Pagenini Niccolo Paganini (1782--1840) was an Italian violin master and composer. Henryk Wieniawski (1835-1880), Polish violinist and composer.

Fritz Kreisler was born in Vienna on February 2, 1875 and died in New York on January 29, 1962. He was a famous violinist and composer. The following is their specific introduction. Pagenini Niccolo Paganini (1782--1840)

Italian violin master and composer. Born in Genoa, a good port in northern Italy, close to the Mediterranean Sea. His father was a small businessman with little education, but he loved music very much and was a guitar and mandolin amateur. His father taught him to play the mantolin and hired a theater violinist to teach him the violin, and later he studied with the most famous violinist in Genoa. His musical talent was fully demonstrated at an early age, and he could immediately play any piece of music with ease. At the same time he also studied composition. He wrote violin sonatas at the age of eight. At the age of 11, he held a public concert in Genoa, which was a great success. He began traveling and performing at the age of 13. When he was fourteen or five years old, the famous French violinist Rodolfo Krutzel, the person to whom Beethoven wrote the "Krutzel Sonata", listened to his I was stunned when I played, I couldn't believe my ears. In 1805, he was appointed violin soloist in the Luga court orchestra. After 1825, he traveled throughout Vienna, Germany, Paris and England. He also played guitar and viola. In his "Twenty-Four Caprices", he showed superb skills. His technique influenced later violin works, as well as piano techniques and works. His works include "Concerto in bE major", "Twenty-Four Caprices", "Witches' Dance", "Infinite Motion", "Venice Carnival", "Army Sonata", "Napoleon Sonata", "Amour" "Scene", "The Witch", "Violin Concerto in D Major". In addition, he also composed 200 guitar pieces and various chamber music. On the night of May 27, 1840, the man known as the "God of Violin" and "King of Music" passed away at the age of fifty-eight.

He learned piano at a young age, and later went to Genoa and Parma to study. He made his debut on stage at the age of nine and performed his own works. He traveled and performed at the age of thirteen, traveling to Vienna, Germany, Paris and the UK. He also played guitar and viola . In his "Twenty-Four Caprices", he showed amazing talent.

His playing brought violin skills to an unparalleled level and made an indelible contribution to the development of the art of violin playing. It not only influenced later violin works, but also influenced piano techniques and works. He also applied his guitar skills to violin playing, which greatly enriched the expressive power of the violin. Due to the secrecy of his skills, very few works were published during his lifetime, and most of them were published after his death. His works include "Concerto in bE major", "Twenty-Four Caprices", "Dance of the Witches", "Infinite Motion", "Venice Carnival", etc.

Paganini’s father was a businessman who loved music. He began to teach him violin playing skills when he was 3 years old, and later asked him to study with violinist Servito Cos. Tower learning. Paganini composed his first violin sonata when he was 8 years old, and could play the concerto of violinist and composer Brel. At the age of 9, he joined the orchestra of the Municipal Opera House. At the age of 11, he went on stage to perform his own "Variations". At the age of 12, he adapted "Carmagnola" into variations and performed it on stage. It was an instant success and caused a sensation in the public opinion circles. Then he went to Parma to study under the most famous violinist Lola and conductor Pael. After returning home, I spent about 12 hours a day practicing my works. At the age of 13, he began traveling and performing in northern Italy. After 1797, his piano music spread throughout France, Austria, Germany, Britain, the Czech Republic and other countries. His superb playing skills once made his sick teacher Laura jump off the bed and feel ashamed to be his teacher. The famous French violinist Rodolfo Crotch listened to Paganini's performance and was stunned by his amazing skills. He even wrote in his diary: "It was like seeing the apparition of the devil." For this reason, people also call Paganini's performance "the devil's performance".

