1. Location of Bochum, Germany

An ancient historical city in Germany, located on both sides of the middle reaches of the Rhine River, 21 kilometers north of Cologne, straddling the upper reaches of the Rhine River and the lower reaches of the plain. The geographical location is important and it is a strategic location in history.

: 2. Map of Bochum, Germany

1. The name Silk Road was invented by a German more than a hundred years ago. His name was Ferdinand von Richthofen.

Richthofen was born in Karlsruhe in 1833. He has been fascinated by geology since childhood and graduated in geology from the University of Berlin. After graduating from college, he longed to go to East Asia, which he thought would be of great adventure value.

3.Between 1860 and 1862, Richthofen traveled to many places in Asia, such as Ceylon, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Myanmar. From 1868 to 1872, he made seven expeditions to China. Richthofen visited Jingdezhen and inspected the firing process of porcelain, so he named the porcelain clay Jingdezhen kaolin. This is the only mineral deposit in the world named after a place, and today the china clay excavated around the world is called kaolin. He has been to Dujiangyan, a famous city in Sichuan. After his inspection, he was full of praise for the longest-lived water conservancy project in ancient China. He introduced Dujiangyan to the world in detail for the first time, saying that its irrigation method was perfect and unparalleled. He set foot in Shanxi and discovered that Shanxi's underground coal reserves were abundant. He concluded that based on the world's coal consumption levels at that time, only Shanxi's coal reserves in the United States could be used by the world for thousands of years.

Except for the famous Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt, probably no one has explored as many blank areas on the map as Richthofen. The German name of China's Qilian Mountains even adopted his name - Richthofen - Gebilch (ie Richthofen Mountains).

5. In 1873, Richthofen returned to China and served successively as president of the International Geographical Society in Berlin, president of the University of Berlin, professor of geology at the University of Bonn and professor of geography at the University of Leipzig. He spent most of his life writing a five-volume masterpiece: "China—The Results of Personal Travels and Research Based Thereon." It was in the first volume of "China" published in 1877 that Richthofen first proposed the Silk Road and marked it on the map. The term has since been widely adopted.

The former capital of West Germany was called Bonn. Compared with the famous big cities in Germany such as Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne, this city is not well-known and has a small population. However, Bonn is also an ancient historical city with a history of more than 2,000 years and is one of the oldest cities in Germany. The nearest large city to Bonn is Cologne. As early as the beginning of the 1st century AD, the Roman legion set up a barracks in Bonn, a fortress of ancient Rome. Bonn means barracks. With a population of only 300,000, Bonn remains Germany's second largest political center after Berlin.

3. Which city is Bochum in Germany?

Biologists pointed out that the brain of a crow accounts for 2.3 of the body weight, making it stand out among birds. In comparison, the brain weight of the domestic chicken we usually eat only accounts for about 0.1 of the whole body. However, an average person's brain weighs about 1,400 grams. Calculated at 65 kilograms, its weight is only 2.15. It can be seen that crows’ brains are indeed very developed.

Of course, the weight of the brain is just a reference and needs to be proven by actual performance. Scientists have discovered that some of the world's crows have learned how to use tools and may even communicate emotionally with each other.

The latest research shows that, like humans, crows also have their own consciousness! That is, they have their own subjective experiences to understand the world.

Scientists have proven this in primates before. Nowadays, even birds have discovered consciousness, which means we need to re-understand consciousness. This is because they both have brains, but there are still big differences between primates and birds. Take primary consciousness, for example, which is the ability to perceive changes in the present, upcoming, and future world. In primates, this requires help from the cerebral cortex, the bumpy, walnut-like part of the brain.

As for birds, they don't have a cerebral cortex at all. If you have ever eaten chicken or duck heads, you will find that their brains are very smooth, like hazelnut kernels.

Scientists remain skeptical of all crow birds, including crows and magpies, because of this brain structure. Even if they are really smart birds, beyond what many people think, and even have cognitive abilities similar to those of primates, scientists still doubt whether they are conscious minds. So some people hope to prove this conjecture through experiments.

