1. High school historical and cultural knowledge
Compulsory course 1 1. The first emperor in Chinese history was Qin Shihuang.
2. The first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history was the Treaty of Nanjing. 3. The first large-scale spontaneous struggle of the Chinese people to resist foreign aggression in modern Chinese history was the Sanyuanli People’s Resistance against the British.
4. The first major victory since the Anti-Japanese War was the Pingxingguan Victory. 5. The greatest victory since the Anti-Japanese War was the Battle of Taierzhuang.
6. The first complete victory for the Chinese people against imperialist aggression was the Anti-Japanese War. 7. China’s first bourgeois revolutionary party in modern times, the Tongmenghui.
8. China’s first bourgeois constitution was the “Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China”. 9. The first completely anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution in modern China was the Revolution of 1911.
10. China’s first thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program in modern times was formulated by the Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China. 11. The Zunyi Conference was the first time that the Chinese Communist Party independently used Marxist principles to solve its own line, principles and policy issues, and properly handled the long-standing contradictions and differences within the party.
12. The first socialist constitution of New China was the 1954 "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". 13. The first time the concept of "one country, two systems" was successfully used was in solving the Taiwan issue.
14. The "Five Principles of Peaceful Political Affairs" were first proposed in 1953 when Zhou Enlai met with the Indian delegation. 15. The first important international conference that New China participated in as one of the world's five major powers was the Geneva Conference.
16. The first Asian-African international conference not attended by colonialist countries was the Asian-African Bandung Conference. 17. The first Roman written law with rules to follow was the Law of the Twelve Tables.
18. The world’s first written constitution was the “Federal Constitution of 1787”. 19. The first president of the United States was Washington.
20. The first time Marx pointed out that the proletariat is the force to realize socialist revolution and complete human liberation was in "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" published in 1844. 21. The first fighting program of the international workers' movement was the "Communist Manifesto" 22. After the victory of the October Revolution, the world's first Workers' and Peasants' Soviet Union headed by Lenin was established and the world's first socialist communist country.
23. The first non-aligned countries and *** summit was held in 1961. Compulsory Course 2 1. In 1763, Britain became the largest colonial empire in the world.
2. The Industrial Revolution first occurred in Britain and started with the cotton textile industry. 3. In 1866, Siemens invented the world's first high-power generator, marking the beginning of the second industrial revolution.
4. The first central power plant was the Pearl Street Power Plant in New York City built by Edison in 1882. 5. The first step towards the construction of a unified European currency was the Werner Plan.
6. The world’s first free trade area composed of developed and developing countries is the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. 7. The first informal leaders’ meeting of APEC was held in Seattle, USA, in 1993.
Compulsory Course Three 1. It was Confucius who created the style of private lectures in ancient China; the first government school in Chinese history to cultivate political management talents was Taixue. 2. The founders of Confucianism and Mohism are Confucius and Mozi respectively, and the master of Legalism is Han Feizi.
3. The first relatively complete legal code in ancient China was the "Dharma Classic" written by Li Kui. 4. Among the four great inventions of ancient China, paper has the longest impact and the most significant positive effect on the development of civilization and social progress.
5. The earliest known printed matter in the world with a clear date of publication is the Diamond Sutra. The largest book printed with copper movable type is the Collection of Ancient and Modern Books.
6. The "sage of calligraphy" refers to Wang Xizhi, and the "sage of poetry" refers to Du Fu. 7. The oldest collection of poems in China is the Book of Songs.
8. The first person in modern China who opened his eyes to see the world was Lin Zexu. 9. The first systematic world geography in modern China was "Four Continents".
10. The first and most detailed work on world history and geography compiled by the Chinese at that time was "Hai Guo Tu Zhi". 11. The first step for modern China to learn from the West was to "learn from the foreigners and develop skills to control the foreigners."
12. The person who introduced Marx earlier in China was Liang Qichao. 13. The completion of China's first experimental atomic energy reactor in 1958 marked the beginning of China's entry into the atomic energy age.
In 1964, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully. In 1965, China artificially synthesized bovine insulin for the first time in the world.
In 1967, China successfully exploded its first hydrogen bomb. In 1970, China successfully launched China's first artificial satellite into a predetermined orbit using its homemade "Long March 1" carrier rocket.
