Introduction to Japanese Gagaku information

--------Galaku

Galaku was used by ancient Chinese emperors to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth, ancestors, and greetings. Music used in various ceremonies such as banquets and banquets. It emerged and became popular in the Zhou Dynasty. In later generations, it was called elegant music because of its peaceful melody and elegant and pure lyrics. -------Korean elegant music Korean elegant music is a kind of court music of the Korean people. It was introduced from the Central Plains in the 12th century and was originally called "Dasheng elegant music". It is used for sacrifices and various banquets such as Yuanqiu, Sheji, Taimiao, Xiannong, Xiancan, Wenxuanwang Temple, etc. Instruments and movements were originally divided into main voice and middle voice. It was not until the middle of the 14th century that the distinction disappeared. According to the seasons, it is divided into winter solstice music, first month music, August music and September music. I once added lyrics, but only the music score has been circulated so far, and the lyrics have been lost. According to the application occasion, it can be divided into ritual music, banquet ritual music and party ritual music. Yanli music was played during palace banquets, including most folk music and Tang music. Huili music is played when civil and military officials go to court to discuss matters and receive foreign envoys. It is solemn and solemn and has obvious characteristics of Yi-style music. ----------Relevant pictures of this theme of Japanese Gagaku are as follows: As a complete art form with a history of 1,300 years, Japanese Gagaku is a traditional tradition with national characteristics that combines Tang music and Korean music. Art. Yale means "elegant music and dance" and "elegant music" in Chinese. It was compiled based on the Confucian etiquette and music thoughts, and was originally the music for worshiping the ancestral temple. Since the establishment of Yayaku in the first year of Dabao (701) as a base for cultivating Yayue talents, Yayue has become a formal court art. In addition to teaching Gagaku, Japanese Gagaku also teaches Samhan music, Silla music, Baekje music, Koryo music, Tang music, Linyi music in the Linyi area of ??southern China, Chinese temple music (sanle), and Japanese music. Unique music and dance - Kagura, field dance, eastward journey, Japanese dance, five festival dance, etc. Gagaku of Japan's Nara period maintained the style of foreign cultures. However, after entering the Heian period, its content changed greatly. During the reign of Emperor Nimei, the Japanese reorganized Gagaku into left and right parts. On the left are Tang music, Linyi music and some Indian music. On the right is Korean music and other music introduced from North Korea. This composition method is largely influenced by Japan's political system and official position system. Most of the people who perform elegant music are members of the royal family. Among them, the Duo family, the Kou family, and the Qin family are all famous Yale families. At that time, Kame, Tsuji, Higashi, Dou, Kubo, Kubo, and Shiba (surnamed Koma) in the Gagaku circle were from the left side of the gaku and lived in Nara; Ta, Abe, Yutaka, and Yamai were from the right side of the house and lived in Kyoto. . After the Onin Rebellion in Japan, Youfang Leren declined. The Tenno Raku people (the Qin surnames Shao, Hayashi, Oka, and Togi) who lived in the Shitennoji Temple in Osaka were recruited to Kyoto, replacing the Ugata Raku people who originally lived in Kyoto. From then on, the Japanese called the musicians in Nara, Kyoto, and Osaka "three parties." During the Edo period, a music institution was also set up at Momijiyama in Edo Castle. In the third year of Akechi (1869), these musicians were organized together and became the predecessor of today's Imperial Household Club in Japan. From a broad perspective, Gagaku is divided into three performance forms: orchestral (kangen), dance (bugaku), and ballad (kayou). -Orchestral-refers to using only three wind instruments: shou, hichiriki, and ryuteki, plus two string instruments: biwa and koto, as well as kakko, It is a performance method played by three taiko instruments, namely taiko and syouko. -Dance music-Graceful music accompanied by dance is called dance music. Dance music is divided into one-person dance, two-person dance, four-person dance, and six-person dance; it is also divided into literary dance, martial dance, walking dance, and children's dance. The so-called "Kuniburi_no_utamai" (kuniburi_no_utamai) refers to performances inherited from ancient Japanese songs such as kagurauta, kumeuta, azuma asobi, etc., using musical instruments such as harp and wata to accompany dance performances. form. At the same time, in addition to Japan's traditional "national style", there are also "left-side dance" which originated from the dances of China and other Southeast Asian countries, and "right-side dance" which originated from Korean Goryeo dance.

