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The main purpose of building a bridge is to solve the traffic problem across water or valley, so that transportation vehicles or pedestrians can flow unimpeded on the bridge. From its earliest or most important function, a bridge should specifically refer to a road across water and air. Therefore, the annotation of the jade seal in the field of Shuowen Jie is: "The word "Liang" means using wood to cross the water, which is now called a bridge." It shows that the original meaning of bridge refers to the passage of wood on the water, and the extension behind it means that it is built on the cliff. There are overpasses such as "plank roads" on the cliffs and "flying pavilions" built between pavilions and palaces.

China is a country with many mountains and rivers. In ancient times, it was a world leader in both bridge construction technology and the number of bridges. For thousands of years, bridges have become an indispensable part of people's social life. However, due to the vast territory of our country, from south to north and from east to west, there are great differences in geographical climate, cultural customs and the development level of social productivity. Therefore, each based on its own actual conditions and needs, over a long period of time, created a variety of bridge forms, and gradually formed its own characteristics. Specifically, they have the following characteristics:

(1) Regionality. Our country has a vast land, and the bridges between the north and the south and the east and west have formed their own relatively independent styles and characteristics due to the influence of the natural geography and human society where they are located. For example, in the northern Central Plains and the Yellow River Basin, the terrain is relatively flat and there are few rivers and water areas. People mostly rely on mules, horses, carts or push carts to transport supplies. Therefore, most of the bridges here are wide and majestic stone arch bridges and stone beam bridges to facilitate ships to pass under the bridges. In the northwest and southwest areas, the mountains are high, the water is strong, the valleys are deep, and the cliffs are steep, making it difficult to build bridge piers. Therefore, rattan is often used. Use strips, bamboo ropes, logs and other mountainous materials to build rope suspension bridges or outrigger wooden beam bridges; the coastal areas of Lingnan, Fujian and Guangdong are rich in hard granite stones, so stone bridges are everywhere; and in the minority areas of Yunnan, bamboo is used In abundance, unique bamboo bridges of all kinds can be seen everywhere. Judging from the style of the bridges, the bridges in the north look rough and simple like the people in the north; the bridges in the south look smart and light like the people in the south. Of course, this is also closely related to physical geography. For example, rivers in the north change greatly due to water flow and are impacted by flash floods and ice, so bridges must be thick and stable; while rivers in the south have gentler water conditions and must be easy to navigate, so The bridge is relatively slender and beautiful.

(2) Diversity. Our country is a country with ancient civilization, a vast territory, rich resources, beautiful mountains and rivers, and great differences in geology and landforms between the north and the south, so the technical requirements for bridge construction are also high. Around the Han Dynasty, the four basic types of bridges: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge, and arch bridge were all produced. These four types of bridges have evolved according to their different building materials and structural forms: wooden bridge, stone bridge, brick bridge, bamboo bridge, salt bridge, ice bridge, rattan bridge, iron bridge, reed bridge, stone pillar bridge, stone bridge, etc. Pier bridge, overflow bridge, cantilever bridge, covered bridge, wind and rain bridge, bamboo bridge, stone slab bridge, opening and closing bridge, zipline bridge, triangular arch bridge, pointed arch bridge, round arch bridge, continuous arch bridge, solid belly Arch bridges, flat arch bridges, free-arch bridges, rainbow bridges, channel bridges, curved bridges, towpath bridges, cross bridges, plank roads, flying pavilions, etc., are almost all available. All forms of ancient bridges can be found in our country.

(3) Versatility. When building bridges in ancient my country, craftsmen paid great attention to maximizing the effectiveness of the bridge. They not only considered adapting to local conditions and practicality, but also considered making the bridge as multi-functional as possible. For example, most of the arch bridges in the south of the Yangtze River are flat at both ends and have a high arch in the middle, which not only creates a beautiful arc in shape, but also facilitates boating. The corridor-style bridges that are widely seen in the south more fully reflect the multi-purpose characteristics of a bridge. In the south, it rains more and the sun shines more, so bridge builders built corridor houses on the bridge. This not only provided pedestrians with a place to take a break from the wind, rain and sunshine, but also increased the weight of the bridge to prevent the bridge from being washed away by floods and played a role. Protect wooden beams and iron cables from corrosion by wind and rain. In particular, many of these covered bridges are used as markets, accommodations and commercial activities because they are important points for people to pass by. For example, the Xiangzi Bridge in Chao'an County, Guangdong Province is more than 500 meters long. It is known as "one mile long bridge, one mile city". There is a section of pontoon bridge that can be opened and closed in the middle of the bridge to facilitate navigation; a corridor is built on the bridge. There is a market behind the house and building, and the shops are lined up there. From morning to dusk, it is bustling and bustling, and you can't even hear the roaring tide and the wide river. Therefore, there is a joke among the people: "Go to Xiangqiao and ask for Xiangqiao" < /p>

(4) Mass public welfare. From the time of its birth, the bridge has appeared as a social character unique to the people.

