the classification of musical instruments is different due to the materials, materials and attributes of musical instruments. There are four categories of stringed instruments: stringed instruments, plucked instrument, percussion instruments, woodwind instruments and brass percussion instruments: stringed instruments with fixed pitch and without fixed pitch: violin viola cello bass cello plucked instrument: guitar harp percussion instruments that produce vibration by plucking strings: percussion instruments that produce sound by hammering strings-piano percussion instruments in orchestral music, including all instruments that produce sound by rubbing strings with bows while playing. The pitch is produced by the fingers of the left hand pressing the strings on the fingerboard. In order to make the timbre or * * * sound good, and to match the different performance of each part, different wood materials must be selected. String group is the largest of the four categories of orchestral music, and it often plays the most important part in music when playing. Q: The relationship between the pitch and the length and thickness of the string. On the surface, a violin is a horned gourd-shaped wooden box with a pair of F-shaped holes. Everything is the same except that the viola is slightly larger than the violin. They all have a chin rest, so that they can clamp the piano with their cheeks when playing. The cello is about two and a half times larger than the violin, but its sides are about four times higher than the violin. It has no chin rest. But there is a prop that can be taken down or retracted into the belly of the piano when not in use. Bow A bow is a tool that makes a stringed instrument sound. The shape of the bow is evolved from the bow used for hunting in ancient times. The bow is slightly curved, usually with a white ponytail as the bow hair. Apply hard rosin to the hair, then rub it with the strings and vibrate to make sound. The quality of the bow also determines the timbre played. The bow is about 75 cm long, and the bow hair made of ponytail is tightly tied to both ends of the wooden bow rod. The number of hairs required for a bow is about 13 to 25, and the performer can express rich timbre through the use of different playing techniques. How to play a stringed instrument? Stringed instruments are usually played with a bow. When playing, it's like holding a bow and sawing an instrument. Holding a bow in one hand and rubbing the strings back and forth with bow hair will make a sound. At this time, the bow and the strings on the instrument are close to the vertical angle. Except that the action principle of playing is basically the same, the method of holding musical instruments is not the same. Violin and viola are relatively small in size, so they are directly sandwiched between the left jaw and the left shoulder when playing, whether standing or sitting. The cello can only be played while sitting, placed between the open feet. Because the double bass is so big, no matter sitting (high chair) or standing, the player presses the strings with his left hand behind the instrument and plays with a bow in his right hand. String instruments can also be played with fingers like plucked instrument, such as guitar, and the sound produced is very different from that played with a bow, but this playing method is not often used. This technique is called pizza. String polishing instrument: violin is the most important instrument in orchestral music, with a total length of about 6 cm. Violin can show perfect sound quality, whether it is slender sound or brilliant sound, it can be emitted at will. This soft and light musical instrument has always been loved by many composers. The four strings of a violin are tuned to the heights of G, D, A and E at a height interval. G string can make the deepest sound, and E string can make a high and brilliant sound. The bow is about 75 cm long. In orchestral music, violins are divided into two groups: the first group and the second group, and each group has its own Part to play. No matter which group's part, it plays an important role in the overall sound of orchestral music. The first violin is on the conductor's left, and the one on the far right front of the violin is the "lead performer". He often serves as an assistant to the conductor, and is also responsible for playing the violin solo part of orchestral music, and is also the chief of the violin group. Brushing stringed instruments: Viola is the first to appear in the family of violas. The viola is slightly larger than the violin, with a total length of about 66 cm. The four strings are all tuned five degrees lower than the violin, and the tone is quiet and stuffy, like a nasal sound. In the 17th century, the viola was only used occasionally, or it was used to foil and emphasize the bass or to fill the harmony, and it was not until the 18th century that it gradually began to be used as a solo instrument. Its four-string pitch is CGDA, and its playing skills are the same as those of violin. Because of its low range, the left hand has a larger pitch activity on the fingerboard. The bow of viola is almost as long as that of violin, but the bow of viola is heavier. String cleaner: The cello is about twice as long as the violin, with a total length of about 12 cm. When playing, it is sandwiched between the legs and the lower end is supported by a foot stick. It has a wide range, can play a deeper sound than viola, and can emit a very brilliant and beautiful high note. The strings are thick, about twice as long as the violin. The bow is short and weighs about 73 cm, which is not as beautiful as the bow of a violin. The strings are tuned to C, G, D and A, which are eight octaves lower than the viola. Cello is not as bright as violin, but its sound quality is quite soft and beautiful, which just provides the orchestra with a low range. Among stringed instruments, apart