Actually, it's a bit difficult for talking animals. Their consciousness cannot be determined through conversation. Although crows know themselves, understand the world around them, and think about these questions, scientists have never directly proven this theory because they can't communicate with each other and don't show obvious signs of it.

However, Andreas Nieder, an animal physiologist at the University of Tübingen in Germany, has found a way. He and his colleagues devised an ingenious experiment that ultimately demonstrated this in two small-billed crows.

The first step in the experiment was to train two crows to respond to visual stimuli. They put a screen in front of the crow and some lights were projected on the screen. These lights are bright and constantly changing positions, and the two crows in front of the screen keep turning their heads in response to the lights. Apparently, they were staring at the light.

Next, they increased the difficulty. These lights appear for a short time and are much weaker. In this case, the two crows sometimes paid attention to the signal and sometimes didn't.

Over the course of the experiment, there were dozens of links, and each crow was shown nearly 20,000 light signal. During the experiment, the researchers used electrodes implanted in the crows to monitor neuronal activity there. Researchers recorded neuron activity in the crows' brains when they thought they saw light; when the crows didn't, the researchers found that if they couldn't see the light, they wouldn't turn their heads. No such neuronal activity could be detected.

This positive link between neuronal activity and crows is very close and reliable. "The initial hypothesis was that nerve cells that represent visual input without subjective awareness would respond in the same way as visual stimuli of constant intensity," Nieder said. However, our results clearly show that the neurons in the brain responsible for processing higher-order processes in crows are affected by subjective consciousness, or, more precisely, they are generating subjective consciousness.

This shows that subjective consciousness is not unique to mammals, nor does the source of this consciousness come from the cerebral cortex only found in mammals.

In another study, scientists also proved this: the smooth brains of birds are by no means proof that they are less complex than mammals.

In this experiment, biological psychologist Martin Stacho of Ruhr-Universit?t Bochum in Germany and his colleagues used polarization 3D imaging and neural circuit tracing techniques to map the brains of pigeons and owls. Anatomy. As a result, they found that the internal structure of the brains of these two birds is very similar to that of mammals!

The results of this experiment tell us that the consciousness of birds is not so incomprehensible, at least it has a sufficient basis. Perhaps it is with this brain structure that they evolved self-awareness together with mammals, which is called convergent evolution in biology. At the same time, there is another possibility that this function was hidden in the same ancestor of mammals and birds hundreds of millions of years ago, and was only finally realized after the two animals diverged.

Ned pointed out: The last common ancestor of humans and crows lived about 320 million years ago. That sense of perception may have appeared at that time and has been passed down. In either case, the ability to perceive consciousness can be realized in different brain structures without the involvement of the cerebral cortex.

Need’s ancestor was a very ancient creature, an amniote. These creatures, who lived before the age of dinosaurs, had a microcircuitry in their brains that is mirrored in today's birds and mammals.

These studies suggest that primary consciousness may be far more common in birds and mammals than we thought. So, do they still have a second consciousness? Do they realize they are conscious? Will such elementary consciousness help them become intelligent creatures other than humans?

4. Bochum, Ruhr Region, Germany

It is the Ruhr University of Bochum.

The university is a well-known public comprehensive research university located in Westphalia, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is a member of the World University Alliance.

Founded in 1962, it is the first university established by the German Federal Republic. Ruhr University ranks second in the DFG ranking of special research areas in Germany. It is one of Germany's largest universities and part of the German Science Foundation, Germany's most important research funding organization.

In the 2021 World University Rankings, Ruhr University Bochum ranks 251-300 in the world. In the -QS World University Rankings by Subject, many subjects of Ruhr University have entered the top 300 in the world.

: Ruhr area in western Germany 5. Bochum’s position on the German map

Bochum was okay in the past few years, but it has never been a strong team.

