The formation of Hakka clan is a long historical process. The formation area of Hakka clan is the border area of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, but there is a development process from gestation to stereotype, and each has played different roles in different periods, thus the theory of Hakka clan formation stage has arisen. "Introduction to Hakka Studies and Formation of Hakka Clan" said: "The formation of Hakka Clan is a historical process, which started at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty when Hakka ancestors moved southward, went through the Six Dynasties, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and was finally completed at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. Generally speaking, it was conceived in southern Jiangxi, matured in western Fujian and developed in eastern Guangdong. " "Some Issues on the Formation and Development of the Stone Wall in Ninghua and Hakka in the West of Fujian" said: "The formation and development of Hakka and other ethnic groups are the same as a historical process. The three states of Jiangxi, Tinghui and the three river basins each play an irreplaceable role in the formation and development of Hakka, and Ganzhou and Ganjiang basins are the cradle of Hakka formation. Tingzhou and Tingjiang Valley are the places where Hakka ancestors initially transformed into Hakkas. Huizhou and Dongjiang River Basin are the places where Hakkas finally formed, perfected and prospered. "Hakka Fenghua Hakka Origin" said: "The formation of Hakka clan has gone through a long historical process: it started in southern Jiangxi, further developed in western Fujian and completed in eastern Guangdong."

On the whole, Hakka people originated in southern Jiangxi, developed and formed in western Fujian, and matured in eastern Guangdong. Hakka people originated in Gannan (about before the Tang Dynasty)

Ganzhou City, which is located in the south of Jiangxi and the upper reaches of Ganjiang River, and is usually called Gannan. Ganzhou has 18 counties and cities, with a total area of about 4, square kilometers, accounting for about a quarter of the province's area, and is the largest administrative region in Jiangxi Province. Gannan is the main settlement of Hakka people and the birthplace of Hakka people. However, the start of Hakka clan in Gannan is not necessarily neck and neck, among which Yudu, Xingguo, Ningdu and Shicheng are particularly important, especially Shicheng.

(1) From the perspective of administrative establishment and population, Ganzhou is in the beginning and birthplace of Hakka people.

let's start with the administrative establishment. According to some historical records, before the Qin Dynasty unified China, there were no Han people living in South China, but the indigenous people living in Hakka areas in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi were She Yao (also known as Shanyue in ancient times). Ganzhou was the earliest administrative establishment in the Hakka base camp in Fujian and Guangdong, and Nanmao County was established in Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang sent 1, troops to be stationed in the Zhangjiang River Basin during the "Nanding Baiyue". Ganzhou city was once called Huazhou and Qianzhou in history. According to "Records of Ganzhou Region": "In the fifth year of Wu Jiahe (236), Luling County was located in the south, ruled by the capital and led by 7 counties, which was the embryonic form of Ganzhou region." In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Ganxian was the government, and in 1949, Ganzhou City was established, which was the seat of Ganzhou area. In 199s, it became a city governing counties, governing 17 counties, and Ganzhou was changed to zhanggong district. The counties under the jurisdiction of Ganzhou were established in:

the sixth year of Emperor Han Gaodi in Yudu County (before 21), formerly known as Gandu County

Ganxian County, Han Dynasty (before 26~ before 22)

Xingguo County, Wu Jiahe, five years (236), formerly known as Pingyang County

Nankang County, Wu Jiahe, five years (236), formerly known as Nan 'an County < Formerly known as Yangdu County

Anyuan County, the Northern and Southern Dynasties Datong Decade (544)

The first year of Tang Yongchun in Xinfeng County (682), formerly known as the first year of Tang Shenlong in Nan 'an County

Dayu County (75), Formerly known as Dayu County

Shangyou County Nantang Baoda Ten Years (952)

longnan county Nantang Baoda Eleven Years (953)

Ruijin County Nantang Baoda Twelve Years (954)

Shicheng County Nantang Baoda Twelve Years (954)

Huichang County Taiping and Xingguo Seven Years (982)

. Formerly known as Changning County

quannan county in the 29th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (193), formerly known as Qiannan County

