After the 16th century, Jewish professional musicians began to appear. Italy's S Rossi (about 1587 ~ 163) was one of the pioneers in writing violin music. He wrote many pastoral songs and multi-voice religious songs. B marcello (1686 ~ 1739) wrote a large number of hymns and collected many traditional Jewish tunes to imitate and develop. At the beginning of 19th century, S. Sulzer (184 ~ 189) advocated the improvement of Jewish religious music. Besides collecting a large number of religious songs, he also created some new hymns. In this century, many composers who have contributed to European romantic music are Jews, such as G. Meyer, F. Mendelssohn, J. offenbach, G. Bizet and G. Mahler. Jews among musicians in the 2th century, such as A. Schoenberg, G. Gershwin, M. ellman, D. Mi Yue, A. Copland, J. Heifetz, Y. Mei Niuyin, etc. It is worth noting that at the beginning of the 2th century, there was a trend of trying to establish "Jewish national music school", among which the most active person was American composer E. Brock. He not only strongly advocated it, but also used a lot of Jewish music materials in his works. Schoenberg's Pledge and Mi Yue's Sacred Ceremony are both based on Jewish religious music.