Bodhi's Puxian Opera
Puxian Opera is one of the ancient operas in Fujian Province. Its original name is "Xinghua Opera". It is popular in Putian and Xianyou counties, which were called Xinghua in ancient times, and in central and Fujian provinces. Xinghua dialect area in southern Fujian. Its troupe has traveled to Fuzhou, Xiamen, Jinjiang, Longxi, Sanming and other cities, and has also performed in Southeast Asian countries such as Malaya, the Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore, where Huaqiao is concentrated, and is very popular among overseas Chinese. Puxian Opera has a long history.
According to historical records and investigations, it was developed on the basis of the ancient "Baixi". The performances of Puxian Opera are simple and elegant, with many movements deeply influenced by puppetry and full of unique artistic style. The profession of Puxian Opera follows the old rules of Nan Opera. Originally, there were only seven roles: Sheng, Dan, Tie Sheng, Zedan, Liangzhuang (Jing), Mo and Chou, commonly known as the "Seven Sons Class".
Puxian Opera has a profound music tradition and rich singing styles. It still retains many musical relics of Southern Opera from the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The main tone of Puxian Opera is "Xinghua Tune", which is formed by integrating Puxian folk songs and slang, ten tones and eight music, Buddhist tunes, song and Yuan lyrics and Daqu songs and dances. It is sung in dialects and is a kind of music with strong local characteristics A voice of color and flavor.
There are more than 5,000 traditional Puxian Opera repertoires, among which there are more than 80 repertoires that retain the original appearance of Song and Yuan Dynasty operas or have basically similar storylines. After liberation, more than 200 excellent traditional plays of Puxian Opera have been compiled, adapted and performed. Among them, "Qin Tiao", "After Reunion", "Spring Grass in the Hall", "The Number One Scholar and the Beggar" and other plays are relatively famous. Famous playwrights of this genre include Chen Renjian, Ke Rukuan, Jiang Yousong, etc., and famous actors include Huang Wendi, Lin Dongzhi, etc.
Putian's "shoe sample" invitation
In coastal areas, if "engagement" is the basis for determining the marriage relationship between men and women, then "shoe sample" is the finalization On the specific date of marriage, this ceremony has been held since ancient times.
"Shoemaking" is a ceremony held in the first few months of the wedding year. As for the specific date for the "shoe sample", it must be determined after consultation between the parents of both men and women. Generally, choose an even month and an even day (a day in August or October of the lunar calendar). An even month and an even day means in pairs.
On the day of asking for a "shoe sample", the man will send a relative to the woman's home, accompanied by a matchmaker. In addition to shoes, the gifts include pig's feet and thread. Let the man buy shoes for the woman, hoping that the woman will wear new shoes and walk a new path after marrying into the man's family, and take every step well in the long road of life in the future. As far as the woman is concerned, if she wants the man to buy shoes, she hopes that the man will not give the bride "little shoes" to wear (meaning not to embarrass her). Besides, you can only get one pair of these shoes, because the word "一" means from one to the end. As for the pig's feet, it means that the woman will be successful in her studies after marrying into the man's family; the thread surface means that the couple will grow old together and live a long life.
On the day of the "shoe sample" invitation, the woman will set up several banquets to entertain relatives and friends, and publicly announce the news that the girl will get married within the year, implying that they should not forget to "hold pollen" after drinking the wedding wine. In coastal areas, when a daughter gets married, all relatives and friends who have polite interactions with her will give her daughter "flower powder." The gift is usually a piece of cloth as a dowry for a girl. Times have changed, and nowadays, the use of fabrics as a wedding dress has changed.
Putian Hakka Love Songs
Sanming Hakka is the hometown of folk songs. After the "Yongjia Rebellion" in the Western Jin Dynasty, groups of Han people from the Central Plains migrated southward to avoid war, famine, plague and other natural and man-made disasters. After going through hardships, they came to this paradise in northwest Fujian to live and multiply. For thousands of years, the Hakka ancestors and the indigenous people have lived together peacefully, and have blended and penetrated the Central Plains culture and the Fujian and Yue culture. In order to convey the inner voice and express emotions, many distinctive Hakka folk songs were created.