In 1984, China successfully launched its first experimental communication satellite, and then its first practical communication satellite was launched. 14. In September 1988, Chairman Mao Zedong clearly stated for the first time that "science and technology are the primary productive forces".
15. The first astronaut in China’s space history was Yang Liwei. 16. What completed the first major theoretical synthesis in the history of human understanding of the natural world was the gene sequencing task and the rice gene working framework sequence diagram.
17. In 1946, the United States developed the first electronic computer. 18. Byron's most representative, combative, and most brilliant work is the long poem "Don Juan".
19. Beethoven was the pioneer of romantic music. 20. Beethoven's most brilliant and influential work is his "Eroica Symphony".
21. The earliest work in the history of music to add chorus to a symphony, "the greatest masterpiece in the history of music and literature" is Beethoven's Choral Symphony. 22. The founder of French critical realism literature is Stendhal.
The first critical realist literary work is "The Red and the Black". 23. Leo Tolstoy's three most important masterpieces are "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection" and "War and Peace".
One of his most artistically perfect novels is "Anna Karenina". 24. The musician with the greatest achievement in the Russian national music school is Tchaikovsky.
25. The most famous representative of post-Impressionism painting is Van Gogh. 26. The first Asian Nobel Prize winner in literature was Rabindranath Tagore.
27. The first vernacular novel in the history of modern Chinese literature was "Diary of a Madman" published by Lu Xun in 1918. 28. On December 28, 1895, the French Lumière brothers produced the first human film in Paris, announcing the arrival of the film era.
29. The first time in the world.
2. Common sense of ancient Chinese culture
The lowest price is 0.27 yuan/day to become a member of Baidu Wenku, and you can view the full content in the library> Original publisher: chuixuezhui Summary of common sense of ancient Chinese culture: 1 , Titles of people 2. Officials in ancient times 3. Astronomy and calendar 4. Ancient geography 5. Imperial examination system 6. Customs and etiquette 7. Use of eating utensils 8. Music and entertainment 9. Classics of literature and history 10. Directory and dictionary 11. Ancient military system 1. People's There are roughly three situations in which a person uses a direct name: (1) Self-proclaimed name or first name.
For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaced his poem by himself." (2) Used for introduction or biography.
For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou". (3) Call someone you hate or despise.
For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back." The ancients named the names when they were young, and then picked them up as adults (20 years old for men and 15 years old for women). There is a meaningful connection between the words and the name.
The name is for the convenience of others, and it is out of politeness and respect for peers or seniors.
For example, Qu Ping is called Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is called Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is called Tao Yuanliang, Li Bai is called Li Taibai, Du Fu is called Du Zimei, Han Yu is called Han Tuizhi, Liu Zongyuan is called Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is called Ouyang Yongshu, and Sima Guang is called Farewell. Number, table number.
The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a nickname is that the former is determined by the father or elders, while the latter is determined by oneself. A nickname is generally only used for self-proclaiming to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion; it is also a respectful title for a person.
For example: Tao Qian No. 5, posthumous title. In ancient times, the titles added to princes, generals, ministers, senior officials, famous scribes, etc. after their death were called posthumous titles. For example, Tao Yuanming is called Jingjie Zhengshi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhonggong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Fan Wenzhenggong, Wang Ao is Wang Zhongsu Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Zhongyi Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong. male.
Calling the treacherous minister Qin Hui Miao Chou is an "evil posthumous title". Calling a house by its name means calling it by its house number or room number.
For example, the name of the Southern Song Dynasty poet Yang Wanli's house is Chengzhai, and people call it Yang Chengzhai; Yao.
3. 50 examples of ancient cultural common sense
Another name for the moon The moon is the most prominently described object among the natural objects mentioned in ancient poems and articles.
Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon looks like a hook, it is called silver hook or jade hook. (2) Because the crescent moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow or bow moon.
(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel, a disk, or a mirror, it is called a gold wheel, a moon wheel, a silver disk, a jade disk, a gold mirror, or a jade mirror. (4) Because it is said that there are rabbits and toads in the middle of the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, and Toad Palace.