Paganini pioneered modern violin playing techniques and became the most famous violinist in Europe. His playing skills are superb, his expressions are rich, his emotions are exciting, he is intoxicated and fascinating. He often performed brilliant improvisations at concerts. To show off his skills, he even deliberately broke one or two strings on his violin and continued playing on the remaining strings. His works and playing skills have impressed almost all artists in Europe, such as literary masters Stendhal, Balzac, Meigne, Alexandre Dumas, music masters Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, etc. Everyone who has heard his performance is excited Incessantly. He had a strong influence on the music creation of Chopin, Berlioz, and especially Liszt. Berlioz was also invited by Paganini to write a symphony "Harold in Italy" that highlighted the viola, dedicated to him.

Although Paganini never played this piece (perhaps because he thought his technique was not brilliant enough), he still generously gave an additional 20,000 francs to Berlioz, who was struggling in life.

Ten years after his death, people edited and published his works, which include: 50 outstanding violin pieces, among which some parts of "Twenty-Four Caprices" were used by Lis Twelve violin and guitar sonatas, 6 of which are quartets for violin, viola, cello and guitar; 6 violin concertos, including "Violin Concerto No. 2 in B minor" ("Bells") is his representative work. It is mainly characterized by exquisite playing skills, especially the echo between the first and last movements. It is wonderful and charming, and it is worthy of its title "Bells". As soon as the work was published in 1851, Liszt immediately adapted it into a piano etude of the same name. Both the original work and the arrangement were passed down to later generations, and are still a common repertoire in concerts today. He also composed 200 guitar pieces and various other chamber music works.

1. The master of solo violin playing

Italian violinist and composer Paganini (1782-1840) is a legendary figure. He composed and played many violins. "Du Xian Cao". His incredible stunt on the G string is said to have been developed in prison. He was once imprisoned for killing his wife, and the jailer allowed him to play a violin with only one string as a pastime, and he developed real skills on this G string.

In March 1805, Napoleon's sister Luca and Princess Elisa Bachecoci of Piombo invited him to be the music director in her court and play at the palace concerts every two weeks. once. The princess felt that his overtones irritated her nerves and often left the table before he finished his performance. However, she still admired his genius creativity and often encouraged him to explore new effects on the violin.

At that time, a noble lady fell in love with him and asked him to write a "Love Scene" played with only two strings. He used the E string to represent women and played the melody of courtship; he used the G string to represent men and played a passionate reply; finally, the double notes on the G and E strings combined into a love duet. The lady was greatly moved when she heard his performance.

The princess praised Paganini to the sky. She said to him in the most tactful tone: "You just played something unparalleled on two strings. Can you play it on one string?" Where is your genius?" Paganini agreed to give it a try. A few weeks later, he indeed wrote a military sonata (Opus 31) played on the G string, titled "Napoleon". In August, the work was performed before a large court audience. His later compositions such as "Mary-Louise Sonata" (Opus No. 65), "Recitative and Variations on Three Arias", etc. are all "single string exercises" dedicated to the G string.

2. A loyal explorer of guitar art

The name Paganini has always been closely related to the violin. However, little is known about Paganini's accomplishments in guitar. In fact, Paganini not only played the guitar, but he was also an out-and-out guitarist. Paganini gave up public violin playing activities for several years in order to concentrate on studying the guitar.

The art of classical guitar in Europe flourished in the 18th century, which was inseparable from the efforts of several guitar artists at that time, such as Saul, Aguado, and Giuliani. After the death of these outstanding figures, the European classical guitar art tended to decline for a while, and it was not revived until the mid-to-late nineteenth century.

The era when Paganini studied guitar was when the art of classical guitar was at a low ebb. He organically "transplanted" many guitar playing techniques onto the violin, greatly enhancing the violin's expressive power. Paganini left a large number of violin works and many guitar pieces throughout his life, which can be regarded as artistic masterpieces. Interestingly, almost all of his violin music is known for its difficult technique, but his guitar music rarely contains "dazzling skills", and most of his guitar music is simple and beautiful.

Paganini is an important figure in the history of guitar art. This is not only because he left several guitar songs that can be called treasures, but more importantly because he was at a low ebb in guitar art. At that time, he painstakingly supported guitar art and made an indelible contribution to the revival of guitar art in the mid-to-late nineteenth century.

