Category: Music

Problem description:

RT

Analysis:

Music genre is a work of art Style and type (variety). "Music form" refers to the structural layout of the music in the process of continuous development, while the genre of the music refers to the characteristics of the music in terms of musical style and nature. These are two sides of a piece of music.

The formation of instrumental music of different genres is based on their respective application and performance purposes, performance

occasions, the tendency of the music content, and the characteristics of tone and rhythm. , characteristics of music style, etc.

Related.

Prelude

The original text of Prelude means "prelude" and "introduction". It is a medium and small instrumental piece with a single theme.

It originated from the introduction before a certain piece of music in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was often improvised at first. It was used to test

the intonation of the instrument, move the fingers and prepare for the subsequent music. effect. Many composers have independent

piano preludes. After the 19th century, the opening or prelude music in Western operas and musicals was also called "prelude", and its meaning is different from the above-mentioned independent genre of prelude.

Overture

(Overture) One of the genres of music. Originally referring to the opening music of operas, oratorios and other works,

Opera overtures in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were divided into two categories: "French overture" and "Italian overture". The former

is a polyphonic style, consisting of three sections: Adagio, Allegro, and Adagio. The middle section is in fugue form, and the last section is shorter; the latter is the main theme. The style consists of three sections: Allegro, Adagio, and Allegro, from which later symphonies evolved. Since the 19th century, starting from Beethoven, composers have often used this style to write independent instrumental music. Most of its structures are in sonata form and have titles. Such as Beethoven's "Korea Overture", Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture", etc.

Divertimento

(Divertimento) is a set of instrumental or vocal pieces including several pieces or movements, among which

there is an internal connection and coherent development of the theme. Such as Tchaikovsky's piano suite "The Four Seasons",

Schubert's vocal suite "The Beautiful Mill Girl", etc. In a broad sense, sonatas, symphonies, suites, cantatas, etc. all belong to this category.

Minuet

(Menuet) is a three-beat dance that originated from Western European folk and was popular in the French court.

Because of its relatively short steps, Named for its small size. The speed is moderate, it can depict many ceremonial dynamics, and the style is

elegant. At the beginning of the 19th century, the minuet formed the third movement of the symphony sonata suite, and was later replaced by the scherzo.

Scherzo

(Scherzo) Scherzo, also known as Scherzo, is a three-beat instrumental music. Its main characteristics are active rhythm, fast speed, and sudden contrast between strengths and weaknesses. It often appears as the third movement in symphonies and other suites, replacing the court-style minuet.

Fugue

(Fuga) One of the main forms and genres in Western polyphonic music, also known as "escape song", meaning

means chasing, Escape. It is the most complex and rigorous form of polyphonic music.

Its basic feature

is to use imitative counterpoint to make a simple and characteristic theme appear once in each part of the music in turn

(the presentation part); and then enter the following Interludes developed from part of the motive in the theme. After that,

the theme and interludes appear again and again in different new keys (development part); until the final theme is repeated

Return to the original key (reprise) and often end with a coda.

Canon

(Canon) is a type of polyphonic music, its original meaning is "law". The same melody appears successively in each voice at different heights such as unison or fifth, resulting in continuous imitation, that is, strict imitative counterpoint. .

Etude

(Etude) is a piece of music used to improve instrumental performance skills. It usually covers one or several specific

technical topics.

Chopin is its founder. This kind of instrumental etude is not only used to practice skills, but also has a high degree of artistry and stage effect. Liszt, Debussy, etc. all composed such etudes.

Romance

(Romance) generally refers to a short lyrical song or short instrumental piece with no fixed form. Its characteristics

are: the delicate expression of the melody is closely integrated with the lyrics, and the accompaniment is also rich.

Rhapsodie

(Rhapsodie) A technically difficult and epic instrumental piece. Originally from the ancient Greek period

It was a fragment of folk narrative poems sung by wandering artists. It formed an instrumental music genre in the early 19th century. Its characteristics

are rich in national characteristics or directly adopt folk tunes, such as Liszt's 19 "Hungarian Rhapsody"

Ravel's "Spanish Rhapsody" and so on.

