Metaphor: it can be divided into simile, metaphor, metonymy and metaphor; Comparison (also known as comparison), contrast (positive contrast and negative contrast), truthfulness (also known as lianzhu and thimble), contrast, antithesis (also known as duality and parallelism), repetition, rhetorical question, irony and parody; Call, intertextuality, echo, metonymy, rhetorical questions, parallelism, couplet, imitation (also divided into: imitation of shape, imitation of sound, imitation of color), exaggeration, pun, allusion, homophonic, symbol, euphemism (also divided into: circuitous language, polite language, taboo language), graceful song, Synaesthesia (also known as transference and transference).

Features of common rhetoric

1. Metaphor:

Metaphor consists of three parts:

(1), noumenon

(2), vehicle

(3) and figurative words

(The biggest difference between metaphor and personification is that metaphor contains. Explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and common things, that is, for example, Help people to understand better. (There are similarities between things)

There are three types of metaphors: simile, metaphor and metonymy:

Simile (category) A is like B (characteristic). It is like (subject), like, like, like, like (figurative words). Xiaoming runs like a string. Become (figurative words) appear (figurative words) The thick and green scenery is simply a painting of green mountains and green waters. (Example)

Metaphor (category) A generation B (feature) does not appear (subject) does not appear (figurative words) (figurative words) Shoots countless arrows on the ground, There are thousands of waterfalls falling on the roof. (Example)

Example: The whole thing is an ethereal blue crystal. —— Winter in Jinan by Lao She

2. Comparison:

With rich imagination, write things as adults, or people as things, or things as things as things as things.

☆ Function: It can inspire readers' imagination. Give things human actions, behaviors, thoughts, feelings and activities, and describe things with words that describe people.

☆ Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things as adults, so that concrete things are personalized and the language is vivid. Example:

(1). Peach trees, apricot trees and pear trees are all in full bloom. And lonely birds have sung their grief.-Du Fu

(3) in Spring Watch. The sun blushed.-Zhu Ziqing's two imitations in Spring (borrowing things to compare people):

① Compare people with crops, or write this thing as another thing.

Example:

(1) The crowd ignored it. The bully ran away with his tail between his legs.

② Write things A as things B.

Example:

(1). The volcano roared

(2). Not far away, they saw a man's face with the lower part of his body growing in the water under the generous lotus leaf. (Sun Li, Lotus Lake) < p Set off the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause the associative effect.

(1) Enlarge exaggeration: exaggerate the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.

Example: the asphalt road is sunburned, Even the bronze medal in front of the shop seems to be burnt.

(2) Shrinking and exaggerating: reducing the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things.

Example: only a palm-sized world can be seen.

(3) Exaggeration ahead of time: saying that the later appeared first, and saying that the first appeared later.

Example: She hasn't. I'm drunk.

4. Parallelism:

Arrange three or more sentences with similar structure and length, consistent tone, and related or identical meaning.

☆ Function: strengthen the language situation and language atmosphere, make the article more rhythmic, better organized, and more conducive to expressing strong feelings (expressive effect).

Example: Their quality is Their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.

5. Duality:

A pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structure and symmetrical meaning, expressing two opposite or similar meanings.

☆ Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, highly generalized, easy to remember and musical aesthetic feeling.

Main ways. Bamboo shoots in the mountains, with a sharp mouth and a thick skin and a hollow stomach.

(2) Oppose. The upper and lower sentences have opposite or relative dual forms.

For example, the eyebrows are cold to a thousand fingers, and the bow is willing to be a willing ox.

(3) String pairs (flowing pairs). The upper and lower sentences have the meanings of undertaking, progression, causality, hypothesis and conditions. Express a certain feeling, and intentionally repeat a certain word or sentence.

(1). Repeatedly (with no other words in the middle).

Example: Valley echo, he just left, he just left.

(2). Repeatedly (with other words in the middle).

Example: It seems that the party and country have lost three provinces, but it has become more and more like a country. It plays the role of repeatedly chanting and expressing strong emotions. At the same time, repeated rhetorical devices can also make the format of poetry neat and orderly, but also ups and downs, full of language beauty.

7. Setting questions:

In order to attract others' attention, deliberately ask questions first, and then answer them yourself.

☆ Role: attract attention and inspire readers to think; Contribute to clear hierarchy and compact structure; It can better describe the ideological activities of the characters.

Example: Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.

8. rhetorical question (provocation, rhetorical question, cross-examination):

express definite meaning in the form of question, express negation in the form of affirmation, express affirmation in the form of negation, only ask but not answer, and the answer is implied in rhetorical question.

☆ Function: strengthen tone, make people think and stimulate.

9. Quote:

Quote ready-made words (idioms, verses, aphorisms, allusions, etc.) to improve the effect of language expression, which can be divided into two types.

☆ Function: make the arguments conclusive and sufficient, enhance the persuasiveness, be enlightening, and the language is refined, subtle and elegant.

Explicit quotation (direct quotation).

Example. Teachers don't have to be superior to their disciples.

Implicit quotation (indirect quotation).

Example: Failure is the mother of success, so you must never be discouraged.

1. Metonymy:

Do not directly say the person or thing you want to express, but borrow the person or thing closely related to it instead.

Metonymy types: characteristic things, concrete things, abstraction. Arouse associations, so that the expression can receive outstanding images, distinctive features, concrete and vivid effects.

Methods:

① Part replaces the whole, that is, the representative parts of things replace the ontological things.

