Russian: московскийкремл?
Geographical coordinates.
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Historical evolution
The Kremlin [1] was once the palace of the czars of all dynasties and the oldest building complex in Moscow. After the October Revolution, it became Soviet Russia and later became the seat of the party and government organs of the Soviet Union. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, it became the name of the Russian government. Located on the Borowitz hills where the Negrina River meets the moscow river. It borders moscow river in the south, Aleksandrov Garden in the northwest and Red Square in the southeast. It was built in 1156 and was originally a wooden wall, but it was changed to a stone wall in 1367. The brick palace wall (2.5 kilometers in circumference) of the 15th century has been preserved to this day. In the central church square, there are the Ascension Church, the Angel Church, the Good News Church, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great and the Polygonal Palace in the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1788, the Senate building (now the government building) was completed. The Kremlin building was built in the 184s. There are 2 towers around the palace wall. The most magnificent towers in the palace are Spartak, Nikolai, troy Tsk, Paul Witz, Waldorf Zward, etc. In 1937, five Kremlin red stars were installed on the towers.
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Main building
Brief description
The Kremlin is located in the center of Moscow, Russia, and is one of the symbols of Russia. Around the Kremlin are a group of large-scale, beautifully designed buildings such as Red Square and Church Square. In addition, there are the Privy Council Building built in the 18th century, and the Great Kremlin and Weapons Exhibition Hall built in the 19th century. Every building contains the unparalleled wisdom of the Russian people and is a rare masterpiece in the history of world architecture. There are masterpieces of Russian casting art in the palace: the 4-ton "King of Cannon" and the 2-ton "King of Bell". The Kremlin has thus become a cherished cultural heritage of Russia.
Architectural features
The Kremlin as a whole is an equilateral triangle. It covers an area of 275, square meters and has a circumference of more than 2 kilometers. Founded in 1156, it was originally the manor of Yuri Dolgoruki, the Grand Duke of Suzdari. It has a small wooden castle called "Jeginets". In 1367, a white stone wall was built on the original site of the castle, and then a tower was built around the city wall. After several renovations and expansions, 2 towers are distributed in uneven level on three sides of the triangular palace wall. In 1935, the towers of Basque Tower, Nicola Tower, troy Tskhtar Tower, Borowitz Tower and Waldorf Tower were each equipped with five-pointed stars of different sizes, which were inlaid with red crystal stones and metal frames, and built-in 5-watt power lighting, with red light shining and visible day and night.
A symbol of power
A Russian proverb in Putin's office building describes the majestic Kremlin like this: "On the land of Moscow, only the Kremlin is towering; In the Kremlin, only the sky is far away. " The Kremlin is the secular and religious cultural heritage of Russia. It is not only the political center, but also the activity center of Russian Orthodox Church from 14th to 17th century. It used to be the palace of many generations of kings who ruled the Russian empire. After the October Revolution, it was the seat of the highest authority and government of the Soviet Union. Today, it is the presidential palace of Russia (the parliament and government have now moved out of the Kremlin). It can be said that since the 13th century, the Kremlin has been related to all major political events in Russia, which witnessed the whole history of Russia's development from a Moscow Grand Duchy to a powerful country spanning Eurasia today.
Grand Kremlin
The plan of the Kremlin Palace in 1917. The Grand Kremlin is one of the main buildings in the Kremlin. Within the walls of the Kremlin, the beautiful building with three rows of high windows facing moscow river is the Grand Kremlin, which was built on the site of the old palace in 1839 ~ 1849, and was connected by the ancient Andrevski Hall and Aleksandrovsky Hall. The appearance of the Grand Kremlin is imitation of classical Russian style, and all the halls and rooms have diverse architectural styles, coordinated cooperation and gorgeous decoration. In the middle of the palace is an attic decorated with various patterns, with a copper dome 13 meters higher than the main building, and a flagpole, and the national flag is raised on holidays. The interior of the Grand Kremlin is rectangular, and there are 7 halls and rooms with a total area of 2, square meters surrounded by terraces upstairs. Once upon a time, the first floor was full of czar's private palace except for the place where government affairs were handled, and the white broad stairs led to the halls on the second floor. There were Georgiev Hall, Vladimir Hall and yekaterina Hall, and once upon a time there was andreyev Hall, which was once the place where the czar received envoys.
Georgiev Hall
Georgiev Hall is the most famous hall in the Grand Kremlin, and it is a masterpiece of Russian craftsmen. The hall is oval with six gold-plated chandeliers hanging on the dome. Each chandelier weighs 13 kilograms, and the dome and surrounding walls are painted with giant murals of battles won by the Russian army in the 15th to 19th centuries. There are 18 columns on the front of the hall, and the top of each column is plastic with a statue symbolizing victory. Today, Georgiev Hall is the traditional place for the government to hold welcoming ceremony.