(5) Because it is said that there is a laurel tree in the moon, it is called laurel moon, laurel wheel, laurel palace and laurel soul. (6) Because it is said that there are two palaces, Guanghan and Qingxu, in the middle of the moon, they are called Guanghan and Qingxu.
(7) Because it is said that Wangshu, the god who drives the moon, is called Wangshu, the moon is called Wangshu. (8) Because it is said that Chang'e lives in the middle of the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.
(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. China is now the abbreviation of the People's Republic of China.
But in ancient literature it is an ambiguous phrase. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was often used to refer to the Central Plains region.
For example, Mencius's "The Matter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen": "Come to China to appease the four barbarians." Sima Guang's "Battle of Chibi": "If you can compete with China with the people of Wu and Yue, it is better to fight with them early. "Driving Chinese scholars far across the rivers and lakes." In ancient China, the Chinese people lived in the Yellow River Basin, so it was called "China" and was often used to refer to the Central Plains area. .
For example, "Three Kingdoms": "It is connected to China in the east and the Western Regions in the west." It has now become another name for China.
Jiuzhou is the legendary nine administrative regions divided into my country in ancient times. The state names are: Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, and Yong. Later it became another name for China.
Lu You's poem says: "I know everything is in vain after I die, but I am sad that all nine states are not the same." "On the Passage of Qin" "Prefaces the eight states and dynasties are in the same row." Qin lived in Yongzhou, and the eight states were added to the nine states.
Zhongyuan is also called Zhongtu and Zhongzhou. The Central Plains in a narrow sense refers to the area around present-day Henan Province, and the Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the entire Yellow River Basin.
For example, "Departure Watch": "Lead the three armies when rewarded, and set the Central Plains in the north." Lu You's poem "Showing Children": "On the day when the king set the Central Plains in the north, he did not forget to report to Naiwen during family sacrifices."
Refers to the entire Yellow River Basin. Hai Nei Ancient legend says that my country’s territory is surrounded by sea, so it is called Hai Nei.
Wang Bo's "Du Shaofu's Appointment to Shuzhou": "A bosom friend in the sea is as close as a neighbor to the end of the world." Sima Guang's "Battle of Red Cliff": "There is chaos in the sea, and the general raises troops to Jiangdong."
< p> See the "Overseas" section for the four seas. Refers to the world, the whole country.For example, Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin" "has the meaning of sweeping the world, encompassing the universe, and encompassing the four seas." "The Battle of Chibi": "Then Jingzhou was defeated, and the power spread all over the world."
"Afang Palace Fu": "After the six kings finished, the four seas -." "The Tombstone of Five People": "The four seas are so big, How many people are there? "Liuhe up and down and four directions, generally refers to the world.
For example, "Passing the Qin Dynasty, Lun Kuang acted as supreme and conquered Liuhe", "Then he made Liuhe his home, and Dihan his palace." Li Bai's poem "Ancient Style" said: "The King of Qin swept Liuhe, how majestic he looked! "The Eight Wildernesses. The far-flung places in all directions are still called "the world".
"Guo Qin Lun": "It encompasses the meaning of the four seas and the heart of the Eight Wildernesses.
"Liang Qichao's "Young China Theory": "Throughout the ages, there will be eight shortages. "
Rivers. Many ancient articles specifically refer to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight in Henan, and ministers fight in Hebei. "
"On Passing the Qin Dynasty": "Then practice Huahua City, because the river is a pond. "The Battle of Yao": "The Duke sent Yang Chufu to pursue him and reach the rivers. "
Another example is "The Tomb of the First Tomb in Hangzhou, the River is Wide and Deep" in "The Essay on Sisterhood", where "jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "river" refers to the canal. The left side of the river is the east of the river.
The ancients regarded the east as the left and the west as the right. "The Heroes Meet Jiang Qianzhong": "Immediately, I sent an order to summon the heroes from Jiangzuo to meet Ziyi. "
Jiangbiao The area south of the Yangtze River. "Battle of Chibi": "Jiangbiao is a hero, and Xian surrenders to him. "
Jiangnan is the general name for the south of the Yangtze River, and the area it refers to varies from time to time. Bai Juyi's poem goes: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is familiar to me. "
Wang Anshi's poem goes: "The spring breeze is green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me again?" "Huaizuo is east of the Huai River.