In the long history, Sanming folk songs have been integrated with local folk customs, with an earthy and earthy flavor, and have become an indispensable part of people's cultural life. Hakka love songs, in particular, express young people’s pursuit of love, longing for happiness, contempt for feudal ethics, and resistance to feudal marriage with fiery and healthy emotions, vivid metaphors, and humorous and refined language. . Like a clear spring, refreshing the heart and mind.
Most Hakka love songs have seven words, rhyme every other sentence, have four-part formulas, and also have paragraph structures, with various forms. There are also duets, pan songs, etc., which are very popular among the masses.
Putian Xiamao Customs
Xiamao is located at the junction of Shaxian, Jiangle, Shunchang and Mingxi counties. Affected by history, geography and product conditions, the production, life and customs of Xia Mao villagers are very different from those of surrounding areas. It is said: "We celebrate the solar terms every month, and celebrate birthdays every tenth year (except 30 years old)." There are many festivals, busy comings and goings, many bad habits, and complicated entertainment. A few are desirable, but most need to be eliminated. Here is a brief summary.
New Year's Eve Customs
First Month
[Spring Festival] One of the biggest folk festivals in Xia Mao.
The first day of the first lunar month: In ancient times, it was called Luduan and New Year's Day. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was changed to Spring Festival. On this day, every household, men, women, old and young, gather together happily. They get up at dawn, straighten their clothes, light incense and candles, set off firecrackers, open the door, throw fruits, tea and wine in the courtyard, pay homage to the ancestors of heaven and earth, and say: "The new year opens with good luck." The younger generation greets the elders. To celebrate the New Year, the elders reward the younger ones with oranges, peanuts, candies, cookies, etc.
The breakfast on the first day of the Lunar New Year is vegetarian, and the staple food is rice. The rice prepared on New Year's Eve is used (the amount of rice on New Year's Eve is calculated according to the year and month, 13 liters in leap years and 12 liters in ordinary years). It is called eating "New Year's rice", which is auspicious. It means "more than enough every year". Vegetable rice includes potatoes, beans, carrots, red cabbage, mustard greens, garlic, etc. When the meal is served, the first bowl is served to the elders, and the elders bring vegetables to the younger ones. It means respecting the old and loving the young, harmonious family, good luck and prosperity in the new year.
The second day of the lunar month: According to ancient legend, the birthday of Tu Tu Gong (actually it is the second day of the second lunar month, so it is celebrated in advance). Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, every household lit incense candles and set off firecrackers. It was gradually abolished after 1951.
From the first to the third day of the lunar month, firecrackers are set off in the morning and evening for three days. Children put on new clothes and follow their elders to go out (also called "traveling") to visit relatives and friends. New friends reward children with cooked red eggs (2 or 4) or peanuts or candies. During the Republic of China, "New Year greeting cards" were sent to each other. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, town, township and village cadres organized militia, and students paid New Year's greetings to the families of fallen soldiers. Government agencies stipulate a three-day holiday before and after the Spring Festival.
The sixth day of the lunar month: According to legend, it is "sixth grain" and "sixth population". Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, every household burned incense and set off firecrackers. It gradually decreased after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
From the first to the fifteenth day of the lunar month, there are still customs:
[Sending a plate] The dialect is "beating the plate". When a relative or friend gives birth to a baby in the old year, red oranges are placed on the plate. 4 grains, 4 sections of sugar cane, two packs of biscuits, one or two red envelopes, etc., go to congratulate, which is called a gift. The recipient is invited to drink wine in return.
[Invite a new son-in-law] When you meet a son-in-law who got married in the old year, your father-in-law’s family prepares "Sanguo soup" and high-end wine and food to "invite a new son-in-law". The new son-in-law gives red envelopes to the chef and the chef (bringing dishes) respectively.
[Invite spring wine] Relatives and friends treat each other to a banquet, which is called "invite spring wine". It usually ends on the 15th, which is called "On the 16th, no wine and no meat" (meaning no more drinks), but occasionally it is extended to the end of the month.
[Chongxi] There is this custom in the small natural village. Every household brings their own wine, peanuts, and fried beans to the public gathering place to drink for fun until they are drunk and unconscious. This is a good name. Said: "full of joy".