For example, the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the lonely sails are coming from the sun. —— Looking at Tianmen Mountain

② The characteristics replace the ontological things, that is, the borrowing bodies (people or things) are used. While talking, I slowly walked out ... —— Hometown

③ Concrete generation abstraction

For example, it is ten years since the southern part of China began to smoke .——— meiling three chapters

④ Tool generation noumenon.

For example, by the time we were shocked and plowed the soil, eight out of ten households had lit up their hoards and could not open the pot. -

The Last Speech

11. Irony:

Use words or sentences that are contrary to the original intention to enhance the expression effect by irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings.

For example, (students studying in Qing Dynasty) have also broken their braids, which are flat and shiny except for the hat, just like a little girl's bun. Some people are dead, but he is still alive. —— Some People by Cang Kejia

To use contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradictory nature of the things we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be in opposition to each other, otherwise they cannot form a contrast.

13. Lenovo:

Seeing something, we associate it with something, that is, imagination. There seems to be a fire on the ground.

14. Synaesthesia:

The so-called synaesthesia is a psychological phenomenon in which various senses communicate with each other, and one feeling is used to describe the rhetorical way of expressing another feeling.

☆ Function: The application of synaesthesia can get an unforgettable effect, and its expression function is irreplaceable. It can be abstracted into images, so that readers can better understand it; It can evoke people's rich associations; It can be eclectic and lively; It can be accurately expressed and has far-reaching implications; It can enrich the artistic conception of poetry and form a special artistic beauty.

For example, the most typical example is: "The breeze passes by, and it brings a faint fragrance, like a faint song on a distant high building." (Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond) Fragrance is the sense of smell, and singing is the sense of hearing. The author communicates the two feelings, which is synaesthesia.

In addition, there is: "The morning bell is wet outside the cloud." Come through the rain and go through the clouds, so it is "wet", and the sense of touch and hearing communicate with each other.

"Good is like a drum piano, lofty is like a mountain, and soup is like running water" (Lu Chunqiu Benwei). Listening to the piano sounds, you can know that you are aiming at mountains and running water, and hearing and vision communicate with each other.

15. Pun:

Use. It's a pun.

☆ Function: It can make the language express implicitly and humorously, and it can deepen the meaning and give people a deep impression.

(1) Homophonic pun.

For example, "I lost my pride, Yang Jun lost my willow, and Yang Liu ignored the truth and attached importance to Xiao Jiu." ("Yang" actually refers to Yang Kaihui, ". To express the love between men and women)

(2). Phonetic pun.

is a rhetorical way that deliberately leads to the meaning of one thing and the other according to the polysemous conditions of words. This kind of rhetoric often appears in two-part allegorical sayings.

For example, cooking jiaozi in a teapot-the old lady can't put on lipstick-will give you some color to see

. End-to-end connection is more than twice, so that adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be passed on from beginning to end, and the symbol is "ABC,CDE". This rhetorical device is called "top truth", also called "thimble" or "couplet bead".

Using the rhetoric device of top truth can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things.

Example: Friendship is a flower. The two danced.

Friendship is dancing, and the fire of passion is dancing.

Friendship is fire, burning forever.

Dream is wings, flying in the eternal blue sky.

Dream is the sky, covering the vast sea.

Dream is the sea, or the boat is leisurely.

Dream is a boat, riding the wind and waves at sea.

Love is a cloud that turns into timely rain;

Love is rain, which nourishes the trees after a long drought;

Love is a tree, which supports the green shade for you.

17. Intertextuality:

Intertextuality, also called intertextuality, is a rhetorical method often used in ancient Chinese poetry.

In ancient Chinese literature, the meaning belonging to one sentence (or phrase) should be divided into two sentences (or phrases), and the meaning of the upper and lower sentences should be explained. It is a form: the upper and lower sentences or the two parts of a sentence seem to say the same thing, but in fact they echo each other, explain each other and complement each other, and say the same thing.

For example, the moon was off in the Qin Dynasty.

The smoke cage was cold and the moon was full of sand.

The general died in hundreds of battles, and the strong man returned in ten years.

The master dismounted and the passenger boarded the ship. If you don't think carefully and appreciate the past, it's often easy to ignore it.

For example, (1) Smile, confuse Yangcheng, and fascinate Cai. (Song Yu's "The Lothario Fu") means: "She confuses all the dudes in Yangcheng and Xiacai with a smile."

(2) Zi Jianyuan. It's like memorizing it in advance. "

(3) Qi Wei defended, Jing Han recruited. (Li Hua's" Hanging the Ancient Battlefield ") Qi Wei Jing (Chu) Han and other warring states kings recruited soldiers to guard the border for the corvee."

(4) Fierce officials came to my hometown and clamored for things. Harassing the people everywhere. "Here," East, West, North and South "generally refers to" everywhere ".

(5) Don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself. (The Story of Yueyang Tower by Fan Zhongyan) means:" Don't be sad with the influence of external things, and don't be happy with your personal situation. "

18. Loops:

You can be right.

For example:

The pool in the pool is ringing; The golden valley is golden.

Foshan worships Xiangshan Buddha; Weng Yuan nursed Weng Yuan.

Sing Tao Port welcomes Hong Kong Island stars.

Guests are natural residents, but they are actually guests from heaven. People pass through the Big Buddha Temple, and the Buddha in the Temple is bigger than others.

19. Empathy:

In order to highlight some strong feelings, the writer consciously endows objective things with some characteristics that are consistent with his feelings, but actually do not exist. This rhetorical device is called empathy.