Red Square
Red Square is the oldest square in Moscow, located on the east wall of the Kremlin. Although it has been rebuilt and built many times, it still remains the same. The pavement is still the stone road of that year, and it looks clean and simple. In the 159s, a fire broke out in Moscow. After the fire, the open space became a square, so it was once called "fire field", and it was called "Red Square" in the middle of 17th century. In ancient Russian, the word "red" also means "the church in the beautiful Kremlin". Because only the first meaning, that is, "red", was used in translation, the name of "Red Square" has been used so far.
with a total area of 9, square meters, the square is rectangular, long from north to south and narrow from east to west. The large-scale construction of Red Square was after 1812. Napoleon's army set fire to Moscow. Since then, the city has been rebuilt and the Red Square has been widened. After the victory of the October Revolution in 1917, Moscow became the capital, and Red Square became the place where people held celebrations, rallies and military parades. Lenin's mausoleum is located in front of the center of the Kremlin wall in Red Square.
Perfect church architecture
The church architecture in the Kremlin is also very distinctive. There is a church square in the palace, surrounded by four churches: the Church of the Twelve Apostles, the Church of the Assumption of Our Lady, the Church of Angels and the Church of Saint Michel. But the most beautiful church is St. Vassili Cathedral, which is known as the "fairy tale painted with stones" on Red Square. It was built by Ivan IV and consists of nine jagged towers, with the highest square tower in the middle as high as 17 meters. Although the styles and colors of the nine towers are different from each other, they are very harmonious. What is even more rare is that it has a special mood with the palaces and churches of the Kremlin, which adds a lot of color to the whole Kremlin. It is said that when the church was completed, Ivan IV was amazed and ordered his eyes to be cut out to prevent the designer from designing a better and more perfect building.
Ivan the Great Bell Tower
When people look at the Kremlin from a distance, it is not difficult to find a building standing high among the buildings, which makes them stand out from the crowd. This tall building is the clock tower of Ivan the Great in the church square. It is 81 meters high, and it is an ancient beacon and observatory. There is a cannon king weighing 4 tons on the left side of the bell tower, and a famous clock king on the right. Although these two giants have never been used, they show the superb casting skills of Russian craftsmen.
Zhong Wang
Zhong Wang is 5.87 meters high, 5.9 meters in diameter and weighs about 2 tons. It was cast on November 2, 1735 and is known as the world's largest clock. There are exquisite statues and ornaments cast on the clock wall, such as the portraits of Tsar Alexei and Queen Anna, and five statues. But after it was cast, cracks appeared at the first knock. Encyclopedia americana called it "a clock that has never rung in the world". Zhong Wang
Bao Wang
This cannon was built in 1586, weighing 4 tons, with a muzzle diameter of .92 meters, which can accommodate three people to climb in at the same time. There are four shells piled together in front of the gun, each weighing two tons. There are also exquisite reliefs on the gun mount, including the statue of Tsar fedor.
King of Guns
Treasure Hall of the Kremlin
The Kremlin is worthy of being a large museum and a palace of art. There used to be a large arsenal in the palace, which was converted into a museum by Peter the Great in 172. There are many precious cultural relics in the museum, including articles used by czars in past dynasties, arts and crafts, and looted trophies. The crowns, statues, crosses, armor, dresses and tableware here are all inlaid with precious stones. The cover of the Gospel alone is inlaid with 26 kilograms of gold and countless precious stones. The golden throne of Godeno the Great is set with 2, precious stones. Walking in the palace is like witnessing the luxurious life of the tsar. In addition, the cultural relics and treasures collected in the four churches are also extraordinary. The walls of the church are decorated with holy portraits framed with gold; The holy portrait in the Ascension Church is written by a Greek painter and is priceless. There are coffins of czars in St. Mier's Hall, which are richly decorated.
Kremlin Auditorium
Located in the center of the triangular Kremlin complex, the Kremlin Auditorium was built in early 196 and put into use in October 1961, with a total construction area of 6, square meters. It is the most spectacular auditorium in Moscow and even Russia. This magnificent building with white Ural marble and glass structure embodies the characteristics of modern architecture and the traditional Russian architectural style.
The Kremlin Auditorium is also a modern theater. There are 6 comfortable seats here, which radiate outwards in a semicircle with the podium as the center. Each seat is equipped with electronic voting and simultaneous interpretation system. The podium, or stage, covers an area of 45 square meters, with all the facilities such as lighting, acoustics and scenery, and a orchestra pit that can accommodate a symphony orchestra. Surrounded by the theater is a bright and spacious lounge. The former Senate, the highest floor of the auditorium, is a 9-square-meter banquet hall. One-third of the whole building of the Great Hall is built underground, mainly for office use. The whole building has 8 offices.