Traditional buildings in our country are generally privately owned. Only bridges (except bridges in private gardens), whether built by the government or privately, are publicly owned by society. Therefore, for thousands of years, loving bridges and protecting roads has become a good custom, while "building bridges and paving roads" is a charitable act that benefits the public and is highly praised by the people. Therefore, repairing or building bridges has a broad mass character. Looking at historical records, there are roughly four methods of building bridges in our country: one is private construction, that is, one family builds the bridge independently; the other is fundraising, reporting to the government for support, and working together to build the bridge. This type is the most common, such as the famous Zhaozhou Bridge, Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, etc., which were all built in this way; the third is official-initiated private repairs, initiated by local officials, with the gentry seconding and pledging donations, and appointing officials or business gentry to preside over Finish. Most of these are larger bridges; the fourth is all constructed with government funds. Therefore, ancient bridges are spread all over our country, and many bridges are built even in remote areas. Its large number and wide distribution rank first in the world.

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[Edit this paragraph] The best bridge in China

The oldest existing open-shoulder arch stone bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei ( or Anji Bridge). Zhaozhou Bridge was built from the 15th year of the founding of the Sui Dynasty to the first year of Daye (595-605).

The earliest existing double-arch stone bridge with the most bridge holes is the Baodai Bridge in Suzhou, Jiangsu. It was built in the 11th year of Tang Yuanhe (816).

The earliest extant cross bridge is Yunzhao Feiliang in Jinci, Shanxi, which was built in the first year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1102).

The earliest large stone bridge with movable switches is Guangji Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangzhou. It was built in the 10th year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435).

The only Wuting Bridge is located in Slender West Lake, Yangzhou, Jiangsu.

The earliest bridge in Chinese history is the "Traveler Bridge", which was built in 282 AD.

The highest pier of the Qiantang River Bridge is 306 meters, the highest in the world.

< p>China's Hangzhou Bay Bridge is the longest cross-sea bridge at 36 kilometers, ranking first in the world.

The earliest bamboo cable bridge dates back to the time of King Xiao of Qin in my country (250 BC), who created the world's first porous continuous bamboo cable bridge.

The earliest pontoon bridge was built in 1135 BC when King Wen of Zhou Dynasty welcomed his bride and built the world's first pontoon bridge on the Wei River.

The earliest chain bridge was built by Fan Kuai in Liukan, Hanzhong, in 206 BC during the Western Han Dynasty.

[Edit this paragraph] Top Ten Famous Bridges in China

1. Wuting Bridge: Located in Slender West Lake, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, the bridge base is made of 12 large bluestones, and the bridge body is an arch. Circle shape. It is composed of three different circles of holes, with 15 holes in total, and the holes are connected. There are five pavilions on the bridge, and the pavilions are connected by corridors.

2. Iron Cable Bridge: Located on the Dadu River in the west of Luding County, Sichuan Province, it is composed of 9 iron chains and wooden boards. Two iron chains are installed on the left and right sides as handrails. The iron chains are as thick as bowls. Mouth, each one is about 150 meters long and weighs about one ton.

3. Jade Belt Bridge: This bridge is located in the Summer Palace in Beijing. The whole bridge is made of white marble. The arch is egg-shaped, with exquisitely carved railings and pillars on both sides. It is pure white and has smooth lines. From a distance, it looks like a jade belt dotted on the sparkling blue Kunming Lake. It is praised by tourists as the "Fairy Island on the Sea".

4. Fengyu Bridge: It is located on the Linxi River beside Chengyang Village in Sanjiang County, Guangxi. The whole bridge is made of stone piers with wooden surfaces and tile roofs. There are five pagoda-shaped pavilions built on the bridge to provide shelter from wind and rain. There is no iron nail in the entire bridge, and it is all connected by trusses. It is diagonally pierced and criss-crossed, making it very delicate and strong.