During the period before the founding of the People's Republic of China (from the first to the fifteenth day of the lunar month), the gods and Buddhas were welcomed, and the fifteenth Bodhisattva entered the temple. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, various villages organized competitions such as fish games, dragon dances, high-leg games, shoulder games, spring oxen, colorful boats, lanterns, quizzes, table tennis, chess, calligraphy and painting, tug-of-war, and races.
[The Beginning of Spring] Folk custom regards this day as the official beginning of the year. On this day, the front and back doors of each house, halls, barns, pig pens and chicken coops are pasted with spring signs such as "spring brings prosperity, good harvests, and prosperous livestock". Spring leaves are inserted and tea and fruits are prepared. When the time comes, firecrackers are set off. Offer incense and bow. It is called "receiving spring", praying for a good harvest in the new year and peace for the country and the people.
[Lantern Festival] was called Shangyuan Festival in ancient times. It is the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, and the Spring Festival activities reach their climax on this day. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was a superstitious activity of "burning New Year's paper", but it was abolished after the founding of the People's Republic of China. After 1980, Xiamao Street became very lively during the Lantern Festival. During the day, every household decorated the street with colorful lanterns, and at night, the lanterns were brightly lit. Artistic teams from surrounding villages gathered in the streets of the town to watch the crowds of tourists, which continued late into the night. On this day, every household eats taro buns. In ancient times, it was said: "When the Bodhisattva enters the nunnery, the taro buns fall into the soup", and "After eating the Lantern Festival meal, everyone goes to plan" (meaning to seize the spring plowing).
February
[Spring Society] There is a "Spring Society" five days before and after the "Spring Equinox". According to legend, an ancestor named Zhang in Lifu Village was killed by a tiger on the vernal equinox. His descendants built a "Spring Club" to commemorate him, which has been passed down to this day.
On this day, people named Zhang eat? @, duck and meat are served in "Spring Club".
[February 19] is referred to as "Guanyin Nine" and is said to be "the birthday of Guanyin" in ancient times. It's a superstitious activity. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, did every household make rice on this day? @. In the morning, men, women and children, wearing new clothes and superstitious items, flocked to the "Guanyin Hall" of Dabu Jingu Bridge (the abandoned back hall after the founding of the People's Republic of China), offered incense and worshiped Buddha, prayed for wealth and blessings, gathered from all directions, and there were crowds of people and stalls. There are so many, the prices are high, and it’s very crowded. Young and middle-aged women who are unmarried pray for blessings to find a good husband, and those who are infertile pray for "Guanyin to send a child"; those who buy cakes are said to be "buying cakes to gain a good fortune", and those who are buying dried tofu are said to be "buying land". It is useless to move and work, and everyone laughs. When the poor ask for help, is it necessary for those who offer incense? kiss? . After the founding of the People's Republic of China, these superstitious activities were gradually eliminated.
March
[March 3] Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was said: "On March 3, the prince goes out of the nunnery" and makes rice crackers to "respect the gods". At Bangwei Liuli Temple in Ruyuan Village, there is a superstitious activity for women to "listen to hexagrams" on this day. It was abolished after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
[Qingming Festival] In ancient times, there was a practice of picking green flowers during the Qingming Festival. At that time, young women would go to their relatives or outside the village to pick flowers. It is commonly known as the superstition: "If you meet a good man (husband) during the Qingming Festival, you will have a good baby if you pick green flowers." statement. This custom did not exist after the 1950s.
[Grain Rain] In ancient times, there was a custom of women "walking in the Grain Rain". On this day, young women went to villages to visit relatives, and some went to the wild for a walk and then came back. There was no such custom after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
April
[The first day of April] Villagers have the custom of baking rice cakes. There is a folk saying that "at the beginning of April, snake poison is poisonous". In order to prevent children from being greedy and buying random things to eat, every household bakes rice cakes for their children to eat. There are two kinds of rice cakes, salty and sweet. The raw material is indica rice, which is ground into pulp, and wild vegetables (commonly known as "April vegetables" and "Huangqu vegetables") are added to make rice cakes. Some are mixed with flour and baked into rice cakes. It is very common and continues to be made. to date.
