The 筚篥, also known as the bei 篥, the 笳GUan, the head pipe, and the GUANZI, is a reed wind instrument invented and created by the working people of Qiuci (now Kuqa County, Xinjiang) in ancient times. The name of this instrument is Derived from the transliteration of ancient Kucha language.
It has been popular in our country for more than two thousand years and is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups. There are two types widely circulated among the people in our country: one is the eight-hole one, and the other is the nine-hole one, which evolved from the ancient Qiuci 筚篥. There are depictions of Zhuozhen in many grottoes in Xinjiang. It is an inherent instrument in Kucha music.
Duan Anjie of the Tang Dynasty wrote "Yuefu Miscellaneous Records": "The 筚篥 is the original Qiuci national music. It is also called Beizhen, which is similar to the eggplant."
Tang Dynasty "Tongdian" written by Du You said: "筚篥, whose real name is Beizhen, comes from Hu Zhong, and his voice is sad."
"Yue Shu" written by Chen Yang of the Song Dynasty said: "筚篥, a The name is Bei Zhen, and it is also called Jia Guan. It is made of bamboo and has a reed head, which is similar to the nine orifices of Hu Jia. It is still advocated as the head tube."
From the quotation above, we can see that the 筚篯 was originally an instrument of the Kucha herdsmen. Like the Hujia, horns, and flutes, it has gone through a development process from being made of sheep bones, sheep horns, ox horns, and bird bones to being made of bamboo. However, compared to the Jia and the flute, the structure of the Jiao Zhen is more complex. It was developed on the basis of the Jia and is relatively advanced.
Compared with horns and bamboo slippers, bamboo baskets have some similarities. For example, they are both blown vertically and have gone through the production stage of using sheep bones and horns. However, there are also big differences between them. The 筚篥 has a reed and absorbs the finger holes of the flute. But in appearance, the 筚篥 is similar to the 笳, so people call the 筚篥 also the 笳 tube.
Sadness production
筚篥 is divided into large and small 筚篥 and other types. The sound is deep and sad, so it is called sad 篳 and sad 篥.
At first, 筚篥 were made of sheep horns and sheep bones, but later they were made of bamboo, reed, wood, poplar bark, peach bark, willow bark, ivory, and iron. , silver, etc., and bamboo is the most common and easier to make.
To this day, we often see children using willow branches as toys. The method of making them is to remove the willow bones from finger-thick willow branches. Keep the intact willow bark and make it into an empty tube. You can also perforate the tube cavity to become a willow bark basket. Presumably, if it is made from peach branches, it will be a peach skin basket.
Juozhen was introduced to the mainland from Qiuci in the Western Regions during the Han and Wei dynasties, and became popular in the Central Plains by the Tang Dynasty. It became the main instrument among the ten types of court music in the Tang Dynasty. Among the Hu music enjoyed at banquets in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Qiuci music was the main one. In addition, there were 筚篥 in Tianzhu music, Shule music, Anguo music and Gaochang music.
Of course there are many famous 筚篥 performers, such as An Wanshan, Yu Chiqing, Dong Tinglan, Li Guinian, Jing Na, Zhang Yehu, Wang Manu, Xue Yangtao, etc., many of whom came from Ethnic minority artists from the East along the Silk Road.
On New Year's Eve, people drink wine and play Wanshan to cheer up
During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, there was an ethnic minority musician named An Wanshan who came from Anguo in the Western Regions and was very influential in the capital. He especially likes to play the bamboo basket. One New Year's Eve, five or six people including the famous poet Li Qi gathered around to drink, and An Wanshan played the bamboo flute to entertain them. The melodious and melodious music of Qiuci ancient musical instruments fascinated everyone. Li Qi became very popular in poetry, and he immediately wrote down the poem "Listening to An Wanshan Playing the Jade and Zhen Song". The poem said:
Nanshan cut bamboos to make the bamboo basket, and this music originated from Qiuci.
It is said that the tunes from Han Dynasty have become strange, and the barbarians from Liangzhou are playing them for me.
Those who hear the news sigh often, and those who are far away shed tears when they are homesick.
The world understands listening but not appreciating, and comes and goes in the morning wind.