"Yangzhou Slow" "Huaizuo is the famous capital and the best place in Zhuxi", Yangzhou is east of the Huai River. Shandong, as its name implies, is to the east of the mountain.
However, it should be noted that the "mountain" in "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Mount Wei, Mount Huashan, Mount Taihang, Mount Tai, etc., and the regions they refer to are not the same. Below, Mount Mount is used as the example. The standard "Shandong".
For example, the "Book of Han" once mentioned that "Shandong gave birth to prime ministers, and Shanxi made generals." "Hongmen Banquet" said: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for wealth. "
"On Passing the Qin": "The heroes of Shandong then joined forces and destroyed the Qin clan. "Guandong refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan in ancient times, and refers to the northeastern region east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.
Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Guandong who raise troops to fight against the evil. "Refers to the area east of Tongguan.
Guanxi refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. "Battle of Chibi": "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Guanxi to deal with future troubles. "
Guanzhong refers to different scopes. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be the king of Guanzhong and made Ziying his prime minister. "
"On Passing the Qin Dynasty": "The First Emperor's heart was that he thought Guanzhong was solid. "The Western Regions were called my country's Xinjiang and its western regions in ancient times.
"Yandang Mountains": "According to the Book of the Western Regions, Arahat Nuojuluo lived in Longqiu, Furong Peak, Yandang Mountains, on the southeast coast of Sinian. "Shuo Mo refers to the desert in the north. It can also be called "Shuo" alone, which refers to the north in general.
"Collecting Herbs": "Shuo Mo is full of peaches and plums. "Mulan Poems": "The new energy spreads to the golden watch, and the cold light shines on the iron clothes." "
Shuoqi refers to the wind from the north. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxue Mountain Temple" "Still coming back against the Shuofeng" refers to the north wind.
Baiyue is also called Baiyue, Zhu Yue. In ancient times, the Yue people lived in various parts of Guangdong, and were collectively referred to as Baiyue.
In ancient texts, "Guo Qin Lun" "takes the land of Baiyue from the south" and "Gathering Herbs". "The more you go, the more peach and plum trees will grow."
The five famous mountains are collectively called Dongyue Mountain, Xiyue Mountain, Zhongyue Mountain, Beiyue Mountain, and Nanyue Mountain. The five mountains cover Chicheng. "
Gyeonggi capital and its surrounding areas. "The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi Gong": "The ancestor Zuo Zhongyi studied in Gyeonggi Province. "
Sanfu originally referred to the three officials who governed the Gyeonggi region during the Western Han Dynasty, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "Heng Shao was good at literature and traveled in Sanfu. "
"Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs": "The Duke's daughter married to the wife of an official in Jifu. "After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "Fu".
Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan. Xiang Yu destroyed the Qin Dynasty.
4. Common sense of ancient Chinese culture
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Original publisher: chuixuezhui
Summary directory of common knowledge in ancient Chinese culture: 1. Titles of people 2. Ancient officials three, astronomy and calendar four, ancient geography five, imperial examination system six, customs and etiquette seven, food and drink utensils eight, music and entertainment nine, literature and history books ten, catalog dictionaries eleven ancient military system one, people's titles 636f7079e79fa5e9819331333433623736 Roughly speaking by name There are three situations: (1) Claiming your name or given name.
For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces his poem by himself." (2) Used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou". (3) Call someone you hate or despise. For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in the front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back." The ancients named the names when they were young, and then picked them up as adults (20 years old for men and 15 years old for women). There is a meaningful connection between the words and the name. The name is for the convenience of others, and it is out of politeness and respect for peers or seniors. For example, Qu Ping is called Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is called Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is called Tao Yuanliang, Li Bai is called Li Taibai, Du Fu is called Du Zimei, Han Yu is called Han Tuizhi, Liu Zongyuan is called Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is called Ouyang Yongshu, and Sima Guang is called Farewell. Number, table number. The fundamental difference between a name, a given name and a nickname is that the former is chosen by the father or elders, while the latter is chosen by oneself. A nickname is generally only used for self-proclaiming to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion; it is also a title of honor for a person. For example: Tao Qian No. 5. Posthumous titles. In ancient times, the titles added to princes, generals, ministers, senior officials, and famous scribes after their death were called posthumous titles. For example, Tao Yuanming is called Jingjie Zhengshi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhonggong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Fan Wenzhenggong, Wang Ao is Wang Zhongsu Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Zhongyi Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong. male. And calling the treacherous minister Qin Hui Miao Chou is an "evil posthumous title". Calling a house by its name means calling it by its house number or room number. For example, the name of the poet Yang Wanli's house in the Southern Song Dynasty was Chengzhai, and people called him Yang Chengzhai; The courtesy name is Peixian and the nickname is Qiushi. His ancestral home is Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. He was born in Donghai, Jiangsu Province in 1898.