Henryk Wieniawski (1835-1880), Polish violinist and composer.

Wieniawski was born in Lublin, Poland on July 10, 1835. His father was a doctor and his mother was good at playing the piano. His musical talent was discovered when he was very young. When he was eight years old, a Czech violinist heard him play and immediately said: "He will make his name for himself." He has loved music since he was six years old. He took violin lessons and was already playing in a quartet at the age of eight. In 1843, when he was eight years old, his mother took him to the Paris Conservatoire. This world-famous music conservatory had a strict rule and did not accept foreign students under the age of 12. Before that, they had rejected the young Liszt's admission request, but This time Dean Ober made an exception and accepted Wieniawski.

He was accepted by the Paris Conservatoire and entered J. Clavel's violin class. A year later he transferred to Lambert Massart's apprenticeship. When he graduated in 1846, he played Viotti's "Violin No. 17" with brilliant technique and profound understanding. Concerto" and won first place in the graduation competition. At that time, he was only 11 years old and was not yet old enough to enter the Paris Conservatory of Music. After graduating from the school, he studied privately with Massart for two years. After giving a concert in Paris in 1848 with his brother (who played the piano), they went to St. Petersburg and gave five very successful concerts, even for the Belgian violinist Henri, who was already a soloist at the court. Vieuxtemps [Veaudan (1820-1881)] also praised it.

In the autumn of the same year, he returned to Poland and met a Polish composer, Stanislaw Moniuszko (1819-1872). He began to try composing music, but at the same time he felt that his knowledge in this area was somewhat insufficient. The following year, at the age of 15, he He returned to the Paris Conservatoire to study harmony, graduating a year later.

Once his days as a student were over, he began performing as a traveling performer. From 1851 to 1853 he and his brother gave 200 concerts in Russia alone. Such frequent performances not only brought them good reviews, but also attracted some negative criticism. Among them, Alexander Serov, a Russian composer and music critic, warned everyone not to praise these geniuses and believed that the two brothers could only perform Just showing off skills. However, Henryk soon proved that he was more than just a showman. By 1853 he had composed and published 14 works.

In 1858, Wieniawski and Rubinstein performed together in Paris. Later, Rubinstein strongly invited Wieniawski to go to St. Petersburg, Russia, with him to promote the development of music. From 1862 to 1868 Wieniawski taught at the newly established Conservatoire in St. Petersburg.

Four years later, in 1872, Wieniawski once again began his world tour. The first two years were spent performing in North America. In the first year, they performed 215 performances with Rubinstein. After the end, both of them were exhausted, but Wieniawski collaborated with Paulina Lucca to continue the performance the following year. Although this gained him wealth, it also endangered his health. He returned to Europe in 1875 and immediately succeeded Vieuxtemps as the teacher at the Brussels Conservatory until 1877, but continued to hold concerts during this period. A tour performance in Germany in 1876 led to comparisons with Sarasate (Spanish violinist and composer).

Although Wieniawski's physical condition worsened and even collapsed during a performance, he continued to tour for financial needs, and finally died in Moscow in 1880.

Wieniawski had an indissoluble bond with Russia throughout his life. This was not because his homeland was being annexed by the Tsarist Empire for the most part at that time, but because of the changes in Russia after the mid-19th century. Culture has gradually developed, literature, art, and music have developed greatly. Petersburg has become a famous cultural and artistic city in Europe. From 1851 to 1859, Wieniawski performed in Russia many times. In Russia, he became lifelong friends with the pianist Rubinstein brothers. When he was seriously ill, he lived in Tchaikovsky's patron May. He eventually died of illness in Moscow. Like some precocious and talented musicians, Wieniawski did not live to the fullest and died before the age of 45. Among the many violinists after Paganini, Wieniawski can be said to be the one closest to the top. His playing combines the techniques of the French school with the temperament of the Slavic people. Not only can he easily show off his extraordinary skills, but he can also move the audience to tears. He enhances his beautiful and emotional voice with strong Vibrato. Rubinstein praised him as: "Undoubtedly the greatest violinist of our time." Wieniawski's way of holding the bow was very different from the custom of the time: he raised his right elbow quite high and pressed the bow with the part above the second joint of his index finger. Later many violinists adopted this method, especially the Russian school. The ‘Russian style of holding the bow’ as called by Carl Flesch [Fresch (1873-1944), Hungarian violinist and educator] should have originated from Wieniawski. In terms of composition, Wieniawski combined new techniques since Paganini with romantic ideas and Slavic national colors. His mazurkas and polonaises can prove that he was deeply attached to Polish nationalism. His most important works are the two violin concertos. The other is the creation of etudes (L'ecole moderne and Etudes-caprices), which can be said to be the most musical and challenging violin practice works after Paganini's 24 Caprices.