[Beginning of Summer] marks the arrival of summer. Every household in the village makes ginkgo and glutinous rice cakes. Some households make dozens of kilograms to give to relatives and friends in Xiamao Street. There are also some people in Xiamao Street who go to the village to stay at the houses of relatives and friends on the first day and eat glutinous rice cakes overnight, which is called "over the summer".
[April 8th] is called "April 8th" for short. The younger generation prepares coffins and "shrouds" (clothes worn when they die) for the elderly. On this day, carpenters and tailors are invited to come and make it at home. Before the old man died, he would dry it once every day to prevent it from deteriorating. It continues to this day, and some times are flexible.
May
[Dragon Boat Festival] One of the grand folk festivals. In ancient times, Xia Mao area also celebrated the "Dragon Boat Festival" on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. From the late Ming Dynasty, the Shanzhai minions stationed in Niu'a Village (a high mountain at the junction of North Xia Mao and Shunchang) would gang up on the fifth day of May to rob houses in Xia Mao area. This happened every year, and one year the houses on East Street were demolished. In order to celebrate the festival with peace of mind, the clever villagers of Xia Mao unanimously celebrated the Dragon Boat Festival one day early. In this way, the fourth day of May became the "Dragon Boat Festival" time in Xia Mao area, forming a habit that has been passed down to this day.
On the eve of the festival, every household makes rice dumplings except those whose relatives died that year. For relatives who are related to the deceased relative, 200-400 browns should be given. Before the festival, the son-in-law should send three kilograms of pork, cakes, etc. to his wife's natal family. This happens every year until the parents-in-law pass away. It is called "Fan Jie" and "Send Festival". The newlywed son-in-law still needs to add glutinous rice, noodles, etc. to the gifts.
On the fourth day of the Lunar New Year, every household puts calamus and moxa leaves, and children hang a string of five-color sachets, which is said to "ward off evil spirits." Sprinkle realgar on the corners of the house. It does have a disinfecting effect.
[May 13th] is said to be Guan Yu’s birthday, and also known as “Guan Gong’s Sharpening Day”. Rainfall on this day is a blessing. Folks eat duck, meat, noodles and other improvements. It has been passed down to this day.
[May 25th] is rumored to be the birthday of the "Five Grain Immortal". Shennong taught farmers to grow grains. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the "Five Grain Immortal" was welcomed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was reformed. On that day, villagers make glutinous rice cakes. Rice crackers commemorate Shennong.
June
[Zhailiufeng] The Vegetarian Festival is known as "Zhailiufeng" in ancient times. During the half month from the first to the 15th day of June, most families light incense and make arrangements. "Respect Buddha" and eat vegetarian dishes. During the first half of the month before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the slaughter of pigs and cattle was prohibited, and restaurants used vegetable oil to cook vegetables. On the 16th, meat was eaten and pigs and cattle were slaughtered. Each family improved, and some entertained each other. This festival was reformed after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
[June 24] is said to be the birthday of "Tian Gong", the ancestor of opera. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, rural areas invited theater troupes to perform plays to celebrate.
It was the time when the sun-cured tobacco harvest was over, which was called "tobacco leaf blessing". Farmers would buy wine, duck, meat, and noodles to hold a banquet. Some would invite relatives and friends to the meal to congratulate the harvest of tobacco leaves, which continues to this day. There has been no acting since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
July
[July] From the first to seventh day of July in Xia Mao area, a day is chosen to celebrate the "Qixi Festival" for newly enrolled children. On that day, the child's grandmother's house picked out a large load of gifts. The most common gifts for the child were new clothes, shoes, umbrellas, abacus, pen, ink, paper and inkstone, sugar tower (a tower made of white sugar, with "No. 1 Scholar Worshiping", Kirin, etc.), As well as dried tofu, watermelon, pears, peanuts, candies, popcorn and more. The parents of the children held a banquet to thank them. On the seventh day of the lunar month, the elders also asked their children to get up early and study in front of the court.