Published the collection of essays "Back" in 1928. He is a famous essayist, poet, scholar and democratic fighter. There are also prose collections such as "Back View", "Miscellaneous Notes on Travels in Europe", "You and Me", etc.
His prose is famous for its "concise language" and "beautiful writing style". *** Praising him for "exhibiting the heroism of our nation."
2. "Ode to the Lotus Picking": written by Xiao Tong, Emperor of the Southern Dynasties. 3. "Xizhou Song": a poem from Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties.
4. Zhou Shojuan: modern writer, translator, representative writer of the "Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School" (literary school) during the Republic of China. 5. Lu Xun (1881~1936): His original name was Zhou Shuren, his courtesy name was Hencai, and he was a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
Modern writer, thinker, revolutionary, leader of Chinese proletarian literature, and founder of modern literature. "Lu Xun" was the pen name he used when he published the first vernacular novel "A Madman's Diary" in the history of modern Chinese literature in 1918.
His main works include: novel collections "Scream", "Wandering", "New Stories"; essay collections "Just Collection", "Two Hearts Collection", "Huagai Collection", "Qiejieting Essays" and other sixteen volumes ; Prose collection "Morning Blossoms Picked Up at Dusk"; Prose poetry collection "Wild Grass". "With cold eyebrows and cold eyes, he bows his head and is willing to be a bully" is a portrayal of his personality and spirit throughout his life.
6. Tao Yuanming, a Qian with a courtesy name of Yuanliang, is known as Mr. Jingjie and calls himself Mr. Wuliu. A famous poet in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty and the first pastoral poet in my country.
His representative works include "The Peach Blossom Spring", "Come Back and Come Back", "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields", etc. "Relatives or remnants of grief, others have also sung. What is the way to die? The body is supported by the same mountain."
From his "Elegy". 7. "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons": A masterpiece of ancient Chinese literary theory, written by Liu Xie, a Liang literary theory critic in the Southern Dynasties.
8. Jin Shengtan: Celebrity Rui, courtesy name Shengtan, was a literary critic in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He once collectively called "Li Sao", "Zhuangzi", "Historical Records", Du Shi, "Water Margin" and "West Chamber" as the "Six Talents Books", and revised the latter two.
He revised "Water Margin" and wrote it in the late Chongzhen period. After the 71st chapter, he deleted the content about being recruited and conquering Fangla, etc., and added the plot of Lu Junyi's dream that all Liangshan leaders were killed to end it. The whole book. The comments were quite original and expressed the stance of opposing the peasant uprising.
9. Gu Yanwu: Named Tinglin, courtesy name Ningren, a native of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province. He was a thinker and writer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He is the author of "Rizhilu". 10. Wang Zengqi: Born in Gaoyou, Jiangsu, he is a modern and contemporary writer and a representative of “Beijing School Novels”.
His representative works include the novels "Being Ordained" and "Da Nao Chronicles". 11. Leo Tolstoy: The great Russian writer, whose representative works include the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", etc.
12. George Sand: French female writer, her main works include the novels "Consuero" and "The Grinder of Anjiburg". 13. "Zhu Zhiwu Retreats the Qin Master" is selected from "Zuo Zhuan".
"Zuo Zhuan" is my country's first complete chronological historical work with a detailed narrative. It is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming, the historian of the Lu State in the late Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronology of the lineage of the kings of the Lu State, it records the history of our country since AD Many historical materials covering more than 250 years after 722 BC. Also known as "Zuo Shi Chuan Chun Qiu", also known as "Zuo Shi Chun Qiu", together with "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan", they are collectively called "Three Biography of Spring and Autumn", which is an excellent historical prose work.