The Kremlin Auditorium is a place where important conferences, festivals and awards are held in Russia, and it is also a place where ordinary people enjoy ballet, concerts and fashion shows. Russian performing groups perform here, and famous artists from all over the world also perform here. The auditorium also often holds popular ballet performances for ordinary audiences and teenagers.
overall description
in the palace wall, there are lush trees, lush flowers and plants, towering churches, magnificent halls, government buildings rising from the ground, and various museums interspersed among them. The towering and spectacular Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady, the first among religious buildings, was built in the late 15th century. Its gable arch and golden round tower, with the style of northeast Russia, have always been the place where the Russian emperor held the coronation ceremony. The entrance examination church, which was built later than the Assumption Cathedral of Our Lady, is beautiful in shape and has nine golden domes at the top, which is the place where the descendants of the royal family are baptized and married. The Cathedral of Angels, built in the early 16th century, was the graveyard of emperors in Moscow Park before Peter the Great.
Features of each building
Ivan Bell Tower, which is p>81 meters high, is the tallest building in the Kremlin. Built in the early 16th century, it was originally three stories, and in 16 it was increased to five stories, crowned with golden dome. It gradually becomes smaller from the third floor to the top, and its appearance is like an octahedron cascade. The arched window on each edge is equipped with a bell. From 1532 to 1543, a four-story cubic clock tower was built in the north. In the summer of 1624, the Ritter Bell Tower in firat was built with white stone. Now the lower floor is used as
the Kremlin Museum of Ivan the Great's Bell Tower, where gold, silver utensils and other objects are displayed. All clock towers have 21 big clocks and more than 3 Jason Chung. If you go up the steps of Ivan the Great's bell tower and log on to the top of the tower, you can have a panoramic view of Moscow.
The north corner of the Kremlin is an ancient arsenal, which is now a weapons exhibition hall; In the west corner is the weapons palace, which is now a weapons museum.
Wuling Palace, one of the oldest palaces in the Kremlin, was built from 1487 to 1491. It is the most distinctive palace building in the Kremlin, where the throne of the Russian emperor is located.
The Grand Kremlin is the main palace of the Kremlin. It is located in the southwest of the Kremlin. It was built in 1839 ~ 1849. It is a two-story building surrounded by terraces. In the middle of the palace is an attic decorated with various patterns, with a red copper dome higher than the main building and a flagpole, and the national flag is hoisted on festivals. The front hall on the first floor is all decorated with marble and malachite, and there are bronze products, exquisite porcelain and 19th century furniture. On the second floor, there are Georgiev Hall, Vladimir Hall and Yekaterina Hall. Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, a statue of Lenin stood in the center of the rostrum in the hall. There are 18 columns on the front of the hall, with statues on the tops. Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Grand Kremlin was the place where the Soviet government, the Central Committee of the Soviet Union and social organizations held meetings.
In the Soviet era, several new white buildings were built in the Kremlin, including one where Stalin used to work. The Great Hall of the Kremlin, built from 1959 to 1961, is a modern building with marble and glass structure, with 8 rooms, of which the conference hall with 6, seats and the banquet hall with 2,5 seats are the most magnificent. Important cultural and recreational activities of the country are often held here, so it is known as the "second grand theatre of the Soviet Union". In 1967, a full-length statue of Lenin was built in the garden of the Kremlin. Large parks and historical sites in the Kremlin are open to the outside world, and tourists are constantly coming.
The famous "Kremlin bell" originated from the bell on the Basque Tower, which was installed in 1851-1852. Connected to the observatory's school clock, the time is the most accurate.
The tower is 67.3 meters, and the gate below is the main access to Kegong Palace. However, all people who entered the door in the past should take off their hats, otherwise they will be fined 5 times.
To the west of Keke Palace are the Alexander Garden and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. All newlyweds will come here to offer flowers.
Now, the underground shopping mall and square of Manesh have been built, which are integrated with the garden. Fountains and sculptures can be seen everywhere. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is solemn. It was built before the Victory Day in 1967 to commemorate the people who died in World War II. The long open flame on the tombstone has been burning since it was ignited to this day. The tombstone reads: "Your name is unknown, and your achievements will last forever." When foreign leaders come, they will all come here to offer flowers. There is also the changing ceremony of the national number one post.
To visit Kegong, you need to pass the Kutafiya Tower. The first thing I saw was the conference building, which is a modern building with 6, seats. The interior decoration is luxurious and magnificent. Besides meetings, it is also a place for high-level performances.
go further, and you will see the king of cannon and the king of bell. Gun king has a history of more than 4 years, with a gun weight of 4 tons and a muzzle diameter of .92 meters. There were four shells piled in front of the gun.