The above 17 counties were established in 8 counties before Tang Dynasty, 4 counties in Five Dynasties, 1 county in Northern Song Dynasty, 3 counties in Ming Dynasty and 1 county in Qing Dynasty. This shows that this area was very Chinese before the formation of Hakka clan, and it was the birthplace of Hakka clan, which played a great role in the southward migration of Hakka ancestors, especially in the east. Look at the population situation again. According to the newly compiled Records and Population of Ganzhou Region, there were about 37,647 households and 275,41 people in Tianbao period of Tang Dynasty (742~755) and about 31,159 households and 827,79 people in Chongning period of Song Dynasty (112~116). The population of Chongning increased twice as much as that of Yuanfeng. It shows that the population density of Ganzhou in this period is much higher than that of Tingzhou and Meizhou, especially Ningdu and Shicheng in the east. Luo Yong said in the article "On the Backward Migration of Fujian, Guangdong and Hakka into Jiangxi in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties": "Ningdu, more than 4 surnames migrated from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the end of the Song Dynasty, and later developed and distributed to 8% of the villages in the county, becoming the basic residents of Ningdu. There were 6 surnames in Shicheng during this period, and their descendants also spread all over the county, becoming the main surnames in the county, while other places were sparse ... "This shows that the east is the earliest birthplace of Hakka.

(2) From the historical records and folk customs, it is the earliest birthplace of Hakka.

let's start with the historical records. First, after Qin Shihuang unified China, he repaired the Epang Palace, sent some soldiers from the original six countries to the south for logging, and finally settled in Shangluo Mountain, which is known as the "wooden guest". Secondly, the 5, troops guarding Lingnan led by Qin Shihuang's commandant Tu Sui, and the 4,-5, naval personnel who reinforced Qin Jun led by Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo were the first Central Plains Han people to enter Lingnan, and most of them stayed in Gannan. Third, the imperial court in Han Dynasty sent officers and men out to guard Meiling twice to build a village and repair the city. The officers and men of Qin and Han dynasties became the earliest Han people in the Central Plains who developed and stayed in Shicheng, Gannan.

look at the folk customs in eastern Gannan again. Xingguo is known as "General County". In the first half of the 2th century, more than 6 generals were sent to the country and the * * * two parties, that is, whether they were soldiers of the Qin Dynasty (soldiers sent by Qin Shihuang to Xingguo, Jiangxi Province to cut trees and build the Afang Palace). In addition, xingguo folk song is the most Hakka in southern Jiangxi, which seems to be the same as the Xintianyou in northern Shaanxi, especially the word "Rige" in the songs can be found in both places, but not in other parts of the country. In addition, Shicheng Lantern Festival: Young people holding lanterns, wearing double-breasted shirts and white sheep belly towels and Shaanxi guys are like compatriots in different places. Look at the suona in Yudu again: the old man wearing a double-breasted coat and a towel seems to be a live performance of the old man in northern Shaanxi and northern Shanxi. There are also spicy leaves in the Hakka customs exhibition in Jinggangshan (playing music with clematis leaves on the tongue, and its pitch is high and clear), which are exactly the same as those in northern Shaanxi.

All of the above can be circumstantial evidence that officers, soldiers and migrants had already arrived in eastern Gannan during the Qin and Han Dynasties.

(3) From the perspective of Shicheng's important position in the initial stage of Hakka clan.

first of all, from the geographical environment, it is the natural habitat of the Han people who moved south. The emergence of the new clan can not be separated from the specific geographical environment. Shicheng is located in the southeast of Jiangxi Province and the northeast of Ganzhou, at the west foot of the middle section of Wuyi Mountain at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi, and adjacent to Changting and Ninghua counties in Fujian Province. Surrounded by mountains and mountains, it is inconvenient to travel, just like a paradise. Shicheng is not only remote, but also almost closed. It is 14 miles away from Ningdu Prefecture and 45 miles away from Ganzhou Prefecture. The rugged mountain road is beyond the reach of the rulers, and it is a good place for immigrants to avoid chaos. In Shicheng, 3/4 is land, 1/1 is cultivated land and 1/3 is water. Rivers in the surrounding mountains crisscross, running through many small basins with valleys, low hills and gentle slopes. It is suitable for reclamation, fertile land and water conservancy conditions. From the natural conditions, it is suitable for farming. Due to the inconvenient communication around the mountains, there has never been a military and horse avenue in history. From the geographical environment, it belongs to a closed agricultural area, like a "paradise" suitable for habitation. Before the pre-Qin period, there were ancient mountain Vietnamese or ancient Cheyao people living in Shicheng. Therefore, many ancient place names in Shicheng have the word She, such as Wenjiashe, Yangshe, Xiashe, Dashe, etc. These places with the word "She" have one thing in common, that is, they are all adjacent to the mountains and mountains, and there are She people living there. From the end of Qin Dynasty to the end of Jin Dynasty, a small number of Han people who moved south lived in the city. To the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, a large number of Han people in the Central Plains moved in, and cultivated land to live together. Most of them lived together with the same surname clan as the core, with few surnames mixed, and some large villages with hundreds of people had few mixed surnames. By the Song Dynasty, immigrants from the south moved in in large numbers. After centuries of united struggle, pioneering and innovation, the developers who have worked hard in Shicheng have cultivated a spiritual temperament that is not afraid of any difficulties and obstacles and has a strong adaptability to the new environment, forming a unique spiritual disposition of Hakkas.