from violin, cello has the most opportunities to be a soloist. String cleaning instrument: The bass cello is the lowest and largest instrument in the violin family, with a total length of about 2 cm. The player must stand and play, and the four strings are fixed as EADG, with a solemn and low tone, and the bow is about 68~7 cm long. The performance technique is less flexible than other bowstring instruments because of the limitation of musical instrument structure. The use of double bass for solo is a little monotonous, but once it is added to the ensemble, it makes the whole ensemble give off a substantial sound and three-dimensional effect, thus becoming the basis of all kinds of ensembles such as orchestra, chamber music and jazz. Plucked instrument: Guitar Guitar is commonly known as the six-stringed instrument. The tuning of the six-stringed instrument is EADGBE respectively. There are 18-2 squares with fixed grades on the fingerboard of the guitar, and each grade is half a tone apart. When playing, put the guitar between the right knee and the left thigh, pluck the strings with the fingers of the right hand, or use Pick to pluck the strings (classical guitar is seldom used). Guitar has a soft and lively tone and is easy to carry. It is deeply loved by young people in modern times and has become an indispensable instrument in pop music. Plucked instrument: Harp Harp is one of the oldest musical instruments in history. Its pronunciation mode is produced by plucking strings with fingers. Today, the standard harp with two pedals is 47 strings. All the C strings in the strings are red, while the F strings are blue. The piano platform is equipped with seven pedals, which can play semitones. With the use of the seven pedals and the strings, the performer can play beautiful, smooth and dreamy tones. In solo, you can show lyrical or gorgeous features; But in the ensemble, it is mostly used as decorative music. Stringer: Piano Piano is a stringed instrument. Piano, which can play harmony and polyphony music, is loved by people as soloist, ensemble and concerto, so it is known as "the king of musical instruments". The piano has 88 keys tuned by the standard twelve-average law. The piano is made by striking the strings with a hammer wrapped in felt. When playing the piano, the fingers press the keys, and the other end of the keys will jack up the corresponding part of the string striking machine, so that the hammer will strike the strings and make a sound. When the finger is raised, the stop on the string striking machine will stop the sound. Soft pedal's right: The sustain pedal allows the sound to continue to ring after the keys are picked up. Middle: the sound holding pedal can prolong a specific sound. Left: the soft pedal makes the sound weaker and lacks * * *. Woodwind musical instrument A tubular wind instrument made of wood is called woodwind musical instrument, which is called woodwind for short. It sounds by the vibration of the air column made in the pipe. The improved metal or other materials may not be limited to wood. According to the different number of reeds in its structure, it can be divided into three categories: one: no reed (flute, piccolo), two: single reed (clarinet, saxophone) and three: double reed (double reed). Piccolo flute is a very elegant musical instrument. Nowadays, most flutes are made of metal, but rarely wooden ones. It is silvery white, and the whole pipe is divided into three parts: mouthpiece pipe, body pipe and tail pipe. When playing, the hand is held horizontally, and the air is blown in from the mouthpiece, so that the air column in the tube cavity can vibrate freely, and the flute can emit a soft, bright and clear timbre without any reed. In addition to controlling breathing, the variation of timbre can be enhanced by tongue playing and overtone. Its range is about three octaves. Piccolo is similar to flute in structure, only half as long as flute, and its pronunciation is eight degrees higher than flute, and its playing skills are the same as flute. Single-reed woodwind instrument: clarinet, also known as clarinet, is commonly known as clarinet. When air is blown into the mouthpiece, the reed will cause the air column in the cavity to vibrate and make sound. Single-reed woodwind instrument: saxophone saxophone, made of metal, with a conical interior and a trumpet-shaped opening at the end, which bends upward, but its structure is changed from vertical bass, so it is still classified as woodwind instrument. The structure is divided into mouthpiece, mouthpiece and body. Saxophone is lazy, full and thick, between woodwind and brass instruments, and is widely used in military bands and jazz music. Double-reed woodwind instrument: Oboe Oboe is very similar to clarinet in shape, which is conical and has three parts; The upper tube, the lower tube and the bell mouth have two reeds directly inserted into the tube body at the upper end. The player must learn how to effectively control breathing, which is the most difficult instrument to change the rhythm of woodwind instruments. Its timbre is sweet, slightly sharp and meticulous. Although it is not as light as flute, its nasal sound has the unique characteristics of pastoral flavor. Double reed woodwind instrument: Bassoon Bassoon, commonly known as bassoon, is a conical double reed instrument with a total length of 2.6 meters. However, because it is a bundle of pipes formed by merging two sections, its overall length is only 1.4 meters. The player needs to hang the instrument around his neck to play, which is similar to the oboe, but the tone is deeper, so some people call the bassoon the cello in woodwind instruments; Its colorful and humorous tone also earned it the title of "Clown in Symphony Orchestra". As its name implies, brass instruments are instruments made of copper metal. Instead of reeds, they vibrate the air with their lips to make