Nicolo Paganini (1782-184)

Italian violin master and composer. Born in northern Italy, near the Mediterranean port of Genoa. My father is a small businessman with little education, but he loves music very much. He is an amateur of guitar and mandolin. His father taught him to play the mandolin and hired a theater violinist to teach him the violin, and then he studied with the most famous violinist in Genoa. His musical talent was fully demonstrated in his childhood, and he could play any tune easily at once. At the same time, he also learned to compose music. Write a violin sonata at the age of eight. At the age of 11, he gave a public concert in Genoa, which was a great success. He started traveling and performing at the age of 13. When he was fourteen or five years old, the famous French violinist Rudolf? Rodolphe Kreutzer, that is, the man dedicated to Beethoven's Rodolphe Kreutzer Sonata, was stunned when he listened to his performance, and could hardly believe his ears. In 185, he was appointed as a violin soloist of Luga court band. After 1825, he traveled all over Vienna, Germany, Paris and England, and he also played guitar and viola. In his "Twenty-four Capriccios", he showed superb skills. His skills influenced later violin works as well as piano skills and works. His works include Concerto in bE Major, Twenty-four Capriccios, Witch Dance, Endless Motion, Venice Carnival, Army Sonata, Napoleon Sonata, Scenes of Love, Witch and Violin Concerto in D Major. In addition, there are 2 guitars and various chamber music. On the night of May 27th, 184, this man, known as "the God of Violin" and "the King of Music", passed away at the age of 58.

I studied piano at an early age, then went to Genoa and Palma to study. At the age of nine, I made my first performance on stage. At the age of thirteen, I traveled all over Vienna, Germany, Paris and England, and also played guitar and viola. In his "Twenty-four Capriccios", he showed amazing talent.

His performance brought the violin skills to an unparalleled level, and made an indelible contribution to the development of violin performance art, which not only influenced later violin works, but also influenced piano skills and works. He also used guitar skills to play the violin, which greatly enriched the expressive force of the violin. Due to the secrecy of skills, few works were published before his death, and most of them were published after his death. His works include Concerto in bE Major, Twenty-four Capriccios, Witch Dance, Endless Motion, Venice Carnival, etc.

Paganini's father, a businessman who loves music, began to teach him violin playing skills when Paganini was three years old, and later asked him to learn from violinist Salvatore Costa. Paganini wrote his first violin sonata when he was 8 years old, and he can play the concerto of violinist and composer buhrer. Joined the orchestra of the Municipal Opera House at the age of 9. At the age of 11, he went on stage to play his own Variations. At the age of 12, Caamano La was adapted into a variation and performed on the stage, which was a great success and caused a sensation in the media. Then he went to Palma, where he studied under the most famous violinist Lola and conductor Paaer. After returning home, I practice my work for about 12 hours every day. At the age of 13, he began to travel and perform in northern Italy. After 1797, his piano music spread all over France, Austria, Germany, Britain, Czech Republic and other countries. His superb playing skills once made Lola, a sick teacher, jump off her sickbed and feel ashamed to be a teacher. Rodolfo Croce, a famous French violinist, listened to Paganini's performance and was dumbfounded by his amazing skills. He even wrote in his diary: "It's like seeing the phantom of the devil." Therefore, people also call Paganini's performance "devil's performance".

In p>18, Paganini was a great success wherever he went to perform, earning a lot of money, but he lost all his money because of his gambling habit. It is said that his father is also a gambler, and once lost Paganini's violin as a bet. When Paganini was worried about the lack of a piano, a French businessman named Pierre Rivolon lent him a famous piano "Kalongpo" made in Guarneri, which greatly enhanced the performance and achieved great success. Rivolon was very moved and said to Paganini, "This famous piano is for you, but please remember never to give it to anyone else." Paganini was grateful and kept this agreement all his life. After his death, later generations handed this violin to the Geneva Museum for collection according to his will.

During the five years from p>181, he suddenly went into seclusion. It was said that he was practicing guitar and farming, and some people said that he was hiding for the love with an elderly and wealthy widow. During this period, he completed six sonatas for violin and guitar. In 185, at the age of 23, Paganini returned to perform all over Italy. His playing skills further developed, and he was hired by Napoleon's sister Lisa Bonaparte Bacciocchi as the music conductor of Pianbino. After the expiration of the three-year contract, Paganini disappeared again. In 1814, he came back again and held concerts in many Italian cities to play his own works. The performances in Vienna in 1828, Paris and London in 1831 all caused a sensation. Settled in Paris in 1833. In 1839, he went to Marseille, then to Nice, where he died.

