1) Music
The ethnic minorities in Guizhou are good at singing and dancing, and their traditional music and dance are rich and colorful. The ethnic music of Guizhou not only has many categories, but also has its own characteristics. The following is a brief introduction to the songs of some major ethnic minorities in Guizhou Province.
1. Miao people
(1) Songs
The songs of the Miao people can be divided into Fei songs, Youfang songs, custom songs, narrative songs, sacrificial songs, etc. Several kinds. "Fei Ge" is a distinctive genre of Miao music, which is mostly sung in mountains, forests and fields. It is characterized by high pitch, powerful momentum, broad and free rhythm, and large ups and downs of melody. In some areas, male voices and female voices are distinguished, and they are divided into high and flat accents. Fei Ge has a wide range of themes and can be called a treasure of Miao singing art.
(2) Musical Instruments The most famous Miao musical instrument is the Lusheng. Paika Village in Leishan County and Xinguang Village in Kaili City are famous villages specialized in making reeds. Others include mang tube, suona, tuba, straight flute, bamboo flute, mouth string, ancient laoqin, erhu, Sihu, wooden drum, bronze drum, leather drum, large sieve gong, large gong, bago gong, large shackles, Xiaosha, Konoha, etc. According to function, Miao instrumental music can be divided into two categories: customary and ritual music and daily life music. The former is composed of musical instruments, while the latter is mostly solo.
2. Buyi people
The music of Buyi people includes two categories: vocal music and instrumental music.
(1) Songs
Based on the usage of lyrics, Buyi folk songs can be divided into Buyi folk songs and Chinese folk songs.
According to the content and singing occasions, they can be divided into love songs, production and labor songs, custom songs, etc.
(2) Musical Instruments
The musical instruments of the Buyi people include bronze drums, suona, "Leyou", "Lelang", "pen tube", sister flute, duel flute, and ox bone Hu, gourd qin, flute, yueqin, leather drum, big gong, small horse gong, mang gong, small cymbal, small cymbal, wooden leaf, etc. Its performance forms include solo, ensemble, ensemble, percussion, etc.
3. Ser Tribe
(1) Songs The Ser Tribe is divided into two dialect areas, the southern and the northern, with Jinping as the boundary. The musical styles of the two dialect areas are very different.
A. Northern Dong
Folk songs in the northern region include folk songs, folk songs, riverside songs, good things songs (drinking songs), wedding songs, etc. Folk songs have a wide range of themes and rich content. It is mostly performed in the form of duet singing and mutual singing. Wanfolk is a song for young men and women to communicate their thoughts and feelings and express their love. This kind of song has a high-pitched tune, passionate and unrestrained, wide range, free and varied rhythm. The good thing song is a song sung at banquets. The tunes vary from place to place. Generally speaking, the melody is comfortable and beautiful. Marriage accompaniment songs are songs sung by girls from the same clan and village to accompany the bride one month or more before her marriage. In addition, filial piety songs also have certain characteristics.
B. Southern Dong
The traditional Dong culture preserved in the southern region is more complete, so its music has strong national characteristics. The music in this area can be roughly divided into big songs, small songs, ritual songs and narrative songs. Big songs are songs sung by a chorus. The main melody is in the bass part, and the treble part is formed by the addition of flowers at the beginning of the song. The structure of the big song is rigorous and has a relatively fixed form. There are many types of big songs, including drum tower songs, narrative songs, children's songs, female songs, mixed songs, etc. Multi-part a cappella songs are the most distinctive form of music of the Dong people. They have been performed abroad many times and are well-known overseas. The content of Xiaoge is mainly love songs. This type of song has a short structure, implicit and affectionate lyrics, and euphemistic and touching tunes. Most of them are sung softly and slowly by young men and women. Xiaoge is divided into two types: instrumental accompaniment and non-instrumental accompaniment.
(2) Musical Instruments
The Dong musical instruments mainly include pipa, corbeled harp, reed, dong flute, suona, erhu, gongs and drums, cymbals, wooden leaves, etc. There are several ways of playing: solo, accompaniment and ensemble.