Chrysler Fritz Kreisler (1875-1962)

Fritz Kreisler was born in Vienna on February 2, 1875 and died in New York on January 29, 1962. He was a famous Violinist and composer. He started learning the violin at the age of four under the tutelage of his father, a doctor and an avid amateur violinist. Later, under the tutelage of Jacques Auber, he was admitted to the Vienna Conservatory at the age of seven - the youngest student in the school's history. There he studied violin with Joseph Hellmesberger Jr. and studied music theory with Bruckner for three years. He held his first performance at the age of nine and won the unprecedented first place at the age of ten. He then went to the Paris Conservatoire to continue his violin studies with Wieniawski's teacher J. L. Massart. In 1887, he won the first prize and graduated with four violin students who were about ten years older than him. At that time, he was only 12 years old. From then on, he never received guidance from other teachers in his piano skills. In the following years, Kreisler's musical career did not develop smoothly, and he even made moves towards medicine and fine arts. However, he could not forget his passion for the violin and returned to the music scene again. In 1901, he went to the United States to perform for the second time, and this time he was a great success. When the First World War broke out, Kreisler returned to Austria to join the army. He was discharged due to injury in 1914 and went to the United States. However, due to high anti-German sentiment, he had to temporarily stop performing on the stage. In 1941, he was hit by a car while walking on the streets of New York and fell unconscious. The music industry once believed that there was no hope for him to return to the stage. However, he returned to the music scene a year later, playing Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, and his skills remained the same as before.

Kreisler mainly composed violin works. When he was young, he was afraid that people would not accept his works because he was not famous enough. Therefore, he composed many pieces of music in imitation of the styles of musicians of the old era, and named the pieces after those well-known musicians, so that these works could be quickly popularized. spread widely. In addition, he also adapted other forms of music into violin music, and wrote Cadenza for violin concertos by Beethoven, Brahms, etc., leaving rich musical resources for future generations.

Sarasate, a famous Spanish violinist and composer who is famous throughout the ages. Born in Pamplona, ??Spain, in 1844 to a poor family. He learned the piano from his father at the age of 5 and gave his first performance at the age of 8. He was regarded as a child prodigy. In 1854, he went to Madrid to study under Seth, and had the opportunity to play for the Spanish royal family. His mature acting skills surpassed those of children. He was awarded a precious "Stradivari" piano and was sponsored to study at the Paris Conservatory of Music. study. In 1856, he entered the Paris Conservatory of Music and studied under the famous French violin educator Di Allard. In just 9 months, he completed all the violin courses at the Conservatory of Music and won the first prize. In 1857, the audio-visual class won the first prize. In 1859, he won the first prize for harmony, which had never happened before in the history of the Paris Conservatoire. He started his traveling and performing career at the age of 17 and has traveled all over the five continents, making a sensation in the world music scene. Wherever he went, he received an unprecedented warm welcome. More than 40 years of brilliant performances have made him an internationally renowned performer, and his skills are still intact at the age of 60. Sarasate's playing skills are proficient and her timbre is charming. His performance has both the elegant and graceful style of the French school and the passionate and unrestrained Spanish folk color. His timbre is elegant, elegant, crystal-like pure and bright, and sounds like a graceful and sublime coloratura soprano. His large trembling fingers made the strong emotions even more exciting. His contemporaries called him the "Paganini of the end of the century" and the "King of Coloratura Performing Arts". He was a unique violin performing artist in the world who mesmerized people with his virtuosic performance art. The following is what famous violinists said about him: Russian violin education master Orr: "Sarasati plays the piano lightly and naturally, and the movement and cooperation of his two hands are always so free. His performances are as easy as playing games from beginning to end. , but it sounds so ideal... What a lucky guy he is, unlike us who are slaves to the violin all year round and can't live without practicing the piano one day, but as for him, he doesn't need to practice the piano at all. , living there comfortably every day. "..." He has a very fast and accurate vibrato that can be maintained for a long time. This ability is an excellent proof of his superb skills in mastering particularly beautiful piano sounds. Sarasate only uses Staccato Volant, which is not very fast but infinitely beautiful... which makes his whole performance shine with a special brilliance. In addition, although his sound is not powerful enough, it is very beautiful. It is extremely beautiful, so his performance always makes people feel elegant and exquisite." The famous Hungarian violinist Flesch once said this about Sarasate: "The tone is pleasant, euphemistic and cantabile; the technique is perfect and the characterization is complete. , representing a completely new type of violinist.