- Ballads - including three kinds of vocal music, "kuniburi_no_uta", "saibara", and "rouei" that are usually sung along with Gagaku performances. "National Song" is a piece of music based on ancient Japanese primitive songs that recites the mythical world and is often used in various sacrificial ceremonies. "Ji Ma Yu" was originally a custom song sung by farmers on their horses during the Heian period when they were transporting rented grain to Beijing. Later, it gradually evolved into a song used by the nobles in the palace for enjoyment. "Langyong" refers to a type of song in which the nobles of the Heian Dynasty set Chinese poems to tunes and performed them. There is no conductor when playing elegant music. The players rely entirely on timing and feeling each other's breathing rhythms to keep in tune. When watching elegant music, the stage often leaves a very deep impression on people. In Japan, the structure of the gagaku stage is different from any other folk art stage. Although the stage of the Imperial Household Hall Club, which serves the Japanese royal family, is set indoors, in fact most Gagaku stages are set up outdoors. For example, Osaka's Shitennoji Temple and Sumiyoshi Shrine have temporary open-air stone stages. The Yale stage is about 91 centimeters high and 7.4 meters square. It is surrounded by red-painted railings. There are stone steps of about 1.8 meters in the front, back and center of the stage, which serve as the entrance and exit of the actors. There is an additional stage in the center of the stage with an area of ??about 5.4 meters and a height of about 30 centimeters. The actors perform dances on this stage (the accompanist does not go on the stage). There are two big drums on the left and right behind the main stage. Musical instruments are also divided into left-side music and right-side music. The music on the left is a traditional Japanese instrument and a Chinese instrument, and the music on the right is a Korean instrument. Yale pays attention to the kung fu of hands and feet. Hand skills include hand-to-hand, hand-together, pulling, elbow-folding, rib removal, rib-shaking, waist-beating, hand-rolling, hand-beating, etc. The kung fu on the feet includes falling, pressing the feet, chasing the feet, jumping, stepping, standing, kneeling, flying, walking, etc. Only when siblings work together can a good performance be performed. Just as the gestures and performances are unique, so are the costumes and props of Yale. In terms of costume colors, the dancer on the left is red and the dancer on the right is green. In addition, there are many types of costumes, including suits, painted costumes, headdress costumes, etc. Literary dances generally use suit attire, while martial arts dances such as "Ling Wang" use barbarian armor and Guantou attire, while children's dance costumes are mostly used when performing "Jialingpin", "Butterfly" and other repertoire. As a fusion of traditional Chinese clothing and Japanese Heian clothing, Yale's clothing is even more elegant and colorful.

Japanese Gagaku

Gagaku (ががく) means "Ya Zheng music" in Chinese. It is a traditional music that flourished in Japan during the Heian period. It is also a large-scale ensemble type. Music played in a state of play. The music is mostly instrumental, and it is still the court music of Japan and is the oldest music form existing in the world. Gagaku was first introduced to Japan from China and Korea during the Nara period, and was later imitated and fused to produce Japanese Gagaku. The ensemble of musical instruments that does not accompany dance is called an orchestra; what accompanies dance is dance music; in the musical forms such as Kagura, Eastward Journey, Kume, and Horse Riding, there is also the recitation of Han poetry (Chinese poetry), which is called recital.

The Onin Rebellion occurred in Japan in the 15th century, ushering in the Warring States Period, and the inheritance of Gagaku was interrupted; there was a break of more than a hundred years until the Tokugawa Shogunate summoned the descendants of musicians to regroup; the Heian Period It has also become a question to what extent the elegant music form has been preserved.

When humming the musical notation written in katakana in the 筚篥 music score, the ハ line is pronounced in the manner of "ファ, ??フィ, フ, フェ, フォ", which is similar to the modern "ハ, フィ, ファ, フィ, フ, フェ, フォ" "ヒ,フ,ヘ,ホ" are very different; it is speculated that they may faithfully reproduce the pronunciation characteristics of Japanese before the 16th century. In addition, the pipa music notation, in which the symbols written in Chinese characters are quite similar to the pipa music notation found in Dunhuang, China, has inherited a large number of forms imported from the mainland.

The music in Kyoto was devastated during the Onin Rebellion, and Yagaku faced a crisis of inheritance. Fengyuan Tongqiu (1450-1524) wrote the book "Tiyuanchao" in order to leave records for future generations. As a sheng player, he recorded the relevant information and experiences of elegant music and dance music.

The title of the book "Ti Yuan Chao" comes from the radicals "Feng" and "Yuan" of "Ti" and "Yuan", which are the author's surname; this book is a precious record of ancient elegant music, and the six existing types of elegant music tunes are It is based on the records in the book and can be said to be the most important historical data of Yale. The "Tigensho" written in the Muromachi period is known as the three major music books, along with the "Kenjosho" of the Kamakura period and the "Rakusho" of the Edo period.

History

Japanese Gagaku evolved from ritual music in China, the Korean Peninsula, and South Asia. These musics were introduced to Japan before the Middle Ages. Gagaku is ceremonial music in China, but the Tang music repertoire imported from China in Japanese Gagaku is considered to have evolved from the banquet music Yanraku of the Tang Dynasty. Since they have also absorbed the nutrients of traditional Chinese music, the relationship between Japanese gaku, Vietnamese gage, and Korean traditional music can be said to be equivalent to brothers. Although the exotic names of Tang music, Korean music, and Lam Yi music (Vietnamese music) remain in the music classification, Japanese Gagaku also contains elements of ancient music before the introduction of mainland music. Coupled with the mutual influence between Gagaku, folk songs, and statements (Buddhist hymns with rhyme lyrics, divided into Sanskrit, Han, and Harmony), Gagaku formed a unique form in Japan. Currently, the Shikibu Music Club of the Imperial Household Agency of the Cabinet Office of Japan has inherited about a hundred pieces of music.