4. Shui Nationality
(1) Songs
Shui nationality folk songs are mainly divided into double songs, single songs, tunes, "Jie'er Ya", children's songs, etc. . Double songs are divided into toasts, congratulations, narrative double songs and allegorical double songs. The former type of double song usually involves singing one song and one song. There are two fixed lines of harmony at the beginning of the song, and there are also two lines of eulogizing harmony at the end of the song. When the singing begins, the singer raises a glass or waves his chopsticks on the table, and the people around him will sing the harmony in unison. When the main part of the song is finished, everyone will sing backing and support in tacit understanding. Each lyric of a single song can exist independently and express an independent meaning. In terms of the use of vocal cavity, it can be divided into two types: flat cavity and high cavity. In terms of music rhythm, compared with other types of songs, it is relatively free and rigid, and it is an older form of aquatic music.
(2) Musical instruments
Aquatic musical instruments include bronze drums, leather drums, reeds, suonas and erhus.
5. Gelao
(1) Songs
The songs of the Gelao mainly include folk songs, love songs, drinking songs, wedding songs, sacrificial songs and children's songs. Folk songs are songs sung on hillsides and fields, with a wide range of content. The lyrics are mostly seven words and four sentences, with a lively rhythm. Love songs are songs about love between young men and women, and their melodies are graceful and graceful. Drinking songs are songs sung at weddings, funerals and festival celebrations. The rhythm and melody are simple and unsophisticated.
Wedding custom songs are sung at weddings, with bright rhythm and smooth melody. Sacrificial songs are sung when worshiping ancestors during festivals and festivals. Their tunes can be said to be an exaggerated extension of spoken pronunciation, with strong recitation and no constant rhythm. Gelao children's songs have lively rhythms and simple emotions.
(2) Musical Instruments
The musical instruments of the Gelao people include reeds, suona, gongs and drums, wooden tubes, wooden leaves, flutes, flutes, yueqin, erhu, fourhu, etc.
6. Tujia
(1) Songs
Tujia songs include folk songs, slapstick songs, custom songs, sacrificial songs, wedding songs, and labor songs. Song,
"Liu Zi Le", etc. Folk songs are rich in content and simple in emotion. Slapstick songs are also a type of folk songs. Because they are performed with the accompaniment of gongs and drums, they are also called "grass gongs and drums". Slapstick songs are songs sung to relieve fatigue and stimulate emotions during the cutting process. Usually it is sung by two people, sometimes leading the singing, sometimes singing duet, and sometimes the working people also join in the singing. Two singers followed closely behind the grass-plucking team, one playing the gong and the other the drum. Wherever the grass-plucking team fell behind, they would catch up to where they were, beating and singing at the same time. Sometimes some humorous counters are added before singing, which is called "shouting slogans" to make the atmosphere more lively. The melody of slapstick songs is passionate, high-pitched, simple and free, with many high notes and long sounds, and the tunes are long and broad. Labor chants and "Liuzi music" are musical forms with strong characteristics in Tujia music. Labor chants have the characteristics of polyphonic structure. One is a two-part structure with one leader and the chorus, and the other is a three-part structure with a secondary leader and two leaders and the chorus. The latter is a relatively primitive contrasting polyphonic texture and a relatively distinctive polyphonic music in my country's folk chorus.
(2) Musical Instruments
"Liuzi Music" is a percussion music widely circulated among the Tujia people. The basic musical instruments include small gongs, large gongs, cymbals, and drums. There are hundreds of traditional tunes. Tujia musical instruments include suona, erhu, xiao, yueqin, baobao drum, small cymbals, drums and so on. "Bayin", played by eight people using eight instruments, is unique. Its music is often composed of eight ditties.
7. Yi Nationality
(1) Songs
The folk songs of the Yi Nationality include "Qugu", which is a song sung in Chinese that reflects the love life of young men and women. "Shacha" (Han song), wedding songs, funeral songs, narrative songs, "Bimo" songs and children's songs, etc.
The singing forms of Qu Gu are mainly solo and duet, but also include chorus and simple two-part chorus. Female voices mostly use falsetto voices, while male voices mostly use real voices. The lyrics of "Shacha" are mainly in Chinese, and the lyrics structure and rhythmic characteristics are the same as those of Guizhou Han folk songs. Wedding songs are songs sung at weddings. Due to different singing roles and song content, the tunes and melodic characteristics are also different. Funeral songs are similar to the filial piety songs of the Han people. They come in the form of solo singing, duet singing, etc. The tunes are simple and mostly rap style. Some songs only repeat one phrase, and the mood is relatively low. The melody of narrative songs has small fluctuations and simple structure. Most of them are endless repetitions of one or two phrases. Only a few songs have a multi-section structure with strong melody. "Bi Mo" song is a song sung by religious professionals "Bi Mo" at sacrificial ceremonies. Its melody has small ups and downs, almost chanting. The tunes of children's songs are similar to "Qu Gu" sung by adults, but their rhythms are brighter, their structures are short, and their language is vivid.