Fantasia

(Fantasia) is an instrumental ballad with a romantic color but no fixed form. Originally refers to a kind of improvised solo music for organ or fortepiano. Beginning at the end of the 18th century, Fantasia became an independent

instrumental piece, such as the orchestral piece "Kamalinskaya" written by Glinka using Russian folk music

Fantasia .

Invention

(Invention) It is the name of the genre of polyphonic music mainly based on imitation. It is a piano ditty with a polyphonic structure

, developed improvised based on a certain musical motive, similar to a minor fugue.

Toccata

(Toccata), also known as "touch music", is a kind of keyboard music full of free improvisation.

Sarabande

(Sarabande) A type of dance music. According to legend, it originated in Persia and was introduced to Spain in the early 16th century.

It was banned by the church because of its passionate and unrestrained mood. After being introduced to France in the 16th century, it gradually evolved into a dance music with slow speed and solemn tone, which was often used in aristocratic society and dance dramas. Its structure is a two-part

style, and its rhythm is three beats; the sound of the second beat is longer and more prominent in duration.

Tarantella

(Tanantella) Tarantella was originally a folk dance in southern Italy. It is said that people bitten by

a poisonous spider "Tarantula" must dance vigorously to detoxify.

This is the origin of the Tarantula dance According to this theory, another theory is that this dance got its name from the city of Tarando. Its characteristics

: Extremely fast speed, 6/8 or 3/4 time, the main rhythm is continuous triplet, and the mood is enthusiastic.

Impromptu

(Impromptu) It was originally the genre name of piano solo music, and was later also used for solo music

for other instruments. It is an improvised instrumental piece, often composed of exciting passages and profound lyrical passages, so most of them are complex.

Nocturne

(Nocturne) originally refers to the instrumental suite popular in Western aristocratic society in the 18th century. The style is bright and elegant, often played in the open air at night. Played, similar to "Serenade".

Serenade

(Serenade) originally refers to the genre of love songs sung under the lover's window in the evening or at night, so

the tunes are often intimate and lyrical. At the end of the 18th century, multi-movement duets or ensembles began to appear.

Serenades were used to entertain the dignitaries at banquets. p> It has nothing to do with love and belongs to the genre of chamber music.

Song without Words (Song without Words) The melody is like a song, with musical accompaniment,

but no lyrics. Not for singing, it is an instrumental piece like a lyric song. Created by Mendelssohn.

Lullaby

(Lullaby) is also called a lullaby. It was originally a song used by mothers to soothe their children to sleep. It is usually very

short. The melody is soft and sweet, and the accompaniment rhythm often has a cradle-like turbulence.

Caprice

(Caprice) is also called Fantasia and Fantasy. Its nature is similar to Fantasia, and it is also free in structure.

It is of variable size and refers to a A fantasy improvisational instrumental music genre, including fugue and suite forms.

Waltz

(Waltz), also known as "Waltz", originated from a folk three-beat dance in northern Austria

. The waltz is divided into fast and slow steps. During the dance, two people rotate in pairs. It became popular in Vienna in the 17th and 18th centuries. After the court of Vienna, the speed gradually increased and it began to be used in urban social dances. It became popular in Europe

countries since the 19th century. Most of the waltzes that are popular now are Vienna-style waltzes with a tempo of Allegro, which is characterized by a bright and bright rhythm and a smooth melody; in the accompaniment, a *** is commonly used in each measure, and the first beat has a heavier emphasis. /p>

Outstanding, famous waltzes include Johann Strauss' "Blue River", Weber's "Invitation to Dance"

etc.

Mazurka

(Mazurka) is a folk dance in Poland. Its movements include sliding steps, spinning in pairs, and women circling

men and doing brisk movements. Running etc. The music characteristics of Mazurka are: medium speed, three beats, more stress changes, most often on the second and third beats, and lively and enthusiastic emotions.

