Abstract: Human's understanding of time and space has gone through a long, complicated and tortuous process. In ancient times, people thought that the heavens and the earth were round. Later, Newton's absolute view of time and space came into being, and Einstein's relativistic view of time and space was established. In recent years, a new view of time and space based on the theory of "the change of the speed of light" (VSL) appeared.

Keywords: the absolute space-time of the Arabian Circle changes the superstring theory with respect to the chaotic fractal light speed of space-time

After a hundred years of rapid development of physics and modern high technology, mankind has entered a brand-new era. However, physics still faces many problems that need to be solved urgently. Einstein's unified theory that has not been solved all his life has not been solved so far. In addition, the string theory needs to be improved. BIGBANG's theory is helpless to Planck time [.(42 zeros) 1 second before the birth of the universe] and black holes. There are still some major physical experiments and observed phenomena that cannot be interpreted by the existing theories. With the arrival of the new century, physics is faced with the same layers of fog as it was a hundred years ago, and physics theories beyond Einstein's theory may appear. Human understanding of time and space is a science that constantly discovers, corrects, perfects and challenges the theoretical achievements of predecessors. In the following, the author briefly introduces and discusses from the flat space-time view of the Arabian Heaven and the Earth to Einstein's relativistic space-time view and the multi-dimensional space-time theory based on the superstring theory.

First, the ancient concept of "the sky is round and the place is round"

Since it came into being, human beings are expected to have a certain understanding of their living environment and have a preliminary impression on the concept of time and space. In ancient Chinese mythology, Pangu opened the sky, while Qing dynasty rose to the sky. Turbidity sinks to the ground, and they think that the sky is round. Because the great god * * * knocked down the hills and supported the Tianzhu, the sky tilted northwest and the ground tilted southeast, and the sun, the moon and the stars rose in the east and landed in the west. Human beings have been studying the problems of time and space since they came into being. In order to survive and develop, human beings need to understand the universe and the changes of the weather, and want to know how storms, snows, thunder and lightning are produced, how they change all the year round, when to sow and when to harvest. Heaven and earth were originally a huge space, which inspired our infinite imagination and interest. But in feudal society, people always thought that they lived on an absolute plane and the earth was flat. Some people call the law of the universe in this period Pythagorean Theorem (Chinese people call it Pythagorean Theorem), that is, a2+b2 = c2. "Pythagorean Theorem is not only reasonable in mathematical beauty, but also produces the famous Fermat Theorem through the study of it in modern times. Fermat's theorem was only proved in the 198s and 199s. A2+b2 = c2 not only has geometric beauty, but also reflects human understanding of the beauty of time and space. It is a space-time view of plane thinking. It is the first major and perfect theorem for human beings to understand nature. " (Go to Zhu Weiyong and Zhu Haisong's "Thermal Abstraction" P7)

In modern times, due to the development of navigation and other factors, people saw that ships appeared in the distance did not simply grow from small to large, but seemed to drill out from below the sea level in the distance, so people began to doubt whether the sea level was really flat and whether the earth was really an infinite plane. Due to various speculations about the shape of the earth, Pythagoras thought that the earth was spherical from the viewpoint that the sphere was the most perfect geometry. He believes that the earth revolves around a fixed "central fire" in space along a sphere, and there is an "Earth-facing star" on the other side to balance it. This "central fire" will never be seen by human beings. He believes that there must be ten luminaries in the sky, and the distance between these ten celestial bodies and the central fire has the same proportional relationship with syllables, so as to maintain the harmony of the stars and play the music of celestial bodies. This reminds people of the current superstring theory. (Refer to Zhu Weiyong and Zhu Haisong's Thermal Abstraction P5).

Second, the absolute concept of time and space based on "classical mechanics"

The Greeks used geometric methods to explain the motion of planets, and the Ptolemaic geocentric system that appeared in the 2nd century AD was the representative of these theories. This system ruled for fourteen centuries, until the emergence of Copernicus' heliocentric system in the 16th century and Galileo's relativity principle based on inertial system in the 17th century. Thus, classical mechanics based on Newton's three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation was established, and the concept of absolute time and space based on classical mechanics was also established. Newton thought that the absolutely true mathematical time, by its nature, passed away evenly forever, regardless of any outside world. Absolute space, by its nature, has nothing to do with any outside world. It never moves and will never change. It is believed that space is three-dimensional, OX, OY and OZ constitute a three-dimensional space, and he separates space from time. Space has no clear definition of time, but a uniform axis of natural flow. Classical space-time thinks that the absoluteness of simultaneity, the absoluteness of time interval, the absoluteness of space distance and the invariance of quality. Therefore, the three basic physical quantities of time, length and mass have nothing to do with the motion of the reference frame (observer) in classical mechanics.

