At 11:30 am on March 14, 1879, Einstein was born at No. 135 Bahnhofstrasse, Ulm, Germany. Both parents are Jewish. His father's name was Hermann Einstein, and his mother's name was Pauline Coker.
In 1884, at the age of 5, Einstein was fascinated by the pocket compass.
In 1885, Einstein began to learn violin.
In 1886, Einstein studied at the Munich Public School (Council School); he studied Jewish observances at home.
In 1888, Einstein entered Louisbold High School. Continue to receive religious education in school and receive a ordination ceremony. Friedman is the instructor.
In 1889, under the guidance of Talmei, a medical student, he read popular scientific readings and philosophical works.
In 1891, he taught himself Euclidean geometry and felt passionate about it. At the same time, he began to teach himself advanced mathematics.
In 1892, he began to read the works of Immanuel Kant. In 1895, he taught himself calculus.
In 1896, he received a diploma from Aarau High School. In October, he entered the Normal Department of the Federal Technical University of Zurich to study physics.
On October 19, 1899, Einstein officially applied for Swiss citizenship.
Einstein graduated from the Federal University of Technology in Zurich in August 1900; in December he completed the paper "Inferences from Capillary Phenomenon", which was published in the Leipzig "Journal of Physics" the following year.
In 1901, he obtained Swiss nationality on March 21. From May to July of this year, I completed the thesis on the thermodynamic theory of electric potential difference.
In September 1904, he was converted from a probationary employee of the Patent Office to a formal third-level technician.
In March 1905, he developed quantum theory, proposed the light quantum hypothesis, and solved the photoelectric effect problem. In April, he submitted his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich and obtained his doctorate. In May, he completed the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" and independently and completely proposed the principle of special relativity, creating a new era in physics.
In April 1906, he was promoted to a second-level technician in the Patent Office. In November, I completed a paper on the specific heat of solids, which is the first paper on the quantum theory of solids. In October 1908, he concurrently served as a non-staff lecturer at the University of Bern.
Left the Bern Patent Office in October 1909 and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich.
Completed the paper on critical opalescence in October 1910.
The law of "photochemical equivalent" was proposed in 1912.
Received the title of academician in Berlin on December 7, 1913.
On April 6, 1914, he moved from Zurich to Berlin.
In November 1915, he proposed the complete form of the gravity equation of general relativity and successfully explained the perihelion motion of Mercury.
In March 1916, he completed the concluding paper "The Foundation of General Relativity". In May, he proposed the hypothesis that the universe is finite and unbounded. In August, he completed "Quantum Theory of Radiation", summarizing the development of quantum theory and proposing the theory of stimulated emission.
In 1919, Einstein's theory was regarded as "one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought." In December, he received the only honorary degree in Germany: a doctorate in medicine from the University of Rostock.
From April 2 to May 30, 1921, in order to raise funds for the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, he and Weizmann visited the United States for the first time.
In January 1922, he completed his first paper on unified field theory. In July, he was threatened with murder and temporarily left Berlin. On October 8, Einstein and Elsa took a ship from Marseille to Japan. Visits Colombo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai along the way. On November 9, while on his way to Japan, Einstein was awarded the 1921 "Nobel Prize in Physics".
Visited Japan from November 17th to December 29th.
In July 1923, he went to Gothenburg to receive the 1921 Nobel Prize. In December, it was speculated for the first time that quantum effects may arise from over-constrained general relativistic field equations.
In 1924, the "Bose-Einstein condensation" was discovered.
In 1926, he was elected as an academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
In January 1928, he was elected as a director of the "German Human Rights League" (formerly the German "New Fatherland League").
On his 50th birthday in March 1929, he hid in the countryside to avoid birthday celebrations. Won the "Planck Medal" on June 28.
From December 11, 1930 to March 4, 1931, Einstein visited the United States for the second time, giving lectures at the California Institute of Technology.
In July 1932, he corresponded with Freud to discuss the psychological issues of war; he called on the German people to defend the Weimar Republic and oppose fascism with all their strength.
On January 30, 1933, the Nazis came to power.
On March 10, he issued a statement in Pasadena that he would not return to Germany, and set off back to Europe the next day.
On March 20, the Nazis raided his house and he protested. Later, his property in Germany was confiscated and his works burned.
In May 1935, he formally applied for permanent residence in the United States in Bermuda. That year, he was running around in order to give the Nobel Prize (Peace Prize) to Ossietzky, who was imprisoned in the Nazi concentration camp. In March 1937, he supported China's "Seven Gentlemen".
In September 1938, he wrote a letter to his descendants five thousand years later, expressing his dissatisfaction with the current situation of capitalist society.
On August 2, 1939, he wrote to President Roosevelt, suggesting that the United States speed up atomic energy research to prevent Germany from mastering the atomic bomb first.
On May 22, 1940, he called Roosevelt to oppose the U.S. neutrality policy.
Obtained U.S. citizenship on October 1.
In May 1943, he participated in the work of the U.S. Navy as a scientific advisor.
In 1944, in order to support the anti-fascist war, the manuscript of the 1905 special theory of relativity paper was auctioned for US$6 million.
In 1947, he continued to publish a lot of remarks about world government.
In January 1949, he wrote "Reply to Criticism", a counter-criticism of the Copenhagen School's criticism in the collection "Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist".
On February 13, 1950, he delivered a televised speech opposing the United States’ efforts to build a hydrogen bomb. On March 18, the will was signed and sealed.
In 1951, he published a series of articles and letters pointing out that the United States' policy of arms expansion and war preparation was a serious obstacle to world peace.
After the death of Weisman, the first president of Israel, in November 1952, the Israeli government asked him to serve as the second president, but he was rejected.