Secondly, according to its traffic environment, it is an excellent transit point for immigrants. Shicheng is the source of Ganjiang River, and Qinjiang River runs through the north and south tributaries, and can reach Ganzhou, Nanchang and Jiujiang by boat. There are dozens of ancient roads connected with Changting and Ninghua in Fujian Province and Guangchang, Ruijin and Ningdu in this province. Although they are blocked, they can still circulate. In addition, Shicheng is located at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi, and there are dozens of roads, large and small, which are connected on the border line of the city. From Jiujiang south to Fuzhou via Nanfeng and Guangchang, Fujian must pass through Shicheng, and from Ji 'an to Xingguo in the East and Ningdu to Fujian must also pass through Shicheng. Since ancient times, Shicheng has been the main road to northwest Fujian and east Guangdong, which is called the throat. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the four Chinese characters "The thoroughfare of Fujian and Guangdong" in the gate of Wuloumen, Guobei Town, Shiyi are still clearly visible today. The Han people in the Central Plains, who moved south to avoid chaos in the past dynasties, traveled thousands of miles to find a better place to live. When they meet the right place, they will stay, and if they are not suitable, they will move on. When you arrive in Shicheng, Fujian is further away. You must stop for a while before making a final choice. Shicheng naturally becomes a natural transit point for immigrants. Shicheng is an ideal stop and transit place, so it swarms in at the peak of immigration in troubled times, and moves to a new location in troubled times. According to incomplete statistics, the surnames of immigrants who lived in Shicheng before the end of the Tang Dynasty should be around 5, but only 13 surnames have really remained. In the Song Dynasty, there were more than 7 surnames who moved in, and only 3 surnames were really left. Those who entered were more than those who stayed, and those who came to Shicheng were mostly transit. Where is the main place to move out of Shicheng? Geographically speaking, it takes half a day to get to the stone wall of Ninghua after crossing Wuyishan. According to the investigation of scholars, after moving out of Shicheng, most of them moved to Shibi, Ninghua, and then moved back to Guangdong. For example, "Wen Family Tree" says: "During the chaos of the Fifth Movement, the Wen people moved south with the Tu people in the Central Plains, and some of their descendants moved to Shicheng, Jiangxi. When he was in Tang Xizong, Wen Gangbao avoided the chaos in Huang Chao and moved from Shicheng to Shibi Township, Ninghua County, Fujian Province. " There are also records of Guangdong genealogy migration. Huangpi's Genealogy of Zeng Family in Xingning contains: "In the second year of the Song Dynasty (112), it moved from Nanfeng, Jiangxi Province to Shibi, Ninghua, and then to Wuhua, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, and reached Wuhua through Guangchang, Shicheng, Ninghua, Changting, Shanghang, Pingyuan and Xingning, Meizhou, Guangdong Province." Chen's "Family Tree of Chongzheng Homosexuals" contains: "At the end of the Song Dynasty, it started from Fuyang, Anhui Province, crossed the Yangtze River in Yingchuan to Hukou, Jiangxi Province, traced back to Ganjiang River, folded east in Ningdu and Shicheng, entered Ninghua, Fujian Province, and passed Changting and Shanghang to Meixian District, Tai Po, Xingning, Wuhua and Longchuan, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province." Due to the location of Shicheng, Shicheng became one of the birthplaces of the early Hakka people and one of the biggest transit points for the Han people in the Central Plains to move south.

Shicheng has played its unique historical role in the formation of the whole Hakka clan system and occupies an important position in the development history of Hakka clan system.