(2) Musical Instruments
The main musical instruments of the Yi people include suona, yueqin, erhu, gongs, drums, cymbals, etc.
8. Other ethnic minorities
The Yao, Zhuang, Bai and other ethnic groups also have their own unique music forms, which enrich the treasure house of Guizhou’s music culture.
(2) Dance
There are many types of ethnic dances in Guizhou, which are full of distinctive national characteristics.
1. Miao people,
Among the Miao people, Lusheng dance is the most popular and distinctive dance form. It is popular in other areas except Tongren area. Lusheng dance is mostly performed in festivals, mainly group dances. In addition to group dances, Lusheng dance in northwest Guizhou is also performed by one or several people. Some Lusheng Dance performers can perform many thrilling and difficult movements, integrating dance, acrobatics, sports and music. Drum dance is also a popular dance among the Miao people, especially the flower drum dance in Songtao area is the most famous. There are men's dance, women's dance, mixed dance, single dance, duet dance, four-person dance, eight-person dance and other forms. Judging from the number of musical instruments, there are single-sided drums, double-sided drums, four-sided drums, etc. Dance postures can express various aspects of social life. The movements of Taijiang's anti-thrust dance are enthusiastic and unrestrained, and are known as "Oriental Disco". Danzhai's "Golden Pheasant Dance" is also very unique. It is a mixed group dance. Several young men line up in several rows and play the Lusheng in front to guide them. Dozens or even hundreds of young women line up to follow closely in a long snake formation. After that, spin in a counterclockwise direction, dancing while spinning. The dance is mainly based on foot movements, with the waist and knees swinging naturally, and the hands relaxed vertically on the skirt. The dance steps are slow and graceful. Set off by the unique costumes, the whole dance is like a golden pheasant foraging for food, full of rich flavor of life. In addition, bench dance, bronze drum dance, etc. are also popular in some Miao areas in southeastern, southern and southwestern Guizhou.
2. Buyi people
The dances of the Buyi people include bird and animal dances that imitate birds and beasts as the main feature, and are performed during sacrificial ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits and pray for blessings and ward off disasters. sacrificial dances, as well as folk dances that express production, life, struggle and customs, etc. Among them, sacrificial dances occupy a larger proportion. For example, "Bronze Drum Dance", "Round Dance", "Transition Dance", etc. are all performed at funeral ceremonies. Buyi dances are mostly performed by men and women, and the number of performers is mostly an even number. Dance music is mainly percussion. The widespread use of props in dance constitutes one of the distinctive features of Buyi dance.
3. Dong people
The dances of the Dong people include "Duoye", Lusheng dance, dragon dance, lion dance, etc. "Duoye" is mainly popular in Congjiang, Rongjiang and Liping. During the dance, men or women, or a mixture of men and women, form a circle, hold hands, dance and sing in neat steps, and wave their hands to clap at the same time, creating a lively atmosphere.
The Lusheng dance is performed by the dancers themselves, who play the Lusheng to the accompaniment. It is mostly a group dance, and sometimes the number of people can reach hundreds. There are also some who play solo and dance alone. Lusheng dance can imitate people's social production and life, imitate the movements of people and animals, and is very expressive. There is also a dance form with more national characteristics among the Dong people, "Dragon Breathing". During the performance, young men and women divide into two columns, first winding from the outside to the inside, and then from the inside to the outside, coiling into a spiral, like a long dragon. Dragon dances and lion dances are mostly held during the Spring Festival, and are similar to dragon dances and lion dances of other ethnic groups.
4. Tujia people's dance,
The most famous dance of Tujia people is waving their hands. Dance. It is usually performed from the third to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. During the performance, a dancer leads the dancers in a circle, and one person plays the gong and drums in the center of the circle. , plays the role of conductor and accompaniment. The hand-waving dance can express aspects of production and social life. The dance is vigorous, rough and bold. The eight-treasure copper bell dance is also unique. This is the "Tima" of the Tujia religious profession. The dances performed when hosting the "paying money" ceremony to the ancestors include sitting dance and standing dance, with simple movements. In addition, the Tujia people also popular the Meishan dance, the dragon lantern dance and the clam shell dance.