5. Anping Bridge: Located in Anhai Town, Jinjiang County, Fujian Province, it was built in the Song Dynasty and is commonly known as "Wuli Bridge" by locals. The bridge deck is paved with seven large stone slabs, and there is a pagoda made of five-story hexagonal bricks at the bridge head. This bridge is the beam-type stone bridge with the largest span in ancient times, and is known as "There is no such long bridge in the world".

6. Zhaozhou Bridge: Located on the Nanjiao River in Zhao County, Hebei Province, it is a hollow single-hole arc stone arch bridge with a bridge deck of 10 meters wide and 42 bridge railings on both sides. There are exquisitely carved reliefs of dragons and beasts.

7. Guangji Bridge: commonly known as Xiangzi Bridge, located outside the east gate of Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, it is a comprehensive bridge integrating transportation and bazaars in ancient my country, and it is also the first switchable movable bridge in the world. Shishi Bridge has been known as "one mile of long bridge and one mile of city" since ancient times.

8. Marco Polo Bridge: Located about 10 kilometers southwest of Guang'anmen in Beijing, the bridge was named Marco Polo Bridge because it spans the Marco Polo River (today's Yongding River). The entire bridge is made of white stone. There are 140 carved stone columns on both sides of the bridge, and 485 stone lions in various crouching shapes are carved on the stone pillar heads.

9. Cross Bridge: Located in Jinci Temple, about 15 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. The bridge is cross-shaped and built on the fish pond, also known as the fish pond flying beam. The whole bridge is supported by 34 iron-green octagonal stones standing in the swamp. The top of the column is connected with the vertical and horizontal beams by cypress brackets. It is paved with a cross bridge deck and has white marble railings on both sides.

10. Wuyin Bridge: Located at the Shinto of Shunzhi Emperor Xiaoling in Dongling, Hebei Province, this bridge is equipped with 126 calcite railings on both sides. There are five tones in ancient vocal music: Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu, so it is called the "Five-note Bridge".

[Edit this paragraph] The highest bridge

First place: Sidu River Extra Large Bridge in Badong, Hubei, China (height: 560 meters)

Sidu River Extra Large Bridge The bridge is a steel truss-stiffened girder suspension bridge with a single span of 900 meters. The bridge deck is 24.5 meters wide. The bridge deck adopts a one-way slope, ranking first in the world. The height difference from the top of the tower to the bottom of the valley is 650 meters. It is known as the world's tallest bridge. A rocket throwing rope system is used to carry the pilot cable across the deep canyon. This is the first of its kind at home and abroad. The stiffening beam is hoisted with the largest span in China of 900 meters. Cable crane.

Second place: Yanxigou Bridge, Qianjiang River, Chongqing, China (height: 280 meters)

The Yanxigou Bridge is located between Nongqiao Village and Zhengyang Town, Shuitian Township, Qianjiang District, Chongqing It is divided into two parts, left and right, each with a total length of 560 meters, of which the main bridge is 310 meters long, the main span is 150 meters, and the vertical height between the bridge deck and the valley bottom is 280 meters, which is 10 meters higher than the Millau Bridge in France, which is known as the "world's highest". rice.

Third place: Millau Bridge, France (height: 270 meters)

Currently known as the "world's tallest bridge" is the Millau Bridge, located in the Tarn Valley in southern France. , the vertical height of the bridge deck from the valley bottom is 270 meters. Designed by British designer Norman Foster, it was completed and opened on December 17, 2004 after three years of construction. Chirac, then French President, made a special trip to cut the ribbon.

Records set by the Millau Viaduct

The bridge is 2,460 meters long.

The 32-meter-wide bridge connects the Millau Valley with the Tarn Valley in the southwest.

The total height of the bridge tower is 343 meters.

The bridge deck above the Tarn Valley is 270 meters high.

The highest pier height of the entire bridge reaches a record-breaking 245 meters.

The bridge has a 3.6-ton steel deck, equivalent to the weight of five Eiffel Towers.

Innovative technology: High-performance concrete materials are used in the construction of bridge piers.

The Millau Viaduct is extremely earthquake-resistant and can withstand severe climatic conditions.

The Millau Bridge adopts the form of a cable-stayed bridge with four lanes. The bridge is supported by seven cantilever pillars and spans the Tarn River. The bridge deck is 270 meters high, and the highest point of the cantilever pillars reaches 343 meters, taller than the Eiffel Tower in Paris; the total length of the bridge is 2.5 kilometers and weighs 3.6 tons. It started construction in December 2001 and took 3 years to complete. Its height and completion time are both the highest in the world. Driving on it is like Walking on the clouds.