Thirdly, from the origin of Hakka culture, it is the source of Hakka culture (including material culture and spiritual culture). From the perspective of language, Shicheng dialect retains the ancient phonetic features. Shicheng dialect, a unique Gannan Hakka dialect used by Shicheng people. Shicheng dialect is closer to Meizhou accent than neighboring counties Ningdu and Ruijin. There are 23 initial consonants in Shicheng dialect, and in the Middle Ages, all voiced stops were voiced. No matter whether it is flat or flat, the stops were generally aspirated and unvoiced, and the voiced stops became unvoiced. Many words of "light lip sound" in Putonghua (which are not applied in ancient times) are pronounced as "heavy lip sound" (the combination of ancient gangs) in Shicheng dialect, which retains the ancient phonetic feature of "no light lip sound in ancient times". There are 61 vowels in Shicheng dialect, of which 38 are Shu-sheng rhyme, 19 are Fu-sheng rhyme, 2 are self-contained chapters and 1 is vowel-free chapter. In the vowel, there are only three calls: opening, closing and even teeth, and there is no pinch of mouth; The characters with the endings of-m,-n,-η and-p,-t and-k in dialects are almost the same as those in the medieval music department, and the coordination between the masculine rhyme and the entering rhyme is very neat. Shicheng dialect has five tones, namely, Yin Ping y53, Yang Ping y24, Shang Sheng y31, De Sheng y32 and Ru Sheng y21. In the Middle Ages, the flat sound was divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping according to the voiced initial. There is no distinction between yin and yang. In terms of words, there are more monosyllabic words in Shicheng dialect than in Putonghua (more monosyllabic words in ancient times); Like to add the words "fan" or "foreign" before the names of articles imported from foreign countries; There are many taboos. Shicheng still retains more ancient Chinese vocabulary. For example, the sun is called the sun, the day is the day, the sleep is the rest, the chopping wood is the firewood, the eating is the food, the black is the dark, the standing is the enterprise, and the face is the face. In short, due to the closed geographical environment, Shicheng dialect is less impacted by foreign languages, forming a relatively pure Hakka dialect.

Look at the architecture of Shicheng again. The architectural art of Shicheng is quite Hakka-style, classical, elegant and simple, including houses, temples and temples. From 742 to 756 (during the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty), Baiyuxian and Xihua Mountain Fairy Hall were built in China. Zhukeng Jixian Temple and Qiuxi Luoyunxiang Temple were also built by Tang Dynasty. By the time Buddhism flourished in the Song Dynasty, the famous Neigong Temple, yongfu temple, Haicang Temple, Baofu Temple and Qing Temple were all built during the period of the Northern Song Dynasty. The most exquisite building is the Baofuyuan Tower, which was jointly built by Ying Ke and Dao Fu, the eminent monks of the Song Dynasty. It was built in 112 (the first year of Chongning) and completed in 111 (the fourth year of Daguan), with a height of 57.68 meters, seven levels and six sides, and a bamboo joint in the shape of Strafe. Exquisite structure and unique shape, it not only preserves the legacy of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also has a typical Song Dynasty style. It is the crystallization of the integration of the Central Plains culture of Hakka ancestors and the characteristics of Fujian and Guangdong, and belongs to our precious classical architecture. The residents of Shicheng are at the end of Tulou in the west of Fujian. For the sake of self-defense and safety, there are many cottages and tulou buildings in Shicheng countryside, with different shapes and sizes, which can accommodate hundreds of thousands of people. The outer end is provided with a crib opening as a lookout hole and a shooting hole. The well-preserved earth buildings in the city so far include Muyangcheng Earth Building, Dayouhebei Earth Building and Xiaogu Kaolin Building.

The above shows the special position and function of Shicheng in the initial stage of the formation of Hakka clan. Hakka clan was formed in Tingzhou (about Song Dynasty)

Tingzhou (Youninghua and Shibi) is in the middle stage in the completion of Hakka clan, and plays a connecting role.

(1) From the historical construction and population situation.

from the historical perspective, the overall construction of Tingzhou was later than Ganzhou and earlier than Meizhou. According to records, in the 21st year of Tang Yuankai (733), Tang Xunzhong, a long history of Fuzhou, inspected more than 3, families of people who had escaped from prison in Chaozhou North, Qianzhou East and Fuzhou West, and set up their homes in Fuzhou. Later, in the twenty-fourth year of Tang Kaiyuan, Tingzhou was set up, governing Changting, Huanglian (Ninghua), Silla and other cities, with a vertical and horizontal distance of nearly 4 kilometers. In the old days, there were 8 counties in Tingzhou, namely Ninghua, Qingliu, Guihua (Mingxi), Changting, Liancheng, Shanghang, Yongding and Wuping. The establishment time of 8 counties is:

13th year of Tang Kaiyuan in Ninghua (725)

24th year of Tang Kaiyuan in Changting (736)

5th year of Chunhua in Shanghang and Northern Song Dynasty (994)

5th year of Chunhua in Wuping and Northern Song Dynasty (994)

3rd year of Yuanfu in Qingliu and Northern Song Dynasty (1)

Liancheng Shaoxing in Southern Song Dynasty.