5. Yi people
Dances of the Yi people include "Ameikai" (sisters' song and dance) performed during weddings, and "Kenhebei" (also known as "bell dance" or "jumping feet") performed during funerals ), "Buckwheat Dance" and "Wheat Planting" that reflect productive labor, as well as the children's dance "Asilisi" and the festival dance "Zui Longmen", etc. The same type of dance has different programs and performance forms in different places. For example, "Ameikai" has "Nuoshejie" (cricket dance) popular in Bijie, Jinsha, and Dafang areas, and "Uncle Bi" popular in Bijie, Jinsha, Dafang, Nayong, Weining, and Shuicheng. "Lei" (straw mat dance), "Shugu Shugugu" (circle dance) popular in Weining and Hezhang areas, "Tiaojie" popular in Panxian and Liuzhi areas, etc. The styles of different programs There are also differences. In general, the dances of the Yi people are lively, rough and vigorous.
6. Gelao people's dances include stepping on the hall, wine ceremony dance, dragon lantern dance and so on. Lion dance, etc. The Tangtang Dance is performed in the hall where the coffin is kept during the funeral. At that time, 3 or 4 people will play the Lusheng, rattle the money pole, and dance the knife as the precursor, while dancing and singing. They walk hand in hand behind each other, bending slightly while dancing, jumping back and forth, and constantly changing formation. During the performance, the lead dancer holds a handkerchief and leads the dancers in a circle in front of the house. , singing and dancing in a counterclockwise direction, and the atmosphere is lively.
7. Shui Nationality dances
The main dances of Shui Nationality are copper drum dance and horn dance. Bronze drum dance is mainly used in weddings and funerals. Performed on occasions such as festivals and festivals, this dance can express rich social life content. The dancers take strong steps or spin rapidly to the beat of bronze drums and leather drums. The scene is both spectacular, warm and elegant. The jiaojiao dance is usually performed by 10 people, 5 of whom play reeds, 5 of whom play horns, and 5 girls with pheasant tails on their heads and white chicken feather skirts tied around their waists dance to the rhythm. The person playing the small reed leads the dance, followed by the person playing the middle reed.
8. The main dances of the Yao people are as follows. Monkey drum dance, hunting dance and long drum dance are all performed at funerals. At that time, a large wooden drum with shoulder height will be erected in the center of the field, and several bronze drums will be hung on one side of the field. The performers imitate the movements of monkeys and keep jumping and hitting the wooden drum. At the same time, some people take turns to play the bronze drum to add to the fun. The rhythm is consistent with the dancing posture.
Hunting dance is called "Shujiu" in Yao language and is also performed at funerals. There are bear dances, monkey dances, goat dances, wild boar dances, etc., which represent hunting scenes. Changgu is a festive dance that mainly shows scenes of productive labor and wooden drum making.
9. Maonan people
Monkey drum dance is also popular among the Maonan people.
(3) Drama
In Guizhou, a land inhabited by many ethnic groups, there are many professional performing arts groups. Qian Opera is a hometown drama in Guizhou and is very popular among people across the province. The dramas "Qin Niangmei", "The Fragrant Lady", large-scale musical and dance drama "Man Luohua", etc. have been made into opera films, and the lantern drama "Seven Sisters and the Snake Man" are also well-known both inside and outside the province. There are more than 4,000 amateur art performance groups active across our province. Among them are the Lusheng Team, the Suona Team, the Song and Dance Team, the Acrobatic Team, the Musical Team, the Lantern Team, the Di Opera Team, the Nuo Tang Opera Troupe, the Buyi Opera Troupe, etc. Most of their programs and plays are self-written and performed, with strong national characteristics. They are enthusiastically supported by people of all ethnic groups and are also welcomed by foreign friends.
Guizhou ethnic minority dramas include Nuo opera with strong witchcraft color, lantern opera transplanted from the Han people, and Buyi opera and Dong opera with strong comprehensiveness.
1. Nuo opera
Several ethnic groups in Guizhou have Nuo opera. Nuo opera can be roughly divided into two categories: Wu Nuo and Jun Nuo.
(1) Wu Nuo
It is popular among the Miao, Buyi, Dong, Tujia, Yi and Gelao ethnic groups. The Wu Nuo among these ethnic groups can be roughly divided into Take the Nuo Tan Opera popular among the Tujia, Gelao and other ethnic groups in eastern and northern Guizhou, the "Nuo Chu" popular among the Buyi people in Libo, and the "Cuo Taiji" popular in Weining.