[Zhongyuan] The fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month is the "Hungry Ghost Festival", also known as the "Ghost Festival", which is a superstitious festival. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, villagers in Xia Mao worshiped their ancestors from the 11th to the 15th, burning incense, candles, gold and silver foil, etc. to transcend their ancestors. On the 15th day, Buddhists gathered at "Yu Jingzhai" in Lishu Tieluzhuang to perform purification. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, these superstitious activities were gradually eliminated. People usually make three-layer cakes, sweet and salty cakes, or kill ducks to improve their lives.
August
[Mid-Autumn Festival] is one of the grand folk festivals. On the eve of the festival, relatives send Mid-Autumn cakes to each other. On August 15th, every household slaughters ducks, makes taro buns, and invites relatives and friends to eat together. It's the night when the whole family gets together, drinks tea, eats moon cakes, admires the moon, and celebrates reunion.
September
[Double Ninth Festival] On the ninth day of September, children fly kites (in ancient times, but not now), and every family makes rice crackers, glutinous rice cakes, and taro buns, and some add duck, Meat and other delicacies. It is called "Chinese Double Ninth Festival".
October
[October 1] October is the winter season. On this day, farmers around Xia Mao make glutinous rice cakes from newly produced seed rice and send them to Xia Mao Street. Relatives and friends called it "October Dynasty".
[October 13] On this day, people generally eat taro buns, duck, meat, noodles, etc. It is called "Celebrating the Thirteenth Festival", the origin of which is unknown.
November
[Winter Solstice] The custom of "making up for the winter" is prevalent. Wealthy people eat ginseng, velvet antler, astragalus, angelica, longan, and black dates soaked in jade dew wine. Some use chicken, rabbit, pig's feet and other foods; ordinary families eat eggs and black dates soaked in wine. In those days, every household used indica rice to make glutinous rice balls and cook them, which were called "eating pills".
December
[Sacrifice Society] The 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month is said to be the day when the "Kitchen God" ascends to heaven. It is a superstitious festival. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xia Mao villages generally started "sacrifice to the stove" at 12 o'clock on the 23rd night, followed by the 24th day (11 to 1 o'clock at night). On this day, every household puts out fruits, wine and vegetables, lights incense and candles, and sets off firecrackers to send the "Kitchen God" to heaven and pray that "God will say good things, and the earth will keep you safe." After the founding of the People's Republic of China, celebrating the festival has become less common.
[Dividing Years] In late December of the lunar calendar, the son-in-law has to send three kilograms of pork, noodles, and New Year cakes to his parents-in-law’s house. This happens every year until the death of his parents-in-law. Year".
[General Cleaning] A few days before New Year's Eve, every household will do a general cleaning, wash the furniture, put up Spring Festival couplets to remove the old and renew, and welcome the new year cleanly.
[New Year's Eve] There are three consecutive days of going to the market at the end of the lunar calendar (from December 28th to 30th in the first year of the lunar month, and from December 27th to 29th in the small lunar month).
New Year's Eve is the last day of the year and also the busiest day of the year. Households are busy making delicacies and giving gifts to relatives. On the night of "New Year's Eve", families gather together for a banquet, which is called "Reunion New Year". After the banquet, elders often give red envelopes to children, which is called "lucky money".
Customs of the Double Ninth Festival in Putian
Puxian villagers follow the old custom of steaming rice and crackers on the Double Ninth Festival, and use mountain climbing to pay homage to their ancestors' tombs. "Jingchu Age Chronicles" says: "On September 9th, at the banquet... wearing dogwood, eating bait, and drinking chrysanthemum wine can make people live longer." "Bait" refers to today's cakes, rice crackers and the like. The "Jade Candle Collection" of the Song Dynasty says: "Those who eat bait and drink chrysanthemum wine for nine days should collect millet and millet together at that time, because the delicious flavor of sticky rice is similar and new, so it becomes a habit." Therefore, there is a saying that the third month is the Little Qingming Festival and the Double Nine is the Great Qingming Festival. Song Zuqian, a Pu poet in the early Qing Dynasty, said in his "Fujian Jiuqu": "I was surprised to hear that the Double Ninth Festival was approaching, and I picked up wild fragrance with a basket in my slender hands. I pounded the jade pestle into green powder and wet it, and the pearls were all called to taste." A self-note said: "Pu people value weight. After nine days of gathering grass, Guo Dong's children are like ants, and when they return, they pound the rice into pieces as big as pellets. "This is a kind of rice cake that was popular hundreds of years ago.