sounds. Musical instruments are composed of mouthpiece, sound tube and speaker tube, and they have some common characteristics, all of which use the length of the tube and the change of overtones to produce different pitches. And the volume changes greatly. In the symphony orchestra, there are mainly trumpet, French horn, trombone and bass horn. Brass instrument: Trumpet Trumpet, also known as trumpet, is a thin cylindrical tube made of metal, which expands into a trumpet at the end of a quarter of the length. It has three piston devices. When playing, press the piston with the index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand, and the left hand helps to support the instrument. Its timbre is magnificent and loud, which can be regarded as a soprano in brass instruments. It is an important instrument of symphony orchestra and military band, and it is good at playing the main melody part in ensemble. Trumpet is favored by pop music and jazz in modern times because of its varied timbre. Brass instrument: French horn French horn is an alto brass instrument, which is a circular instrument with a long tube and a funnel-shaped trumpet at the end. Its range is lower than that of trumpet, and it has the widest range among brass instruments. French horn is gentle, honest and elegant. The French horn has three flaps. When playing, press the flap with the index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the left hand, and the right hand helps to support the instrument. Brass instrument: Trombone is the only brass instrument that plays back and forth with a telescopic tube without pressing keys, so it is also called telescopic trombone or telescopic horn. When playing, the right hand is used to pull the sound tube back and forth, and then the sound is controlled by qi. Slippery is one of the colors of trombone, which can add many colors to the ensemble. The trombone is about twice as long as the trumpet, and its timbre is broader and more solemn, like that of a tenor in a male voice. Brass instrument: Bass horn, also known as tuba, is the lowest brass instrument and the largest in shape. The bass horn is conical in shape, with a big trumpet-shaped opening at the bottom. The pronunciation is long and long, and the pronunciation is a little slow, which consumes a lot of gas when playing. Being the lowest part in playing music and combining with trombone to form a solid bass is an indispensable role for the orchestra, and its timbre is full and steady. Percussion instrument Percussion instrument is a general term for instruments that make sound by beating. Percussion instruments can be divided into two categories: percussion instruments with fixed pitch: timpani, xylophone and lyre, percussion instruments without fixed pitch: percussion instruments with fixed pitch: tambourine, tambourine, triangle iron, timpani and timpani are composed of a semi-spherical drum body and a drum skin. The leather surface is fixed by a wood ring and then covered by a metal ring, and the tightness of the leather surface can be adjusted by several screws, so that the player can adjust the pitch of the timpani. Modern timpani uses pedals to control the pitch, and even can use pedals to create a sliding sound effect. Timpani drums are usually played in groups of two or more. Two wooden drum sticks wrapped in felt are used when playing. The common basic playing methods are solo and rolling. Percussion instrument with fixed pitch: Muqin and Tieqin are multi-musical instruments composed of wood chips and metal sheets with different lengths, arranged in the same way as the keyboard of a piano. There is a * * * horn below each key, with a range ranging from three to five octaves. It is played with a winding cane and an iron piano with pedals to prolong or stop the sound. The timbre of xylophone is mild. When playing, it is struck with a wire-wound hammer. The timbre will vary with the material of the hammer head, including wood, rubber and felt, and its timbre is beautiful and strange. Tieqin has a crisp sound. Non-fixed pitch percussion instrument: Big drum, also known as Dajun drum, is the largest bass drum in orchestral music, with a diameter ranging from 55 to 8 cm. The drum body is made of wood and metal (in the shape of a hollow roller), and the top is tight with animal skins. Playing methods include single tapping and rolling (when rolling, the drum needs to be tilted). Usually, it is played with a single hammer, and the timbre of the drum is low, so it becomes an instrument with the bass background rhythm of the band. In addition, it is often used to create musical effects, such as happy and excited sounds or simulating thunder and guns. The reverberation of the drum is very long, and the player needs to control the length of the sound effect according to the needs of music. Non-fixed pitch percussion instrument: Small drum, also known as small snare drum, is similar in structure to the big drum, with a barrel-shaped drum body and a drum surface made of animal skins, and a set of springs with adjustable timbre are installed at the bottom of the drum. If the spring is tightened, the timbre is crisp; if the spring is relaxed, the timbre becomes dull and dull; There is another way to change the timbre, that is, there is a ringing line tied to the other drum surface, and hitting the other side with a wooden stick can make a special rustling sound. Make its timbre slightly rustle and become hazy. When playing, two hardwood drumsticks are usually used to play, and in the rhythm of dance music, they are often replaced by steel hammer to strengthen the rhythm effect; Small drums, like big drums, are often used in manufacturing effects. The tambourine is characterized by its loud and penetrating timbre, and it is a conventional instrument of orchestras and military orchestras. Percussion instrument without fixed pitch: tambourine tambourine, drum frame made of wood,