：Germany 6. Where is Bochum in Germany

~Stuttgart Stuttgart is located in the central part of the state of Baden-Württemberg (population 11 million, 36,000 square kilometers) in southwestern Germany. Ka Valley, close to the Black Forest, Jura and Swabia. It is not only the state capital, but also the state's district and the capital of Stuttgart and the state's largest city. At the same time, it is also the political center of the state: the Palestinian-French Parliament, the state government and many state government departments are located here. It was a city defense fortress in the 13th century and was the capital of the new Principality of Württemberg. Railway hubs, river ports and international airports. The industrial city of southern Germany is second only to Munich. There are industries such as electronics, automobiles, machinery, precision instruments, textiles, and food. The world-famous Auto City, home to Mercedes-Benz Cars. It is also a publishing center. Many colleges and universities, museums, etc. There are large mineral springs and many vineyards nearby. It is an important mineral water and wine producing area. Hegel was born here. Due to its economic, cultural and administrative importance, it is one of the most famous cities in Germany. Stuttgart is the sixth largest city in Germany, and Stuttgart is the fourth largest urban complex in China (after the Ruhr, Rhine-Main and Berlin). Large cities near Stew include Frankfurt, 204 kilometers north of Stew, and Munich, 220 kilometers southeast. The urban population is approximately 3 million. Stuttgart is a city with a population of 590,000 (September 2005) and an area of ??207 square kilometers. There are 5 inner urban areas and 18 outer urban areas. The famous one includes 141 city pieces of various sizes in these 23 major cities. In order to strengthen the connection between Stuttgart and surrounding towns, Stuttgart was established with the surrounding five state-level counties (Poplingen, Esslingen, G?ppingen, Ludwigsburg and Ims-Mo). It has an area of ??3,700 square kilometers and a population of 2.7 million. Due to its huge size and strong economy, this region has won the Stuttgart European metropolitan area. About 2.7 million residents shuttle between large and small towns in the region every day. It has long been common for them to go to school and work in other places. Residents don't know whether Stuttgart is a city or a region. However, in the official division of the German government, Bavaria - Bavaria is divided into 4 state-level jurisdictions. Stuttgart, the surrounding Heilbronn-Frank region and the East Württemberg region*** together constitute the largest jurisdiction of Stuttgart, with an area of ??11,000 square kilometers and a population of 3.99 million. The remaining three Pakistani-French state jurisdictions are the jurisdiction of Karlsruhe; the jurisdiction of Tübingen; and the jurisdiction of Freiburg. Stuttgart is also home to the Protestant Cathedral (Rectified Church of Württemberg) and one of the two cathedrals of the Catholic Diocese of Rothenburg-Stuttgart. The historical emblem of Stuttgart is a dark horse leaping into a golden field. In fact, the city emblem is fake, because the name Stuttgart has been modified from Stutengarten countless times over the centuries. Originally, the word roughly referred to a mare's garden or stud farm in English.

Around 950, Duke Rudolf of Swabia, one of the sons of Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, founded Stuttgart and used it as a horse (especially for his father's cavalry). Later (around 1300), Stuttgart became the residence of the Counts of Württemberg. In 1496, the Count of Württemberg was promoted to Duke of Württemberg by the Holy Roman Emperor. After Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, the Duke of Württemberg assumed the title of king and Stuttgart became the king's palace. The royal family of Württemberg and Baden-Württemberg originally took their name from a steep mountain in Stuttgart called Württemberg. On the top of the mountain are the tombs of Queen Catalina (daughter of Russian Tsar Paul I) and King William I of Württemberg in 1824. During the revolution of 1848, a democratic and independent parliament (Frankfurt Assembly) was established in Frankfurt to overcome the division of Germany. After lengthy discussions, the Assembly decided to grant the Prussian King the title of German Emperor. When democratic activity waned, the German nobility regained control of their independent lands. In the end, the Prussian king rejected the revolution. The MPs were expelled from Frankfurt, while the most radical MPs (those who wanted to establish a republic) fled to Stuttgart.