Polonaise

(Polonaise) is also called "polonaise", a solemn, slow, aristocratic three-beat

dance that originated from Polish folk.

Polka

(Polka) is a folk dance in the Czech Republic. It mainly involves men and women dancing. Its basic movements consist of two

steps, usually Two beats.

Concerto

(Concerto) refers to a large-scale instrumental work performed by a solo instrument and an orchestra

. It is characterized by a distinctive personality and a high degree of technicality in the solo part. During the music progress,

the soloist and the orchestra often take turns to answer, echo and compete with each other. When playing solo, the band is in the accompaniment position. When playing, the solo instrument stops and the band plays completely.

The founder of classical concerto

was Mozart. Concertos are generally divided into three movements: the first movement is a passionate Allegro, which mostly uses sonata

form, and the music is full of vitality; the second movement is a beautiful and lyrical Adagio, and the music has a narrative style.

The third movement is a joyful dance music, the music is vigorous, lively and unrestrained. At the end of the second movement

there is often a cadenza played by a solo instrument to show a high degree of performance skills.

In modern concerto creation, there are also vocal concertos with coloratura soprano solo (without words) and orchestra

.

Suite

(Suite) It means "continuation" or "continuation". It is a suite composed of several instrumental pieces.

Each piece has its own relative meaning. of independence. The suites are divided into classical and modern ones. Classical suite, also known as "dance suite

", emerged between the 17th and 18th centuries. It is composed of various dance music of the same tune.

But the speed is different. Contrast with each other in terms of rhythm and other aspects, such as Bach's clavichord suites. Modern suites, also

called "plot suites", emerged in the 19th century and were composed of selected pieces

from opera, dance drama, drama music or film music. Some suites are written based on specific title content or national music materials, such as Norwegian composer Grieg's "Peer Gynt Suite" and Russian composer Rimsky's "Shech

Ratchada", "Czech Suite" by Czech composer Dvo?ák, etc.

Symphonic poem

(Symphonic poem) A single-movement orchestral piece that is descriptive and narrative, lyrical and dramatic

and belongs to the category of title music. The Hungarian composer Liszt pioneered this genre in 1850 and later developed it. The themes of symphonic poems are mostly taken from literature, poetry, drama, painting and history

Legends, and the content is poetic; the form of the music is eclectic and often composed freely according to the principles of sonata form

It can also be written in variation form, trilogy form or free form.

There are also genres such as tone poems, tone paintings, symphonic fairy tales, and symphonic legends, all of which are similar in nature to symphonic poems

.

Sonata

(Sonata) is originally Italian, it comes from the Latin "Sonare" (sound),

and "Cant ata" "(cantata, cantata) is a word that is opposite to that of a large-scale vocal suite.

Its original meaning is "singing with vocal music". One is "ringing" and the other is "singing". ".

At first, sonatas generally referred to instrumental music of various structures. It was not until the late seventeenth century when Corelli composed music in Italy that his works began to be composed of several contrasting movements. Suite type sonata. By the 10th and 18th centuries, it was finalized into three movements. (The piano sonatas of Haydn and Mozart all have three movements.

.)

Later, the "Sonata - Symphonic Suite" added a "Minuet" movement, inserting Between the second and third movements, it becomes a "Sonata - Symphonic Suite" of four movements. Beethoven used "Scherzo" instead of "Minuet", and later composers also used "Waltz" as the third movement. A sonata is structurally similar to a suite of music, but it is not very different from a symphony. It is one of the genres in the form of a large-scale suite.

Cantata

(Cantata) A type of large-scale vocal suite genre. The original meaning is "to sing with vocal music".

Initially

it was a solo or duet secular narrative suite composed alternately of arias and recitatives. It was introduced to Germany in the mid-seventeenth century

and developed into a song that included Vocal suites for solo, duet, and sung,

based on secular or biblical stories. "Cantata" is similar to "oratorio" in form, but it is smaller in scale; its content focuses on lyricism, and the story content is relatively simple.

