1．. Briefly introduce the meaning of the word "Baroque" in the history of music.

baroque in Portuguese originally meant an irregular pearl, and now it refers to the luxurious architectural style in Europe in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Musicians use this phrase to explain the musical style of the same period in general (see below).

2. What are the characteristics of the melody of Baroque music?

Phrases vary in length and have a long breath. No matter vocal music or instrumental music, the melody is unprecedentedly gorgeous and complex, with quite a few decorative sounds and modal patterns. Like the melodies of the Renaissance, the progress of the melodies is often characterized by visualization and symbolism. What is striking is that there is a clear harmony attribute in the melody.

3. What was the rhythm of music in Baroque period?

There are two kinds of rhythms: free rhythm and clear and regular rhythm. The former is used for recitation, toccata, prelude, etc., while the latter is used for aria, fugue, dance music, etc., which will remain constant in a movement. These two rhythms are often used together, such as recitation and aria, prelude (or toccata) and fugue.

4. what mode does baroque music adopt?

The major and minor tone system has replaced the "church mode" in the past.

5. what is the harmony of baroque music?

A complete system of major and minor functions and harmony centered on subject, genus and subordinate has been formed, and dissonance is used to transform the tonality and make harmonic progression full of power and emotion. The invention of the law of twelve averages in the 17th century is closely related to the full development of the harmony system.

6. what is basso continuo (also known as digital bass figured bass or bass continuo)?

the unique means of composition in the baroque period. Write a clear note on the bass part of the score of a keyboard instrument (usually a clavichord) and mark it with a number that explains the harmony above it (for example, the number 6 means that there should be its sixth and third tones above the note). According to this prompt, the player plays bass and harmony, and the arrangement and texture of the chords are chosen by the player himself.

7. what is the texture of baroque music?

Polyphony texture is dominant, and its writing technique has reached an unprecedented peak. The difference between polyphony and Renaissance is that it is a counterpoint based on functional harmony. At the same time, there are also many works using thematic texture.

8. What was the musical form in the Baroque period?

It is mainly composed of multi-movement structures, such as suites, variations, concertos, cantatas, oratorios, etc., which are in contrast with each other in rhythm, speed and style. Preludes and fugues, recitations and arias are commonly used. The internal structure of polyphonic music is a continuum (not segmented) written by imitation, but clear factors of presentation, development and reproduction can be seen. At the same time, there are also segmented structures, variations, Passacaglia and summer sky forms that vary on a fixed bass melody.

9. What were the main musical genres in the Baroque period?

Vocal music: Mass, classic songs, hymns, operas, oratorios, cantata, suffering music and various solo and chorus songs. Instrumental music: toccata, prelude, fantasia, fugue, variations, suites, sonatas (mainly solo sonatas and triplets) and concertos (orchestral concertos, concertos, and solo concertos).

1. What was the mood of music in Baroque period?

Keep a basic mood within a movement, and contrast will be formed between movements.

11. What was the strength of music in Baroque period?

instead of pursuing subtle changes of gradual strength and gradual weakness, a clear "step-by-step strength" is adopted. Question and answer 1

1. When and where was Opera born? How was it born?

Born in Florence, Italy in the late 16th century and early 17th century. Born by Buddy, Vincenzo Galilei, members of camerata Club (meaning club or clique) in Buddy's court, and Florence scholar Mei on the basis of a lot of research on ancient Greek tragedies.

2. What are the musical forms of opera?

The combination of music and drama can be traced back to ancient times, including ancient Greek tragedy, medieval ritual drama, religious mystery drama, miracle drama, Renaissance pastoral suite, pastoral drama, inter-act drama and other forms.

3. Introduce the intermedio and pastoral drama.

Inter-act drama is a short play with music that is performed between two acts of drama. Pastoral drama is a stage play with music with legendary or rural themes.

4. which was the first opera in history? Who created it? Where is the story based?

In p>1597, Daphne, written by Rinuchini and composed by Perry, was based on Greek mythology. But the score has been lost.

5. which is the first existing opera? Who created it? Where is the story based?

In p>16, Nuccini wrote a play, and Perry and Kaccini composed Eurydice. Based on Greek mythology.

6. What was the musical form in the earliest operas?

The vocal part is mainly based on recitation, accompanied by a few musical instruments, and basso continuo is adopted. The music form is relatively simple.

7. Introduce Monteverdi's concept of opera writing and his early opera forms.

It is mainly to strengthen musicality and emotional expression. The specific method is to lengthen the melody line of recitative to make it singing, and alternate with short songs, duets and pastoral duets to form a contrast. He used a large-scale band accompaniment, and produced a strong dramatic effect through the use of vibrating, plucking and dissonance of stringed instruments. Add instrumental passages to the opera, such as the first "Tokata" (later overture) and the middle dance music. The basic mode of opera was formed in his creation.

question and answer 2

8. Name two representative works of Monteverdi.

Mr. Flo (or translated as Orpheus) and Arianna.

9. After Monteverdi, who is the representative figure of Venice opera in the 17th century (the Venetian school of opera)?

cavalli (162-1676) and Cesti (Cesti,1623-1669), students of Monteverdi.

who were the main representatives of Napoli opera (Napoli school or Napoli school) in Italy in the 1th and 18th century? What are the characteristics of his creation?

Alessandro scarlatti (166-1725). He attached importance to the lyrical function of music in opera, emphasized the expressive force of aria, and founded the formal structure of ABA, called "back to the beginning aria" or "da capo aria". His band was more complete, and he also created the "fast-slow-fast" opera overture (then called "symphony" sinfonia).

11. What are the characteristics of Napoli's opera?

Pay attention to the beauty of the soloist's voice and the external effect of music, and pursue the stylization of music language and form. The music texture is simple, mainly solo melody and simple harmony accompaniment. The disadvantage is the lack of authenticity and dramatic strength. This tendency led to the decline of opera in the 18th century.