(2) Jun Nuo
Jun Nuo is popular in Anshun City and Guiyang City. It was brought to Guizhou by the Ming Dynasty army who "moved north to conquer the south" in the Ming Dynasty. It was popular in the army at first as a kind of military training activity. Later, it gradually turned into a folk entertainment activity with religious color, and was introduced to the Buyi, Gelao and other ethnic groups. Because there is no stage and is performed on the ground, it is also called "Di Opera"; because it has religious overtones, it is also called "Tiao Shen"
Di Opera is performed in the first month of the lunar calendar. Its performance also has the nature of worshiping gods, but the witch component is much less than that of Wu Nuo. The repertoire of the opera is mostly martial arts, performing official historical stories. The main ones include "Xue Rengui's Conquest of the East", "Xue Dingshan's Conquest of the West", "Five Tigers Conquering the West" and "The Story of Jingzhong", etc. Masks are required during performances. Compared with the ferocious and weird masks of Nuo opera, the masks of earth opera are kinder and kinder.
2. Lantern Opera
Lantern Opera is an opera art form widely popular among the Han people. Its outstanding feature is that it keeps its hands on the fan and handkerchief, singing and dancing, and the singing and performance are closely integrated. After the Ming Dynasty "died the north and conquered the south" and "died the north and filled the south", with the arrival of a large number of Han immigrants, it was gradually introduced to Guizhou, and was absorbed by some ethnic minorities. After a certain degree of nationalization, it became the opera art of this nation. form. ;
Among the ethnic minorities in Guizhou, the most popular lantern operas are Buyi, Tujia, Gelao, Miao and other ethnic groups. Among them, the Buyi lanterns in Dushan and the Tujia lanterns in eastern Guizhou are the most famous.
Dushan lanterns are closely related to Jiangxi's "tea picking" and "Yiyang tune", and have absorbed the colorful art of the Zhuang people in Guangxi. The early Dushan lanterns were mainly about singing and dancing, and the repertoire included "Stepping on the New Stage" and "Lingguan Sweeping the Stage", etc. Later, drama repertoire gradually appeared, such as "The Story of Huaiyin", "The Story of the Red Lantern" and "Return of the Soul" etc. . The lyrics of the Dushan Buyi Huadeng Daobai are mainly in Chinese, but also in Buyi language.
" Tujia lanterns in eastern Guizhou were introduced from the Jiangnan area during the Ming Dynasty.
On the basis of the original lanterns, Tujia folk artists incorporated some elements of their own Nuo opera and hand-waving dance to form their own characteristics. Tujia lanterns in eastern Guizhou are mainly based on historical stories and folklore. The main repertoire includes "Conquest to the East", "Conquest to the West", "Red Lantern", "Eight Immortals" and "Guan Ye Orders the Soldiers" etc. o
3. Buyi Opera and Dong Opera
Buyi Opera and Dong Opera are comprehensive, entertaining and functional dramatic art forms popular among Guizhou ethnic minorities.
(1) Buyi Opera
Buyi Opera has a history of more than a hundred years. It originated in Ceheng, Xingyi and Anlong at the junction of Guizhou and Guangxi. The emergence of Guangxi Zhuang Opera was gradually formed by absorbing the beneficial elements of Guangxi Zhuang Opera on the basis of the national culture. Due to the different conditions in different places, Buyi opera has formed certain differences in different places. Buyi opera in Ceheng has both acting and singing, while Buyi opera in Bajie and Anlongganhe in Xingyi adopts the form of sitting and singing.
The repertoire of Buyi opera includes two aspects: one is the transplantation of Han plays, and the other is adaptation based on Buyi folk stories.
(2) Dong Opera
In the early 19th century, Wu Wencai, the king of Dong singers, founded Dong opera based on Han operas (mainly Gui opera and lanterns). Dong opera mainly includes the roles of Sheng, Dan, Jing, Chou, etc. In the first type of performance, one must first announce one's family name when one comes on stage, and must face the audience when singing.
There is usually one Dong opera troupe in each village. Some villages also establish Dong opera troupes based on clan surnames and drum towers. Dong opera troupes were originally only male, but after the founding of New China, actresses began to appear.
The repertoire of Dong opera is mainly based on three aspects: adapted from Han biographies; based on