3. Relativistic view of time and space based on the theory of "constant speed of light"

In p>195, Einstein published five articles in succession, and the special theory of relativity completely changed people's view of time and space. According to this theory, "time or space varies from place to place, and it will expand or be confiscated". Later, this theory developed into a theory of gravity to explain the phenomenon of the universe, that is, general relativity. The two basic assumptions of special relativity are: the first is the principle of relativity. In different inertial reference systems, all physical laws are the same; The second is the principle that the speed of light is constant. No matter which inertial reference system, the measured speed of light in vacuum is the same.

The explanation of "the principle of relativity at the same time" should start with "Einstein's cow dream". Einstein had a very special dream when he was a teenager. The dream is as follows: in a picturesque pasture, many cows were lazily eating grass near the electrified fence. When the farmer electrified the fence, the farmer saw three cows jump in turn, while Einstein, who was standing opposite, saw three cows jump together. (Refer to Faster than Light/P11-P8/Joo Maguyou (Jo? O Magueijo) So who is wrong, the farmer or Einstein? The answer is that no one is wrong. This is the principle of relativity. As shown in Figure 1, when the farmer in position A turns on the power switch, the current moves in the direction of the cow at the speed of light, and the total time it takes when the scene of B cow jumping up by electric shock returns to the farmer's eyes is: where C is the speed of light, similarly, the time it takes the farmer to see the switch of jumping up distance of the cow in position C closed is: The time for the farmer to see the jump distance switch of the cow in position D closed is. Because the three cows are at different distances from the farmer, the three cows don't jump at the same time for the farmer. For the observer E opposite the farmer, because light and electricity travel at the same speed, he sees three cows jumping at the same time. For the same kind of events, the time when they happen is different because of the different positions of the observers. This is the principle of relativity. Einstein thought that there would be no absolutely static place in the universe, thus denying Newton's absolute coordinates. He thought that any inertial system (a system at rest or moving at a uniform speed) was no different from a static place (coordinates). This is one of the foundations of special relativity, the principle of relativity. Another foundation of the special theory of relativity is the principle of constant speed of light. Even if the observer or light source is moving, light always travels at a speed of 3, kilometers per second for the observer.

one of the core problems of relativity is that time is not absolute, and the object moving at a high speed (close to the speed of light) has a slow time flow rate, which is expressed by a formula. Its basic principle is shown in Figure 2. If the spacecraft flies forward at a speed close to the speed of light, there is a beam of light from A to B in the spacecraft. According to the principle of relativity, during the flight, the time of light movement observed by people on the spacecraft is: not only does the light travel in a straight line relative to the observer on the spacecraft; For the observer who sees the spacecraft moving outside the spacecraft, this light is emitted from A to D, and the time taken for the light to move is: Obviously because of SAD? SAB=SCD, then there is t2? T1, that is to say, for the observer outside the spacecraft, the time of light movement becomes longer than that of the observer inside the spacecraft.

another core issue of the theory of relativity is that a high-speed moving object (close to the speed of light) will shrink its space (length). Expressed by formula. The basic principle is shown in Figure 3. The observer at A first sees the bow C of the spacecraft, while the stern at this time is at E. When the observer looks at the stern, the stern has moved to point D, and the bow has moved to point C. So, for the observer, the length of the spacecraft he sees is only the SCD length, not the original SCE length of the spacecraft, and the spacecraft is compressed in the direction of movement.

a surprising prediction of the special theory of relativity is that there is an upper speed limit for any object in the universe, and this upper limit is the speed of light. That is to say, no matter how advanced and advanced technology is used to accelerate an object, the speed of the object cannot exceed the speed of light. When the object is accelerated, its mass increases, so the closer the object is to the speed of light, the more difficult it is to accelerate. According to the formula, it is almost impossible to make the object reach the speed of light. We can see this only by the fact that photons have mass in motion and no mass at rest. Mass and energy are a matter of time. With formulas, not only a small mass can be converted into a very large energy, but this is also a key point of special relativity.