" "The piano must be played cleanly, and the performance should be unrestrained, smooth and brilliant. This is what Sarasate taught us. The reason why modern violinists know how to be technically perfect and to always play very accurately without allowing even the slightest mistake is a trend that arose after Sarasate entered the art world. . ... He is the representative of the new style of violinist. He plays the violin with flexibility and ease in technique. He doesn't know what nervousness is. When you listen to his performance, you can only be amazed. The amplitude of his finger trembles is much greater than that of any violinist before. He correctly regards bowing as the most important means to produce the ideal sound... His bow's contact with the strings always falls exactly on the central point between the bridge and the fingerboard. "Many great composers at that time dedicated their violin works to Sarasate, such as: French composer Saint-Sa?ns' "Violin Concerto No. 1 in A minor," "Violin Concerto No. 3 in B minor," "Introduction and "Rondo Capriccio"; Spanish French composer Lalo's "Violin Concerto No. 1 in F major" and "Symphony Espa?a"; German composer Bruch's "Violin Concerto No. 2 in D minor" and "Scottish Fantasy" "; "Violin Concerto No. 2 in D minor" by Polish composer Wieniawski, etc. Orr said: "Through excellent performances, the general audience can understand these outstanding works by Bruch, Lalo and Saint-Sa?ns. The value of the concerto is Sarasate's greatest contribution to his lifetime performance activities. " Sarasate is not only a perfect performer, but also a perfect composer. He is also particularly good at playing his own virtuosic works. He has composed more than 50 violin works, all of which are exquisite and elegant. The most famous creation in his life His works are "Song of the Wanderer", 4 episodes of "Spanish Dances", "Fantasia on a Theme of Carmen" adapted from Bizet's opera, "Introduction and Tarantella", etc. Orr gave this the most affirmation and recognition. Real evaluation: "His unique, talented and truly suitable for public performance of music, "Spanish Folk Songs", which so clearly expresses the passionate and romantic sentiment of his motherland, is undoubtedly a treasure trove of violin repertoire A priceless treasure. "These works not only show difficult skills, but also have the romantic sentiment of the Spanish nation. They were once popular and are still repertoire often played by violinists in concerts. Famous Spanish violinist and composer who is famous in ancient and modern times. 1844 Born in a poor family in Pamplona, ??Spain, he learned piano from his father at the age of 5. He made his debut at the age of 8. He was regarded as a child prodigy. In 1854, he went to Madrid to study with Seth and had the opportunity to perform for the Spanish royal family. The child's mature acting skills earned him a valuable "Stradivari" piano, and he was sponsored to study at the Paris Conservatory of Music in 1856, where he studied under the famous French violin educator Di Allard. In just 9 months, he completed all the violin courses at the Conservatory of Music and won the first prize in the audio-visual course. In 1859, he won the first prize in the harmony class at the Paris Conservatoire. This is something that has never happened before. He started his traveling performance career at the age of 17 and traveled to five continents, making a name for himself in the world music scene. He received unprecedented warm welcomes wherever he went. His brilliant performances lasted for more than 40 years. He has become an internationally renowned performer, and his skills remain intact even after he is over 60 years old. His playing skills are proficient and his tone is charming. The color, timbre is elegant, elegant and crystal-like, pure and bright, sounding like a beautiful and lofty coloratura soprano. His large trembling fingers make the strong emotions even more exciting. His contemporaries called him "the end of the century." Paganini" and the "King of Coloratura Performing Arts", he is a unique violin performing artist in the world who mesmerizes people with his virtuosic performance art. The following is what famous violinists said about him: Russian Violin Education Master Orr: “The Sarasate piano is light and natural, and the movement and cooperation of the two hands are always so free. His performance is as relaxed as playing a game from beginning to end, but it sounds so ideal. ... What a lucky guy he is. Unlike us who are slaves to the violin all year round and have to practice the piano one day, he doesn't need to practice the piano at all and can live there comfortably every day. "..."He has a vibrato (Trill) that moves very quickly and accurately and can be maintained for a long time. This ability is an excellent proof of his superb skills. Sarasate, who has a particularly beautiful piano sound, only uses Staccato Volant, which is not very fast but infinitely beautiful. ...which makes his whole performance shine with a special brilliance. In addition, although his piano sound is not powerful enough, it is extremely beautiful, so his playing always makes people feel elegant and exquisite. "The famous Hungarian violinist Flesch once said this about Sarasate: "The timbre is pleasant, euphemistic and cantabile; the technique is perfect and the characterization is meticulous, representing a completely new type of violinist. " "The piano must be played cleanly, and the performance should be unrestrained, smooth and brilliant. This is what Sarasate taught us. The reason why modern violinists know how to be technically perfect and to always play very accurately without allowing even the slightest mistake is a trend that arose after Sarasate entered the art world. .

