Zong Bing [AD 375-AD 443] was a Southern Song Dynasty painter and art theorist, courtesy name Shaowen, a native of Niyang, Nanyang, of the Tu nationality. He was born in the third year of Ningkang, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty, and died in the 20th year of Yuanjia, Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty, at the age of sixty-nine. Yin Zhongkan, Huan Xuan and Liu Yu all appointed Bing as the chief official, but they could not afford it. I thought I was in Qiqiu and escaped to the valley for more than thirty years. Miao is good at qin and calligraphy, and is good at speaking and reasoning. Every time I visit the mountains and rivers, I often forget to return. Wherever he travels, he always pictures it in his room, saying to others: "Playing the zither and playing it, I want to make all the mountains ring." His wife, Luo, also had high sentiments and shared the same interest as Bing. First, Bing did not mourn Bing too much; Stop crying to find reason, and your sadness is relieved. Wang Yiqing of Linchuan appointed him as the master of the wine ceremony, but it was not enough; he was recommended by others, and he would die of illness. Bing wrote 15 volumes of collected works, and 16 volumes of "Zong Jingji" were written in "Sui Shu Zhi". This was handed down to the world from "Tang Zhi". He also made outstanding achievements in art theory. His "Preface to Painting Landscapes" is the most famous. It is the earliest theoretical work on landscape painting in China. It expounds the views of "seeing the big from the small" and "the spirit is supported by the form". He is a famous theorist of "differentiation of gods and forms". "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" records 16 volumes of his works (lost), occupying an important position in the history of Chinese thought. He also loves music and once edited "Jinshi Lane".
From the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty, he was recruited as an official many times, but he refused to resign. He is good at chess and piano, especially likes calligraphy and painting, and is good at speech. He once traveled to famous mountains and rivers, and wrote "Treatise on the Buddha of Time" and "Preface to Painting Landscapes". The basic principles and verification methods of physical perspective in the far and near method he discusses are 1,000 years earlier than the far and near method founded by the Italian painter Lunellesco. The "Chang Shen" statement at the end of the article emphasizes that the creation of landscapes is a process in which painters use natural images to describe artistic conception, further advancing the argument that Chinese painting "uses form to describe spirit". His representative works include "The Picture of Yongjia Houses", "The Picture of Yingchuan Sages", "The Picture of Asking for Rites", etc.
Smoothing the spirit is the highest pursuit of Zong Bing’s landscape painting. He believes that only after the integration of "all the interests" and the mind can the body and mind become one, making one's spirit comfortable and manifesting the "Tao". His sense of freedom is similar to the proud "forgetting words" in Tao Qian's poem "Drinking" and the "meaningful" in Xie Lingyun's "Traveling to Famous Mountains". Facing "god", Zong Bing did not simply regard it as the spirit of the mountains and rivers, but explained it in terms of the body of the law. God is the dharma body, spirit is my body, and the god of mountains and rivers includes himself. Landscape painters, facing the nature of mountains and rivers, "feel wonderful and inspired", capture its spiritual beauty, match the spiritual beauty of the object with a selfless heart, and achieve the spiritual state of oneness between things and myself, thus creating a painting that embodies the writer's spiritual world. work. When appreciators look at the pictures, in a state of emptiness and tranquility, they can reach the state of "all the interests blending into their spiritual thoughts", thereby capturing the charm of the landscape works and achieving the purpose of refreshing the mind. ? Wang Wei of the Liu Song Dynasty also discussed the function of landscape painting in "Xu Hua": "Looking at the flying clouds in autumn, thinking about the mighty wind in spring, although there is the joy of gold and stone, how can it be like the music of Guizhang? ? Covering the picture and pressing the ultimatum, it resembles the mountains and seas, the green forest blows in the wind, and the white water stirs up the stream. How can it be that the gods are brought down by the fingers alone? "Wang Wei believes that the painting is about the inner gods. To capture and express the beauty of landscapes, this kind of aesthetic enjoyment in the process of creation and appreciation is incomparable to the joy of playing with bounty stones. Comparing the two, Zong Bing grasps the spiritual activities in the aesthetic process from the perspective of artistic ontology, and believes that the enjoyment of the spirit is the highest enjoyment in aesthetic experience. This is a step further than Wang Wei's understanding, and is more in line with the concept of Chinese landscape painting. artistic characteristics. "Preface to Painting Landscapes" also says: "Kunlun is so big, but its pupils are so small. If you press the eye to an inch, its shape cannot be seen. If it is several miles away, it can be surrounded by an inch of eyes." If the distance is slightly wider, the view will become smaller. Now Zhang Suxiao responds from a distance, so the shapes of Kun and Lang can be enclosed within a square inch. If you draw three inches vertically, it will be as high as a thousand people; if you draw several feet horizontally, it will be hundreds of miles apart. Therefore, those who observe and draw pictures only suffer from the misfortune of resemblance, and do not make the resemblance cumbersome by minimizing it. This is the natural tendency. In this case, the beauty of Songhua and the spirit of Xuanfei can all be captured in one picture. This method of grasping the natural world from a macroscopic perspective on a cosmic scale, and observing the subtleties of things from a microscopic perspective, with a perspective that faces both the infinite and the infinite, was inherited from Lu Ji. Lu Ji once said in "Wen Fu": "The heaven and the earth are trapped in the form, and all things are suppressed at the end of the pen." Although Lu Ji discussed poetry and Zong Bing discussed painting, their ideas and theories are similar, and both have the effect of opening up those who come after them.