To sum up, Einstein's four viewpoints on the relativity of simultaneity, the slow motion clock, the spatial contraction of motion and the increasing mass of motion have completely subverted Newton's concept of absolute time and space. Einstein developed the special theory of relativity and took gravity into account. The four principles introduced by the general theory of relativity gave us a new understanding of time and space. The principle of generalized relativity is as follows: First, the principle of equivalence is that there is no difference between the inertia force observed in the place of accelerating movement and the gravity. For example, in a falling box, the gravity is completely offset by the inertia force and the gravity slips away, which is the principle of equivalence. Second, gravity bends light, because light has mass when it moves, so it is also influenced by gravity, so light bends near the earth or the sun, which can be proved by observing the stars hidden behind the sun during the total solar eclipse. Black holes are also a proof that light is bent or subjected to gravity. Third, gravity bends the space, the massive celestial bodies bend the light, and the light travels in a straight line in the curved part of the space. As a result, the space bends near the massive celestial bodies, or the whole universe is a curled space. Fourth, gravity slows down the flow of time. The stronger the gravity, the slower the flow of time. The closer the celestial body near the black hole with particularly strong gravity is, the slower the flow of time. If you travel to the black hole horizon, time will even stop. Different from the special theory of relativity, in places with strong gravity, the time flow is not relatively slow, but inevitably slow, which has been proved in the operation of global positioning system, and satellite system positioning will not be accurate unless scientists correct the clock benefit caused by gravity changes.

fourth, the new concept of time and space based on the theory of "chaotic fractal"

Most of nature is not orderly and balanced, but in a state of disorder, imbalance and randomness, and there are countless disordered states. In the nonlinear world, randomness and complexity are its main characteristics. But there is still some natural law under the performance. Chaotic fractal theory deals with these problems with new means, and reveals the laws hidden in complex systems and the relationship between parts and the whole through confusing chaotic phenomena and irregular forms.

great physicist John? Wheeler (the name of the black hole) said that in the future, if a person can't be familiar with chaos and fractal, he can't be regarded as a scientific cultural person. Fractal theory is an American scientist Mandelbrot (B? B? Mandelbrot) first put forward "Fractal" as a set in 1975. The establishment and rapid development of fractal theory involves almost the whole natural science and social science. Literally speaking, fractal is extremely fragmentary and complex, but it also has self-similarity and self-imitation, which are ubiquitous in nature. Such as unpredictable clouds, magnificent landforms, winding coastlines, biological neural networks, branching branches, rivers and tributaries, and so on. In the face of these things and phenomena, traditional science seems helpless, while fractal theory has become a powerful weapon to study these complex things. The simplest example of so-called fractal is a tree, such as folding its trunk, branches and small branches, you will find that they have amazing similarities. The small branches are very similar to the model of the big tree, and the big tree is like the enlargement of the small tree; Another example is the similarity of river deltas. From maps, airplanes and the ground, we can see rivers, streams and streams, and their branch forms are similar to the geometry of the triangle. Another example is that the human body has the same similarity from artery, vein to capillary, and its trend and branch morphology. This is the fractal theory that nature shows us. A famous saying in our country, "Managing the family, ruling the country and leveling the world", is that if a person can manage a family well, he can manage the country and level the world, which is the embodiment of fractal theory in sociology. And "rather critical, a bud knows spring" is also an early application of fractal theory. Even the opening of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "It is said that the general trend of the world, if it is long, it will be divided, and if it is long, it will be combined" is also the application of fractal theory in historical development. To sum up, fractal theory is a new understanding of our view of time and space.

The exploration of chaos was put forward by many scientists in the study of three-body problem as early as the early 2th century. We know that it is easy to calculate the orbit of two-body motion by Newton's mechanics, but the law of * * * motion among the three celestial bodies, the sun, the earth and the moon, has not been well explained so far. This is the so-called three-body problem, which is also an important beginning of the study of chaos. Because this problem contains many basic, primitive, intuitive and innovative things that we know about nature. This requires new thinking, new ideas, new methods and new theories. Under this historical background, the theoretical chaos of human beings' new understanding of nature and time and space appeared. As a famous example of studying chaos, the "butterfly effect" has become a window for many people to understand chaos. The "butterfly effect" means that on the established orbit, under the slight interference, the motion orbit will change greatly. In order to describe the extreme sensitivity of chaotic complex system, Lorenz made an analogy. In the southern hemisphere, a small airflow caused by the accidental flapping of a butterfly's wings may turn into a tornado sweeping across the northern hemisphere in a few weeks. "A gunshot of the October Revolution brought Marxism-Leninism to China" is the "butterfly effect" that caused the China Revolution and the world socialist revolution. And a horseshoe nail fell to a prince, a prince lost a war, a war lost a kingdom, but also changed the whole world, which