12. Introduce recitation and aria.

In opera (or oratorio), recitation is used for character dialogue and plot development, and its melody is close to recitation. Aria is used to express the feelings of characters and express singing skills, with beautiful and gorgeous music and wide range.

13. what are the vernacular recitation recitation intonation (also translated as clear recitation intonation, dry recitation intonation, recitativo secco,dry recitative) and recitation with accompaniment (regenerative obbligato, accompagnato)?

The former is a recitative tune accompanied by harpsichord and a bass instrument, which is mainly used for long dialogues and monologues. The latter is accompanied by a band, which is used for tense dramatic scenes. Because it has the characteristics of aria to some extent, it is also called Aria or Recitative Aria.

14. what is "Da Capo Aria"?

ABA three-step aria can be reproduced with some free tricks according to the singer's preference.

question and answer 3

15.a. what is the overture of Italian opera established by scarlatti?

(see question 1 in this section)

16. How did French opera come into being?

After it was introduced from Italy in the 17th century, it immediately took on the characteristics of French: attaching importance to recitation, which highlighted the unique rhythm and sense of French; Add a lot of dance scenes to the opera; The stage decoration is extremely gorgeous, showing the style of imperial life; The overture of opera adopts the speed arrangement opposite to that of Italy: slow-fast-slow.

17. which composer laid the foundation for French opera?

originally from Italy, Lully (1632-1687). (For the opera style, see question 15 above)

18. Briefly introduce the historical contribution of the French composer Ramo.

He wrote a lot of opera and clavichord works, but more importantly, he published the Basic Theory of Harmony in 1722, which laid the foundation for modern harmony theory.

19. Who is the representative figure of British opera creation? Please give me a representative work.

Purcell (1659-1695), whose masterpiece is Didong and Eni.

2. Introduce the German "Singing Spiel".

German folk operas with dialogues have distinctive national characteristics. It has an important influence on the development of German opera.

21. Introduce Oratorio Passion and Cantata.

oratorio: the lyrics of religious or epic themes are set to music, including solo, duet, chorus and orchestral music, and performed in a church or concert hall. Different from opera, oratorio has no complicated stage equipment and dramatic action performance.

Passion Song: The musical form, like oratorio, focuses on the story of the crucifixion of Christ Jesus.

cantata: also translated as chorus, it is a genre with solo, duet, chorus and orchestra, with religious and secular contents. Like oratorio, there is no stage installation and dramatic action performance. 1. Introduce the variations and fantasia of German Lutheranism.

organ music with variations or free development based on the melody of the chorus.

2. Introduce toccata and fugue.

tokata: a genre of keyboard music, with a free rhythm and dazzling skills.

fugue: a genre of polyphonic music with strict structure and standard rhythm, which is mainly composed of parody on a theme.

3. Introduce chaconne and passacaglia.

Qiakong, also translated as Xiakong, is a three-time dance music with solemn style. It is usually written by variation on a fixed bass (or a harmonic progression pattern) that appears many times. Passacaglia and Chakong are often indistinguishable.

4. Introduce the suite of Baroque period.

a genre that organizes dance music with different speeds, beats and national styles.

5. Who were the most famous composers of clavichord in Baroque period?

French F. Couperin (1668-1733) and Ramo, Italian D. scarlatti (1685-1757), German Bach and Handel.

6. what is the equal temperament?

A method of tuning all semitones within an octave to the same distance (minutes) on a keyboard instrument. 1. Introduce the church sonata (sonata da chiesa) and the chamber sonata (sonata da camera) in Baroque period.

sonatas are instrumental music for solo or ensemble. The former style is more serious, and dance music is rarely used, while the latter is lighter, and dance music style is adopted in all paragraphs.

2. Introduce solo sonata and trio sonata.

A solo sonata consists of a violin (or flute or other instrument) and a basso continuo instrument, and sometimes only one instrument is solo (such as an unaccompanied violin sonata or an clavichord sonata). The triple sonata is played by two violins, a basso continuo instrument (keyboard instrument) and a cello (or bassoon), two violins play two contrapuntal melodies, and the other two instruments play bass and harmony. 1. Introduce concerto grosso, solo concerto and band concerto.

concerto: a solo group composed of several musical instruments and an orchestra.

solo concerto: a solo instrument and an orchestra.

Band Concerto (also translated as Orchestral Concerto): It does not highlight a certain instrument or a certain instrument group, but is actually orchestral music. Generally, it is written by the first violin part playing the main theme and using digital bass.

2. Introduce A.Vivaldi (1675-1741) and his concerto The Four Seasons.

(omitted) The following questions are welcome to be discussed by friends.

1. What is the most outstanding writing skill of J.S.Bach (1685-175)? Or: What is Bach's greatest contribution in the history of music?

(Bach has a beautiful song called "minuet in G major". You can listen to it. There is a short interlude in 4 IN LOVE's "One Thousand and One Wishes". )

2. Bach is called a "carry forward the past and forge ahead into the future" figure. Why?

3. There are many kinds of Bach's works. Please cite his main representative works of religious music, organ music, classical piano music, soloist music and orchestral music.

(He has many songs like "Ode to Our Lady", "Good night", "Aria on G string", "minuet in G major", "Violin Concerto in A minor", "Aria in Orchestral Suite No.3", "Orchestral Suite No.2 V Polish Dance" and so on. )

4. Handel (1685-1759) made outstanding achievements in those two music genres?

5. Why is Handel's opera writing frustrated? What are the characteristics of his opera?

6. What are the characteristics of Handel's oratorio creation? Please briefly introduce Messiah.

7. What are Handel's important instrumental works?

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