Originally, art reflects life by seeing the big from the small and the far from the near, which is an incomplete picture. This is especially true for paintings that mainly act on human vision. In this passage, Zong Bing reveals the principle of distant perspective in painting. It "controls the small" but "does not burden the similar", which is to see the big from the small, and its emphasis is on the small but similar. This is the most basic requirement for the artistic expression of landscape painting. "If you look a little wider, you will see a smaller thing." This is the most concise and incisive description of the perspective principle of small in the distance and large in the near. According to this principle, since "Kunlun is so big and its pupils are so small, its shape cannot be seen if it is pressed into an inch", when painting, it is necessary to "Zhang Suxiao responds from a distance", then "Kunlang's shape can be surrounded by a square inch" within”. The specific method is "to draw three inches vertically, it will be as high as a thousand feet; to draw several feet horizontally, it will be hundreds of miles apart". Only by handling the spatial relationship well will the picture have layers and a sense of depth, and will the world of scale be created. The aura that releases everything from the prison. The techniques and principles proposed by Zong Bing were widely accepted by later painters and painting theorists. For example, Yao Zui's "Records of Ancient Paintings" says: "Xiao Ben contains the essence of life, and his movements must be based on reality. When he paints a round fan, he can see mountains and rivers on the top. Within a short distance, he can see thousands of miles away; within a square inch, he can discern Chihiro's potential.
"The Song Dynasty painter Guo Xi's "Linquan Gaozhi" also said: "There are three mountains. Looking up from the bottom of the mountain to the top of the mountain is called high and far; from the front of the mountain to the back of the mountain, it is called far-reaching; from the close mountain to the distant mountain, it is called flat. Far. "The majestic landscapes can only be contained within a square inch through the principle of perspective. This principle and method revealed by Zong Bing not only inspired Chinese landscape painters and theorists, but also made it better than the perspective method of Western painting. The invention was more than a thousand years earlier.
Zong Bing was born in Nieyang, Nanyang. His father was Yaozhi, and his mother was the magistrate of Xiangxiang. His name was Congbian, and he taught many scholars. He was called the governor of the village after his funeral. Shen Yong, who consulted the government about joining the army, said, "What can we do today?" " Yong said: " Eliminate the old quarrels, double the benefits, explain the family lineage, show off the talents, that's all. "The emperor accepted it, and Pi Bing was the master of the book, but he couldn't afford it. When asked why, he replied: "I have lived on a hill and drank in the valley for more than thirty years. "The great ancestor was good at answering questions. He was good at qin and calligraphy, and was good at speaking and reasoning. Every time he traveled to the mountains and rivers, he often forgot to return. Every time Wang Jinghong, the commander of the expedition to the west, followed him, it was not impossible for him to die. Then he went down to Lushan Mountain and studied Huiyuan's examination. Xun Wenyi. My brother Zang was the governor of Nanping, so he set up a house in Sanhu, Jiangling. In order to support each other, the emperor was very generous, and his descendants were no longer accepted.
In the Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu opened the palace and wrote: "I am very favored." , Thinking about Yan Xianyan, while "Rabbit Place" is hidden, "Kaopan" has not been completed, and he sits on the side of Qiuyuan, and the good is standing there. Nanyang Zongbing and Yanmen Zhou continued it, and Zhicao Youqi, without a dull scarf, could send a summons and bow to him with courtesy. "Therefore, all the princes and captains were appointed, but none of them could afford it. In the Song Dynasty, they accepted Zen and were recruited as the prince's family. In the early Yuan and Jiaqing Dynasties, they also recruited Tongzhilang. When the East Palace was built, they were recruited as the prince's family. The concubine was not worthy. His wife, Luo, also He had high emotions and was in harmony with Bing. After Luo's death, Bing's grief was too much, and he stopped crying to seek explanation. His sorrow suddenly came to an end, and he said to the recluse Shi Huijian: "There is no distinction between life and death, and it is not easy to reach it. Only by repeating the teachings three times." Can convey sorrow. "Yiji, the king of Hengyang, was in Jingzhou. He went to Bingshi in person and had a banquet with him. He was ordered to join the army for consultation, but he couldn't afford it.
The Song Dynasty was fond of landscapes and loved traveling far away. He visited Jing and Wu in the west and climbed to Heng in the south. , Yue, so he joined Yu Hengshan, and wanted to return to Jiangling with the ambition of peace. He sighed: "I am old and sick, and I may not be able to see all the famous mountains. I can only watch the road with a clear mind and swim around it." "Everything he does when he travels is always pictured in his room, and he tells people: "Playing the zither and playing it, I want to make all the mountains ring. "In ancient times, there was "Jin Shi Nong", which was valued by Zhu Huan. After the death of the Huan family, his voice died out and was only passed down by Bing. Taizu sent the musician Yang Guan to Bing to accept it.
Song Shu Bing's younger brother's teacher Jue Shou also had a career, and he entertained himself with music and calligraphy. Wang Yiqing of Linchuan appointed him as a priest, but he was not appointed as the master of the book. . Wang Yiji of Hengyang and Wang Yigong of Jiangxia in Situ wrote: "If the lay people of the sect do not save the sick, they will be clean and fat, and they will be praised for their pity. "Zishuo, King Yixuan of Nanqiao joined the army with chariots and cavalry. Ciqi, Wang Yigong of Jiangxia, was the chief secretary of the Kongsi. Cizhao, Yingzhou Zhizhong. Cishuo, was a member of the army.