Paganini developed modern violin playing skills and became the most famous violinist in Europe. His playing skills are superb, his expressions are rich, his emotions are exciting, and he is fascinated and fascinating. He often improvises brilliantly at concerts. To show off his skills, he even deliberately broke one or two strings on the violin and then continued playing on the remaining strings. His works and playing skills awed almost all European artists, such as literary masters Stendhal, Balzac, Mene, Dumas, music masters Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, etc., and they were all excited by his performance. He had a strong influence on the music creation of Chopin, Berlioz and especially Liszt. Berlioz also wrote a symphony "Harold in Italy" for Paganini at his invitation. Although Paganini never played this song (perhaps because of his lack of brilliance), he still generously gave Berlioz 2, francs, who was struggling in life.

Paganini has made great achievements in art, but he suffers from illness. He was plagued by illness since he was a child, and he survived several times in his life. At the age of 46, my gums were suddenly covered with pustules, so I had to pull out almost all my teeth. As soon as he recovered from dental diseases, he contracted serious eye diseases, and his young and sick son became his "crutch". After 1828, his performances became less and less. After the age of 5, arthritis, gastroenteritis, laryngeal cancer and other diseases kept coming at him. Later, his vocal cords were broken and he became dumb. He could only communicate with others by his son's translation according to his mouth shape, which shows how hard his life achievements came.

Paganini is an outstanding violinist and composer, but he refuses to publish his works in order to hide his original playing skills. Ten years after his death, people edited and published his works, including: 5 outstanding violin pieces, some parts of "Twenty-four Capriccios" were adapted into piano pieces by Liszt, Schumann, Brahms, Rachmaninov and others; 12 sonatas for violin and guitar, including 6 quartets for violin, viola, cello and guitar; Six violin concertos, among which Violin Concerto No.2 in B minor (Bell) is his masterpiece. Its main feature is exquisite playing skills, especially the first and second movements echo each other from a distance, which is wonderful and charming, and is worthy of its title "Bell". As soon as the work was published in 1851, Liszt immediately adapted it into a piano etude of the same name. The original and adaptation of Shuangshuang Qu were handed down to later generations, and are still common in concerts. He also composed 2 guitars and other chamber music works.

First, the one-stringed master

Paganini (1782-184), an Italian violinist and composer, is a legendary figure. He wrote and played many violin "one-stringed exercises". His incredible stunt on the G string is said to have been practiced in prison. He was once imprisoned for killing his wife, and the guards allowed him to play the violin with only one string as a pastime, so he practiced real kung fu on this G string.

In March, 185, Napoleon's sister Luca and Princess Elisa Bachecochi of Pi Wengbo invited him to her court as a musician and played at a court concert every two weeks. The princess suspected that his overtones stimulated her nerves, and often left before he finished his performance, but she still appreciated his genius creativity and often encouraged him to explore new effects on the violin.

At that time, a lady fell in love with him and asked him to write a love scene with only two strings. He used the e string to represent women and played the melody of seeking love; Representing men with G string, he played a warm answer; Finally, the two tones on the G string and the E string are combined into a duet of love. The lady was greatly moved by his performance.

The princess praised Paganini to the sky. She said to him in the most tactful tone, "You just played something unparalleled on two strings. Can you play your genius on one string?" Paganini promised to have a try. A few weeks later, he did write an army sonata (Op.31) with G strings, entitled Napoleon. In August, this work was played in front of a large court audience. His later works "Sonata of Marie-Louise" (Op.65), "Variations on Recitations and Three Arias" and so on are also "one-string exercises" specially played by G strings.

Second, the faithful explorer of guitar art

The name Paganini is always closely related to the violin. However, little is known about Paganini's accomplishments in guitar. In fact, Paganini can not only play the guitar, but also be a guitarist. Paganini gave up public violin playing activities for several years in order to concentrate on studying guitar.

The classical guitar art in Europe flourished in the 18th century, which was inseparable from the efforts of several guitar artists at that time, such as Saul, aguado and Giuriani. After these outstanding figures died, European classical guitar art tended to decline for a while, and it was not until the middle and late 19th century that it was revived.

The era when Paganini studied the guitar was the time when the classical guitar art was at a low ebb. He organically transplanted many guitar playing techniques to the violin, which greatly enhanced the expressive force of the violin. Paganini left a lot of violin works and guitar music in his life, all of which are fine works of art. Interestingly, almost all his violin music is famous for its difficult skills, but his guitar music is rarely "showy", and most of them are simple and beautiful.

Paganini is an important figure in the history of guitar art, not only because he left several precious guitar songs, but more importantly, he painstakingly supported guitar art when it was at a low ebb, and made indelible contributions to the revival of guitar art in the middle and late 19th century.