The musical form of elegant music

The music is divided into three movements: "Prelude", "Broken" and "Urgent". The main melody of the preface is the most calm, and the speed of the performance is free, without any restrictions on the beat. The broken melody also flows leisurely, and the beat is fixed at eight beats in one measure. Urgent is a brisk melody with four beats in one measure; but depending on the performance, the rhythm of "urgent" may not necessarily be fast, so it also means the third piece of music in a group.

Classification and repertoire of elegant music

National style songs and dances

* Divine music songs

o Tinghuo

o Sakaki

* Kumi Song

* Journey to the East Song

o One Song

o Two Songs

o Suruga Song

* Yamato Song

o Daige

o Japanese Song

* Daige

* Songs

* Yuji, Zhuji

Foreign music

Orchestra

* Tang music

* Korean music

Dance music

* Classified by music type

o Zuo dance: Tang music (China), Lin Yi music (Vietnam) , Tianzhu Music (India) accompaniment of music and dance, "Lanling King" is the most famous.

o Right Dance: Dance music accompanied by Korean music (Jeju Island) and Bohae music (Liaodong Peninsula). The song "Nazenri" is the most famous.

* Classified by dance type

o Flat dance: wearing elegant costumes, performed by 4 to 6 people

o Walking dance: wearing gorgeous costumes, performed by Performed by 1 to 2 people

o Children's dance: Performed by children

Songs

* Chant

o Red leaves

o Spring Passage

* Riding Music

o Changing Clothes

o Mountain City

Existing Tune

* Yiyue tune, with D as the base note, is equivalent to D major

* Flat tune, with E as the base note, is equivalent to E minor

* Double The key is G as the base note, which is equivalent to the key of G major

* The Huangzhong tune is based on A, which is equivalent to the key of A minor

* The tune of Pansha is the key of B. The base note is equivalent to B minor

* Taishi tune, with E as the base note, is equivalent to E major

Famous tunes

* Yue Tianle

* Return to the City

* Wuchang Music

* Qianqiu Music

Musical Instruments

Please see Japanese Ya Musical Instruments

* Wind instruments: Sheng, 筚篥, dragon flute, Korean flute, Kagura flute

* String instruments: Pipa (Le Pipa), Zheng (Le Zheng), and Harmony Instruments (Japanese harp)

* Percussion instruments: taiko (fishing drum), large taiko drum, gong drum, large gong drum, keg drum, three drums, wat beats

Various music pieces Musical instruments used

* Orchestra: Sheng, 筚篥, dragon flute, pipa, zither, Jiegu, taiko drum, zhenggu

* Zuo Wu (Tang music): Sheng, 筚篥, dragon flute, Jie drum, large taiko drum, large drum drum

* Right dance (Korean music): 筚篥, Korean flute, large drum drum, large drum drum, three drums

* Horse riding music: Sheng, 筚篥, dragon flute, pipa, zither, and wat beats

* Recitation: Sheng, 筚篥, dragon flute

* Divine music song: 筚篥, Kagura flute, harmonious harp, and wat beats

* Kumi Song: 筚篥, dragon flute, harmonious harp, and wat beats

* Journey to the East: 筚篥, Korean flute, and wat beats

* Qin and Wat beats

* Dahege: 筚篥, dragon flute, harmonious harp, and Wat beats

* Great Harmony songs: 筚篥, dragon flute, harmonious harp, and Wat beats

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* Poetry: Japanese harp

Lingraku

As early as the Meiji era, we began to refer to the remaining antiquities of Shoso-in and the craftsmanship handed down from the Edo period. Technology is used to restore musical instruments such as the harp and the five-string pipa. Although the degree of restoration is high, it is only a restoration of a handicraft, and the tension of the strings cannot withstand real performance. It was only during the Showa period that restoration work "for performance purposes" began. In recent years, Japan's National Theater has attempted to restore abolition of musical instruments and music. Gagaku instruments and music that were once abolished and disappeared have been restored in recent years and are collectively known as lingaku. The restored musical instruments include the konghou, five-string pipa, ruanxian, panpipe, shakuhachi, yu, fangxiang, etc.

* Please see Restored Instruments

Modern Gagaku

* New Gagaku: The National Theater of Japan commissioned domestic and foreign composers to compose modern Gagaku. New pieces, and actually performed. Folk groups are also making similar innovative attempts; in particular, "Autumn Garden Song Ichigu" (1973-1979) composed by Toru Takemitsu has become an indispensable and famous piece of modern Gagaku.

* Modern music using elegant musical instruments: especially modern classical music; among the elegant musical instruments, the sheng is the most frequently used.

* Modern music based on the concept of elegant music: works created using the arrangement of Western musical instruments and the musical structure of elegant music as the concept.

Hideki. In addition, some jazz performances will include elegant musical instruments.

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