worthless, and that work is just boring, mechanical and repetitive trivial matters.

(2) In terms of emotions, due to being tired of work, the mood fluctuates greatly, often producing a variety of negative emotions such as depression, depression, resentment, melancholy, and suspicion. In terms of value orientation, the teaching profession is no longer considered "the most glorious career under the sun", but the pursuit of material enjoyment is the goal. Therefore, some teachers have a second career, which affects their normal teaching work.

(3) In terms of behavior. The main manifestations are being tired of teaching work, reducing work input, or even not preparing lessons, teaching inflexibly, lacking innovation, trying to avoid the teaching environment, being indifferent to students, avoiding interacting with colleagues or refusing to cooperate with them, complaining a lot about the school environment and school management, and only Pay attention to personal treatment and welfare.

(4) In terms of body and mind. If teachers’ burnout is not effectively eliminated and alleviated, it will reflect a state of physiological energy depletion, such as sudden changes in eating habits and weight, physical weakness, reduced resistance to disease, endocrine disorders, and susceptibility to various heart diseases. Cerebrovascular diseases, neurasthenia, insomnia and other diseases put the whole person in a sub-health state. Psychologically, it manifests as a sense of boredom in life, a sense of disappointment in career, etc.

The progress of society and the cultivation of talents are inseparable from the hard work of teachers. In addition to imparting knowledge and solving doubts, teachers first set an example. Good physical and mental health will shape and influence students, and enable teachers to have strong energy and optimistic mental outlook, and devote themselves to teaching activities with full teaching enthusiasm and pioneering and innovative spirit. , is conducive to the cultivation of high-quality talents. In recent years, the overall condition of the teaching team has been good, but some disharmonious phenomena have also emerged. For example, some outstanding teachers have gone out to teach, some have tried every means to find new jobs, some have run extracurricular tuition classes, and some have cooperated with outside institutions to collect kickbacks; Some teachers' sense of responsibility is not as strong as before; some teachers are anxious and anxious; some teachers lack self-confidence, etc.

These phenomena also reflect the increasingly prominent problem of teacher burnout.

The harm of job burnout is multifaceted. First, it brings emotional distress to teachers, and gradually develops into a negative and sentimental state of mind, which seriously damages and threatens their own physical and mental health. , causing their individual quality of life to be seriously affected; secondly, teachers' lack of professionalism and reduced work enthusiasm caused by professional burnout will inevitably affect their teaching level and lead to inefficiency in teaching work and waste of school resources, which in turn affects the improvement of education quality; third, teacher burnout and the resulting indifference to students, discrimination and exclusion of some underachievers and the use of coercive means to manage class groups will greatly hinder their learning Enthusiasm and creativity, and bring harm to their personality development, thereby affecting students' mental health and personality growth. At the same time, maladaptive students will bring about a series of problems in personal social adaptation and development after entering the society, thus causing a waste of human resources.

Burnout is a psychological illness that is as scary as a physical illness. Teacher burnout not only harms the physical and mental health and professional development of countless teachers, but also seriously affects the development of education and the entire society. People suffering from job burnout are like fish out of water, suffering from the pain of suffocation, and will definitely have a direct or indirect negative impact on students. Burned-out teachers tend to lose patience and love for students, are less prepared for courses, and have less control over their work. They cannot arouse students' emotional pleasure and beautiful experience, and cannot stimulate students' strong desire for knowledge. ......>>