... He is the representative of the new style of violinist. He plays the violin with flexibility and ease in technique. He doesn't know what nervousness is. When you listen to his performance, you can only be amazed. The amplitude of his finger trembles is much greater than that of any violinist before. He correctly regards bowing as the most important means to produce the ideal sound... His bow's contact with the strings always falls exactly on the central point between the bridge and the fingerboard. "Many great composers at that time dedicated their violin works to Sarasate, such as: French composer Saint-Sa?ns' "Violin Concerto No. 1 in A minor," "Violin Concerto No. 3 in B minor," "Introduction and "Rondo Capriccio"; Spanish French composer Lalo's "Violin Concerto No. 1 in F major" and "Symphony Espa?a"; German composer Bruch's "Violin Concerto No. 2 in D minor" and "Scottish Fantasy" "; "Violin Concerto No. 2 in D minor" by Polish composer Wieniawski, etc. Orr said: "Through excellent performances, the general audience can understand these outstanding works by Bruch, Lalo and Saint-Sa?ns. The value of the concerto is Sarasate's greatest contribution to his lifetime performance activities. " Sarasate is not only a perfect performer, but also a perfect composer. He is also particularly good at playing his own virtuosic works. He has composed more than 50 violin works, all of which are exquisite and elegant. The most famous creation in his life His works are "Song of the Wanderer", 4 episodes of "Spanish Dances", "Fantasia on a Theme of Carmen" adapted from Bizet's opera, "Introduction and Tarantella", etc. Orr gave this the most affirmation and recognition. Real evaluation: "His unique, talented and truly suitable for public performance of music, "Spanish Folk Songs", which so clearly expresses the passionate and romantic sentiment of his motherland, is undoubtedly a treasure trove of violin repertoire A priceless treasure. "These works not only show difficult skills, but also have the romantic sentiment of the Spanish nation. They were once popular and are still frequently played by violinists in concerts.