In March 1954, he was publicly denounced by U.S. Senator McCarthy as an "enemy of the United States."
Died in the hospital at 1:25 on April 18, 1955. After the long and arduous exploration of the general theory of relativity, Einstein still felt dissatisfied and wanted to extend the general theory of relativity to include not only the gravitational field, but also the electromagnetic field. He believed that this was the third stage in the development of relativity, that is, unified field theory.
After 1925, Einstein went all out to explore a unified field theory. In the first few years, he was very optimistic and thought that victory was in sight; later he found many difficulties and he believed that the existing mathematical tools were not enough;
After 1928, he turned to the exploration of pure mathematics. He tried various methods, but failed to achieve results of real physical significance.
In the 30 years from 1925 to 1955, apart from the completeness of quantum mechanics, gravitational waves and the motion problems of general relativity, Einstein devoted almost all of his scientific and creative energy to The search for unified field theory.
In 1937, with the cooperation of two assistants, he derived the equations of motion from the gravitational field equations of general relativity, further revealing the unity between space, time, matter, and motion. This is the generalized theory of The major development of the theory of relativity was also the last major achievement achieved by Einstein in his scientific creation activities. In terms of unified field theory, he never succeeded. He never got discouraged and started from the beginning with full confidence every time. Because he stayed away from the mainstream of physics research at that time and attacked problems on his own that were unsolvable at the time, he was very isolated in the physics community in his later years, contrary to his situation in the 1920s. However, he remained fearless and unswervingly followed the path he had identified. Until the day before his death, he was still preparing to continue his mathematical calculations on the unified field theory in his hospital bed. Concerned about the destiny of all mankind, Einstein loved science and mankind. He did not put himself outside society because he was immersed in scientific research. He has always been concerned about human civilization and progress, and fought tenaciously and bravely for it. He said: "Only by dedicating oneself to society can one find out the meaning of a life that is actually short and risky." This is exactly what he did.
In April 1914, Einstein accepted the invitation from the German scientific community and moved to Berlin. In August, World War I broke out. Although he lived in the birthplace of the war and lived surrounded by war advocates, he resolutely expressed his anti-war attitude. In September, Einstein participated in the founding of the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance". Even though the organization was declared illegal and its members were arrested and persecuted in large numbers and went underground, Einstein still resolutely participated in the organization's secret activities. . In October, the German scientific and cultural circles, manipulated and instigated by militarists, issued the "Declaration of the Civilized World" to defend the aggressive war launched by Germany and advocated that Germany was above all else and that the whole world should accept "the true German spirit". There were ninety-three people who signed the "Declaration", all of whom were prestigious German scientists, artists and pastors at the time. Even Nernst, Roentgen, Ostwald, Planck, etc. all signed it. When Einstein was asked to sign, he flatly refused, but at the same time he resolutely signed his name on the anti-war "Letter to Europeans." This move shocked the world.
After the victory of the Soviet socialist revolution led by Lenin in 1917, Einstein enthusiastically supported this great revolution and praised it as a great social experiment that would be of decisive significance to the world. : "I respect Lenin because he was a person who had a spirit of complete self-sacrifice and devoted himself wholeheartedly to realizing social justice. I don't think his methods are practical, but one thing is for sure: people like him are He is the defender and recreater of human conscience."
In November 1918, influenced and inspired by the victory of the Russian October Revolution, German workers and soldiers launched an uprising and overthrew Kaiser Wilhelm. On the third day after II stepped down, Einstein wrote two postcards to his mother, cheering "A great thing has happened... What an honor it is to experience this event personally!" In the 1920s and early 1930s, , Einstein was basically an absolute pacifist. However, the reality of constant wars of aggression and plunder shattered his beautiful dream. Especially after Hitler came to power in 1933, Germany became increasingly fascist, which made Einstein realize that a new barbaric war was inevitable, prompting him to change his views. He made it clear: "When the law and human dignity must be defended, we must fight. Since the danger of fascism has arrived, I no longer believe that absolute passive pacifism is effective. As long as fascism rules Europe, then There will be no peace." Because of Einstein's progressive activities and because he was a Jew, he was listed as an important target of persecution by the German Nazis. Fortunately, he left Germany at the end of 1932 to give lectures in the United States and was not persecuted. His house in Berlin was raided and destroyed, his property confiscated, his books burned, and the Nazis offered a reward of 20,000 marks for his death. Facing the danger of assassination by the Nazis, Einstein showed no fear, but fought more determinedly.
When his close friend Laue wrote a letter to persuade him to adopt a prudent and protective attitude towards political issues, he regardless of his personal safety, loudly pointed out that fascism means war, peace must be defended with arms, and called on the American people to rise up and fight fascism. When Einstein later learned from radio broadcasts that the United States had dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing and injuring many civilians, he felt very sad. He later wrote a letter to American citizens, saying: "Our scientists who have liberated this huge power must first take responsibility for everything. Atomic energy must be limited and must not be used to kill all mankind, but to use it to kill all mankind." To enhance human happiness."
In 1955, Einstein and Russell jointly issued the "Russell-Einstein Declaration" opposing nuclear war and calling for world peace.
In 1949, Einstein wrote an article "Why Socialism?" 》Thesis. Here, he puts forward a view that still seems correct! "The planned economy is not yet socialism. The planned economy itself may be accompanied by complete enslavement of individuals. The establishment of socialism requires solving some extremely difficult social-political problems. In view of the high concentration of political and economic power, how Is it possible to prevent administrative personnel from becoming unlimited and arrogant? How can individual rights be protected while ensuring a democratic balance of administrative power?"
The Fall of the Superstar in 1955? On April 18, the greatest scientist in human history, Albert Einstein, died of a ruptured aortic aneurysm in Princeton, USA.