The withered mulberry trees and old cypresses are whistling in the cold, while the nine young chicks are chirping and the phoenixes are chirping chaotically.
The dragons roar and the tigers roar, and the sound of thousands of springs coincides with autumn.
Suddenly it changes into Yuyang, and the yellow clouds are dull and the sun is dark.
The change of tone is like hearing the willow spring, and the flowers in the forest illuminate the new scene.
On New Year's Eve, candles are lit in the hall, and a glass of wine is played.
The general idea of ??the poem is that bamboo was cut down in Nanshan to make bamboo poles. This musical instrument was originally introduced to the mainland from Qiuci, Xinjiang, and the music has become more beautiful since then.
The poet praised An Wanshan for his ability to play the bamboo flute. One moment, it was like a dragon roaring and a tiger roaring, which made people shudder. Another moment, it was like yellow clouds, and the day was dark, which was very tragic. Later, the music changed again, making people feel the feeling of spring again. It's lush, like flowers in full bloom, shining brightly.
This is New Year's Eve, above Gaotang, the lights are shining brightly. People appreciated his superb skills, became more drunk and beaming with joy! "Listening to An Wanshan Playing the Jade and Zhen Song" reflects the historical facts of cultural exchanges between the fraternal ethnic groups of Xinjiang and the Han people in the Tang Dynasty of my country.
The young boy played the bamboo flute and became famous
During the mid-Tang Dynasty, there was a boy named Xue Yangtao who was good at playing the bamboo flute. He was highly appreciated by the great poet Bai Juyi. Once, Chang'an held a banquet to entertain musicians from the teaching studio and artists in Beijing. Hundreds of guests were well-dressed, singing and laughing. Among them, there was only a young man in very shabby clothes. People laughed at him and looked down upon him.
Author: Magic· 2006-3-23 22:33 Reply to this statement
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2 Juozhen
But when he played the 筚篥, people were surprised, and they immediately cheered and applauded. Unexpectedly, a twelve The young boy's skills were so superb! Xue Yangtao's name became famous.
Bai Juyi specially wrote a long poem "The Song of the Little Boy Xue Yangtao Playing the Jade and Zhen" to record the skills of this musical boy. The poem says: Under the guidance of the teacher, the teacher teaches the voice, and chews the heaven and air.
The frost is high in Runzhou City and the moon is shining brightly. I sing about the frost and think about the moon and want to make a sound.
It is so quiet at the top of the mountain and at the bottom of the river. The sound of the ape does not pant, but the fish and dragon listen.
The sound of Xiran sounds like a pipe is broken, and the sound of a ruler sounds like a knife cutting it.
Sometimes it is soft and boneless, and sometimes it is rough and rough.
The rapid sound is round and fast, and the rolling is like a pearl.
The slow sound is long and straight, as straight as a stroke.
The lower voice suddenly makes the stone fall heavily, and the louder voice suddenly makes the clouds flutter.
The poet vividly described the scene when Xue Tong played. The famous poets Yuan Zhen, Li Deyu and Luo Yin of the Tang Dynasty also wrote poems praising Xue Yangtao. Through these records, it can be proved that people who were good at playing the bamboo pole were not uncommon in the Tang Dynasty, and many people played it very well, which was quite popular.
A good story, a love
Wei Chiqing, a native of Khotan (now Hotan City, Xinjiang) in the Western Regions, is famous for his good playing of bamboo baskets. According to "Yuefu Miscellaneous Records": "In the Dezong Dynasty, there were officials from Yuchi Qing to generals. In the Dali Dynasty, there was Wang Manu in Youzhou. He was good at this skill and was ranked first in Hebei. He was arrogant and arrogant with his skills... ..." Later, I visited Yu Chiqing to compete with him and felt ashamed. Manu wept and thanked him, saying: "I am a humble person who accidentally learned this skill. I am really invincible. I am fortunate to hear Tianle today and realize my past mistakes." He expressed his great admiration for Yuchiqing's playing skills, and the two of them became Best friend.