Oratorio

(Oratorio) is translated as "divine drama" and "holy drama". It is a type of large-scale vocal suite. Including solo (aria, recitative), duet chorus and orchestral music, etc., starting from the end of the 16th century

Originated from Rome, it first used biblical themes as the theme, and performed in costume, and later also used secular theme.

In the mid-17th century, concert works without makeup began to develop, in which chorus played a leading role.

Symphony

(Symphony) originates from the Greek word "sound together". It is a large-scale instrumental music genre, also known as "symphony

Symphony". The largest orchestral suite in music. The emergence of symphonies is directly related to the overtures of French and Italian operas in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as well as orchestral suites, large-scale concertos and other genres that were popular in various countries at that time.

The structure of a symphony is generally divided into four movements (some only use two movements or more than five movements

). The characteristics of each movement are as follows:

The first movement: Sonata-style structure, its music is characterized by fast and lively, and the main tone is dramatic

It expresses people's struggles and creative activities. It emphasizes the contrast of different images and dramatic

development, which is the ideological core of the whole song. A slow prelude is often used before a movement to summarize the basic image of the whole piece.

The second movement: The melody is slow and cantabile, and is the lyrical center of the symphony. Adopt a subordinate of a major key

A relative of a major key or a minor key. Its musical form is often sonata form (the development part can be omitted), simple or complex trilogy form, or variation form, etc., and is lyrical. The second movement often expresses philosophical thoughts, humanistic spirit, love life, natural scenery, etc. Its content is related to profound inner feelings and philosophical thinking. People's emotions and inner experiences are highlighted here.

The third movement: medium tempo, fast, can return to the main tune, often based on minuet or scherzo,

adopts complex three-part form, variation form, etc. , danceable.

In this movement of the classical symphony, scenes of daily life such as people's leisure, rest, entertainment and play are often described, as well as lively and humorous emotions.

The fourth movement: very fast, the main theme usually adopts rondo form, rondo sonata form or sonata form.

Showing life, customs, victory in struggle, festival carnival scenes, etc. It is the ending of the whole song and has an affirmative nature.

Therefore, the symphony is a large-scale instrumental music genre with the most profound ideological content, the most perfect structure, and the most comprehensive and difficult writing techniques

among musical works. It expresses major social events, history It is characterized by heroic figures,

the ever-changing nature, philosophical thinking, and the lofty ideals for which people strive; it always has a certain degree of drama.

Although the symphony had formed a standardized basic pattern in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Viennese classical music school from the 18th to the 19th century

made great contributions to the formation of the symphony. His important contribution brought the development of European instrumental music creation to an important stage and became the pioneer of the Vienna classical music school.

Haydn established the standardized form of the four-movement symphony, adopted an ideal orchestral composition

method, demonstrated a variety of theme development methods, and made the minuet full of excitement. It has a folk atmosphere. He

wrote one hundred and four symphonies in his life and is known as the "Father of the Symphony".

Mozart’s symphonies are clear, smooth and neatly structured, absorbing the creative experience of German and Austrian operas

and folk materials, using a main-key style and melodic style with polyphonic elements. The development technique enriches the expressive power of

the symphony. He composed forty-nine symphonies in his lifetime. Due to the precocity of his compositions, people called him "the genius among geniuses."

The symphonies of Haydn and Mozart are regarded as "treasures" in symphonic music creation.

Beethoven imbued his symphonies with the advanced ideas and fighting enthusiasm of the French Revolution. He used

broad and developed motives and used dynamic harmony to expand the content of the development part, giving the conclusion

room for full expression, making the sonata The formula becomes a dramatic form. He replaced the minuet movement with a joke (joke)

music, making the finale movement a positive ending to the whole piece. He even introduced a chorus in the finale movement

which made He became the pioneer of romantic music. Beethoven was a giant both in thought and technique. His nine symphonies are regarded as the "best" in symphonic music creation.

Since the 19th century, through the hands of masters of Romantic music, national music, and late Romantic music,

symphonies have experienced new developments.