After a while, the state of Württemberg, which had been established by the remaining parliamentary parties, was dismissed from the U.S. Army. In 1871, as an autonomous kingdom, Württemberg joined the German Empire created by Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck through several successful wars and diplomatic means. After World War I, the monarchy collapsed and the free state of Württemberg was established as part of the Weimar Republic. In 1920, Stuttgart was the seat of the German National Government (its administration had left Berlin). During World War II, the center of Stuttgart was almost completely destroyed by air raids. The Allies occupied Germany in 1945. They merged Baden and Württemberg and created a new democratic state of Baden-Württemberg (Germany's third largest state) in 1952, with its capital in Stuttgart. After the war, the U.S. Secretary of State first proposed the idea of ????implementing the Marshall Plan (Marshall Plan) in a speech at the Stuttgart Opera House (September 6, 1946), which was a plan to support the economic and political recovery and reconstruction of Europe. This speech directly led to the unification of the British and American occupied zones, known as the bi-zone. Two years later, France joined the dual zone and became the third zone, laying the foundation for the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany. Both Stuttgart and Frankfurt were serious contenders to become the federal capital, but Bonn won out. Over the next 70 years, during the Cold War, all U.S. military joint command centers in Europe, Africa, and the Atlantic were transferred to U.S. European Command (EUCOM) in Stuttgart. EUCOM's headquarters is still here today. Stuttgart has the densest concentration of scientific, theoretical and research institutions in Germany. Approximately 11% of the scientific research results of the United States in Germany come from here, and the annual profits generated from this amount to 4.3 billion euros. There are six FlawnHof institutes, two MaxPlanck institutes, two universities and a media school (University of Stuttgart, University of Hohenheim, School of Communication Stuttgart), and other scientific research institutions are located here. Stuttgart has 150,000 companies and is famous for its high-tech industry. The most famous companies include DaimlerChrysler, Porsche, Bosch, HP and IBM, as well as world-famous companies, all of which have their German headquarters here. Stuttgart is also home to Germany's second largest stock exchange after Frankfurt. Many important financial companies have their headquarters in Stuttgart. Stuttgart is an important transportation hub in Pakistan - Fuzhou. There is the largest Stuttgart Airport (airport code: STR) in the south of Stuttgart. The third terminal of the airport was officially opened in March 2004, increasing the passenger flow of the airport to 12 million passengers. In 2003, the airport carried 7.6 million passengers. It is expected to reach 8.3 million this year. Stuttgart is of course also an important railway hub. From here, passengers can easily reach Karlsruhe, Strasbourg and Paris. Any city in the Mannheim-Cologne direction; Ulm-Munich direction; Zurich-Milan direction; and Heilbronn-Nuremberg direction. At the same time, Stuttgart's Konwestheim Railway Station is also one of the important train marshalling stations.

Two important German highways, the A8 (Paris-Munich) and the A81 (Zurich-Würzburg), meet in Stuttgart, forming an important external transportation network in Stuttgart. At the same time, an inland port has also become the mainstay of Stuttgart's freight. Public transportation: Stuttgart has a large, advanced and convenient public transportation network inside and outside the city. Six light rail train lines (S-Bahn) operated jointly by Deutsche Bahn (DB) and local governments connect all Stuttgart towns. The city also has 18 subway lines (U-Bahn) (including some special lines); tram lines; gear-driven tram lines; a cable car line and countless bus lines, all of which are operated solely by Stuttgart Tram Company (SSB). To complement this, many private transport companies have opened new bus routes. However, all transportation companies must be uniformly managed by VVS (Stuttgart Transportation and Price Alliance), which not only formulates unified ticket types and prices, but also provides a detailed train query system. People, culture and architecture Stuttgart is famous for its cultural life, especially the Staatstheater and Staatsgalerie. The Staatstheater includes an opera house and three smaller theaters that perform opera, ballet, drama and concerts.