This incident has become a legend in the history of music in our country. It shows that the 筚篥 is universally loved in society. Whether they are Han artists from the Central Plains or ethnic minority artists from the Western Regions, they often perform, exchange and learn from each other. From high-ranking officials to ordinary people, there are many people who are good at playing the 筚篥, and they are deeply loved by them. The society welcomed it at that time. This musical instrument was spread throughout the government and the public, and became popular all over the country. Even the emperor became a famous player. "The Legend of the Lu Family" says: "Tang Wenzong was good at playing the small pipe (i.e., the bamboo flute)."
Since ancient times, sentimental farewells have made it even more embarrassing to neglect the Qingqiu Festival...
Sober up tonight. There, on the bank of willows, with the dawn wind and the waning moon...
After so many years, it should be a beautiful place for good times, but there are thousands of customs and who can tell...
In the Tang Dynasty In the era, the famous Zhuozhen songs include "Lebu Fangqu", "It's Hard to Leave", "Yulinling", "Dao Tiaozi", etc. Among them, there is a story about the origin of the song "Yulinling".
In 756 AD, the rebels of the Anshi Rebellion captured Chang'an. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Longji, took Prime Minister Yang Guozhong and his beloved concubine Yang Yuhuan and fled southwest in a hurry.
Just over a hundred miles out of Chang'an, the hungry and exhausted Forbidden Army mutinied and killed the hated traitor Yang Guozhong, and forced Xuanzong to grant Yang Yuhuan to hang himself. This is the famous "Mawei Incident" in history.
After killing Concubine Yang, the imperial army continued southward.
Enter the sloping valley from the winding and winding Qin Shu plank road that reaches into the clouds. There is continuous drizzle and the road is difficult. At the most dangerous part of the plank road, there are iron ropes for people to climb and bells hung on the ropes. , people hold on to the rope chain when walking, and the bells ring in front and back in order to take care of each other.
Xuanzong heard the intermittent ringing of bells in the rainy night in Zheli, and felt very sad. This situation aroused his endless longing for Concubine Yang. In memory of Yang Yuhuan, he shed tears and wrote a piece of music "Yulin Bell" to express his longing and the sorrow of the journey.
At that time, Liyuan musician Zhang Yehu (also known as Zhang Hui) was by Xuanzong's side. He was a famous 筚篥 performer during the Tianbao period. Xuanzong asked him to try "Yulin Ling". As the music played, he sighed deeply and sadly. When he heard the emotional part, Xuanzong shed tears like rain. Later, when he returned to Chang'an, Xuanzong often asked Zhang Yehu to play this piece for him.
The melody of "Yulin Ring" is lingering and pathos. In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was loved by frustrated literati, who rushed to write lyrics and sing it, thus becoming the origin of the "Yulin Ring" Ci brand. Liu Yongtai, a slow lyricist of the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote "Rain Lin Ling" because of its "cicada's mournful" nature, which made the music spread and became a famous ancient piece of Zhuozhen music in the history of Chinese music.
The Kucha ancient musical instrument, the Kucha, was introduced to North Korea and Japan from China. To this day, there is still a Chinese Tang Dynasty Jade in the Shoso-in Temple in Nara, Japan, which has become one of Japan’s national treasures.
A sad romance
The important reason why the 筚篥 has been popularized for more than a thousand years is the unique artistic function of the 筚篥. Through the support of breath, Juozhen can express a continuous sound that is round and continuous, euphemistically rising and falling. Its tone is deep, rich, and sad, and has a strong stimulating power on people's thoughts and feelings. It has a unique function in expressing grief, anger, and passionate emotions. The ancients often used it to express their sad feelings.
Balaman, which is popular among Uighurs in Xinjiang, still maintains the shape of the ancient Qiuci bamboo basket. It is made of reeds. Compared with wooden pipes, the sound is slightly hoarse and has more local characteristics in Xinjiang.
Balaman is the legacy of ancient Zhuozhen. Balaman is called "Pipi" in Uyghur, which means reed. Balaman can be used in all Uyghur singing and dancing activities.
In the Uyghur classical music "Twelve Muqam", it often plays the prelude to the "Qiong Lakman" (that is, the big song) part. In recent years, there have been a number of Balaman solos reflecting the new life, such as "Beautiful Motherland", "Prosperous Hotan", etc., which are very popular among the masses.
Guanzi and Balaman, the two descendants of the ancient juzhen, will surely regain their youthful glory and appear in the treasure house of our country’s music.
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