In modern times, people have transformed rice crackers into a very distinctive nine-layer rice crackers. Wash the high-quality late rice with clean water, soak it for 2 hours, take it out and drain it, mix it with water and grind it into a slurry, add alum (dissolved in water) and stir, add red sugar (mix it with water and boil it to make a sugar concentrate), and then put it in a steamer Place a clean cooking cloth on the pot, then scoop in the rice pulp in nine batches, steam for a while until cooked, and apply peanut oil on the surface of the rice. This rice cracker is divided into nine overlapping layers, which can be uncovered and cut into water chestnuts. The four sides are clearly layered and translucent. It is sweet, soft and tasty, and does not stick to the teeth. It is the best gift to honor the elderly during the Double Ninth Festival.
The surname is Fulin from Wutang East. On the Double Ninth Festival, he goes to the mountain to pay homage to his ancestors’ tombs. Their ancestors left sacrificial fields, and the rent collected from the fields was collected by the sacrificial households who were on duty every year and used to purchase sacrificial offerings. The whole clan stipulates that all men who go up the mountain to worship the tomb are given 4 ounces of cooked pork, one tomato, and a pair of diced pancakes. They go down the mountain to the main house of worship and have a full meal of "big powder", or dry rice with broth. And drink rice wine freely. Along the coast of Puxian, on the Double Ninth Festival, the commune celebrates the birthday of the commune to celebrate the autumn harvest. The ninth day of September is the anniversary of Mazu’s death, and many villagers go to the Mazu Temple in Meizhou or the Tianhou Ancestral Temple in Hong Kong to offer sacrifices.
After the founding of New China, the Double Ninth Festival activities have been enriched with new content. In 1986, based on the recommendations of the Oriental Health and Longevity Center, in 1989, my country's Double Ninth Festival was designated as the Senior Citizen's Day. On October 26, 1990, the Double Ninth Festival was designated as the "Elderly People's Day" by the Fujian Provincial People's Congress. Every Double Ninth Festival, various places in Puxian organize mountaineering for the elderly, carry out extensive mass mountaineering activities, exercise, and cultivate people's character of understanding nature, loving hometown, and loving the motherland.
Putian's "Hui Nv Village"
Wear Hui'an clothes, speak Hokkien, and follow Hui'an customs - there is such a "Hui Nv Village" Fuye Village on Nanri Island. It is said that 380 years ago, the pioneer of Fuye Village (known locally as Kaijizu), a Hui'an fisherman named Lin Xiangbo, drifted to this island when he was fishing in the wind and waves, and found that the aquatic resources here are very rich. Subsequently, some clan members surnamed Lin moved here one after another, causing the remote island to become densely populated and villages gradually formed. After several generations of hard work, they built a beautiful home next to the mountains and the sea. Today, the village has an area of ??1.7 square kilometers and a population of 4,300. They still retain the dialect and clothing brought by the pioneers. The old ladies in the village still wear the Hui women’s clothing of “thrifty shirts, wasteful trousers, feudal hair, and democratic bellies”. In addition, they wear buns on the back of their heads with shiny silver hairpins. In the young people who love beauty, It can still be seen on women. Retaining the original simple flavor. Here we select a group of shots from the "Hui Nu Village" on Nanri Island to freeze their hardworking and simple figures
Putian Folk Dance
"Nine-Pin Lotus Lantern" long-term It is popular in Putian and Xianyou areas, and there are still many folk artists who are good at performing. The "Nine Carp Dance" is popular in Huangshi Town, Putian City. It was originally a folk performance with the color of praying for blessings and exorcising evil spirits. It then gradually evolved and has become a festival celebration dance with auspicious meanings. "Walking in the Rain", also known as "Umbrella Dance", was originally a performance in the Puxian opera "Ruilan Walking in the Rain at the Moon Worship Pavilion", which shows Ruilan's mother and daughter walking in the rain. Because of its strong danceability, soft movements and rich characteristics, it has become part of the artistic essence of Puxian Opera and has been passed down from generation to generation. Some old artists also use this excerpt to perform excerpts. Later, it gradually moved from opera to folk music.