The world-famous Stuttgart Opera has won the prestigious Opera of the Year (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) for five years (1998-2002). The famous Stuttgart Ballet is associated with the names of John Cranko and Marcia Heidi. The city also has two Broadway-style musical theaters - the Apollo Theater and the Palladian Theater (each with 1,800 seats). Stuttgart city center was severely damaged during World War II. During the urban reconstruction of the 1950s and 1960s, many historic buildings disappeared, such as the Kronprinzenpalais on Schlossplatz. The city today lacks historical buildings. In addition to reconstructed historic buildings, the city also boasts some excellent post-war modern architecture. 1200-1600 Collegiate Church (Stiftskirche, Romanesque/Gothic), the interior was simplified during post-war reconstruction; 300-1500 Old Royal Palace (Altes Schlo, Renaissance style), rebuilt after post-war; 1700-1800 New Royal Palace (Neuesschlo , baroque/classical), interior modernization during post-war reconstruction; 700-1800 Castle Solitude (baroque/rococo style); 850 K?nigsbau (nigsbau, classicism), post-war reconstruction; 910 Market Hall (art nouveau); 920 Railway Station (Pre-Modern); 920 International Housing and Exhibition Complex (Weissenhof Estate, Bauhaus/International); 950 TV Tower (the world’s first concrete TV tower); 980 Neue Staatsgalerie (Post-Modern); 2000 2005 Stuttgart Airport Terminal, located outside the city near Leinfelden-Eckertdingen; 2005 Kunsthalle Stuttgart (Modernism).

Hegel: philosopher Friedrich Schiller: poet Gottlieb Daimler: inventor of the motorcycle Karl Benz: inventor of the car Wilhelm Maybach: inventor who founded Benz with Gottlieb Daimler Robert Bosch: Inventor, founder of Robert Bosch GmbH Berthold von Stauffenberg: Member of the German Resistance who tried to kill Hitler Ferdinand Porsche: Theodor Harveys, founder of the Porsche Car Company: Richa De von Weizs?cker, the first post-war German president: Günter Bernisch, German president and mayor of Berlin: Architect Jürgen Klinsmann: Football player, German football coach Roland Emmerich: Director Richard William: Sinologist Friendly City St. Helens (UK) 1948 Cardiff (UK) 1955 St. Louis (USA) 1960 Strasbourg (France) 1962 Bombay (India) 1968 Camp Bourguiba (Tunisia) 1971 Cairo (Egypt) 1979 Lodz

7. Population of Bochum, Germany

There is a club called BonnerSC in Bonn.

Sportpark Nord plays in the Landesliga, Germany's seventh league.

8. The geographical location of Bochum, Germany

The World's Largest American Telescope (FAST) is a construction project started in 2011. The project laid the foundation stone on December 26, 2008.

A few days ago, the world's largest spherical radio telescope in China was successfully built in Pingtang County, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province. The telescope is 500 meters in diameter and covers an area of ??about 30 football fields. The project laid the foundation stone on December 26, 2008 and is expected to be completed in September 2016.

FAST is called the Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (500 Meter Spherical Radio Telescope). This telescope is one of the nine national science and technology infrastructures identified by the National Science and Education Leading Group. Taking advantage of the original design of Chinese scientists and the unique terrain conditions of the karst depression in southern Guizhou, China, a highly sensitive giant radio telescope about the size of 30 football fields will be built.

After completion, FAST will become the world's largest radio telescope. The 100-meter telescope in Bonn, Germany, is known as the largest machine on the ground, and FAST is about 10 times more sensitive. Compared with the Arecibo 300-meter telescope in the United States, which was rated as one of the top ten projects of the 20th century before the Apollo moon landing, the overall performance has been improved by about 10 times. As the world's largest single-aperture telescope, FAST will remain the world's best-in-class facility for the next 20 to 30 years.