14. "Gou Jian's Destruction of Wu" is excerpted from "Guoyu". "Guoyu" is the earliest national history book in my country, recording the historical facts from the 12th year of King Mu of Zhou to the 16th year of King Zhending.
15. "Warring States Policy" is a work that records the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Dynasty and various vassal states. It mainly records the vertical and horizontal struggles of the counselors and counselors during the Warring States Period and the related plans or speeches. Compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty, there are 33 chapters.
16. "The Analects" is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius, a great thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his disciples. There are twenty chapters in the book, covering many aspects such as politics, education, literature, philosophy, and principles of life, and are in the form of quotations.
"The Analects" is a classic work on Confucianism. Together with "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "Mencius", it is collectively known as the "Four Books". 17. Meng Ke (about 372 BC - 289 BC), also known as Ziyu, was born in Zou during the Warring States Period. He was a master of Confucianism and was known as the "Lesser Sage".
"Mencius" is a book that records Mencius' words and deeds. It is compiled into seven chapters by Mencius Ke and his disciples, covering political activities, political doctrines, philosophy, education, and ethics. Mencius' main propositions are benevolent government, valuing the people and respecting the king.
Believes that "human nature is inherently good." (See Volume 5) 18. Xunzi (about 313 BC - 238 BC), named Kuang, was a native of Zhao during the Warring States Period and a famous thinker.
Advocates the "Dharma Queen" and "Evil Nature Theory". "Xunzi" was written by Xunzi and his disciples. It is an important work of Pre-Qin Confucianism.
19. Zhuang Zhou (about 369 BC - 286 BC), a native of the Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period, was a famous thinker in ancient times and one of the representatives of the Taoist school. "Zhuangzi" was written by him and his disciples. It is highly literary and contains many fables. It is an important work of Taoist thought.
Together with Laozi, the founder of the Taoist school, they are collectively known as "Lao and Zhuang". 20. Jia Yi: A native of Luoyang in the Western Han Dynasty, a politician and writer, known as Jia Sheng in the world.
His works include "New Book", "Diao Qu Yuan Fu", etc. 21. Sima Qian (about 145 BC - about 87 BC), also known as Zichang, was a historian, writer and thinker of the Western Han Dynasty.
The book "Historical Records" is my country's first general history in the form of biographies. It includes 12 Jis (biographies of emperors), 30 families (biographies of princes), 70 biographies (biographies of famous figures), 10 tables, and 8 books,* **130 articles. It is collectively known as the "Four Histories" together with "Hanshu", "Houhanshu" and "Three Kingdoms".
Lu Xun praised "Historical Records" as "the swan song of historians, a rhymeless Li Sao". (See Volume 6 for "Historical Records") 22. Wang Xizhi: (321~379), named Yishao, was born in Linyi, Langya (now Linyi, Shandong Province) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
He is a famous calligrapher in ancient times. His writing style is "as floating as a floating cloud and as powerful as a frightening dragon", and he is known as the "Sage of Calligraphy". Wang Xizhi is broad-minded and loves natural landscapes. His prose is clear, simple, and long-lasting, which shows his literary skills.
Because he served as a general of the Right Army, later generations also called him Wang Youjun. "Preface to the Lanting Collection" is the preface to the Lanting Collection of Poems.
23. "Aesop's Fables": According to legend, it was compiled by Aesop, a freed slave of the ancient Greeks in the sixth century BC. It collects ancient Greek folk tales and adds Indian, Japanese and Christian stories. ***More than three hundred and fifty articles. 24. Qian Zhongshu (1910-1998): Modern literature researcher and writer, courtesy name Mo Cun, also known as Huai Ju. He once used the pen name Zhongshu Jun. He was a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu.
Representative works include: two famous academic treatises ".
6. How to accumulate ancient cultural common sense in high school Chinese
The general direction corresponding to cultural common sense is the accumulation and mastery of traditional culture.
The 2017 version of the new curriculum standards also mentions "traditional culture" and "cultural common sense" many times, requiring "understanding the relevant ancient Chinese cultural common sense, enriching the accumulation of traditional culture, and absorbing ideas, emotions and art." Nutrition, cultivating healthy and noble aesthetic taste, enriching and deepening the understanding of history, society and life." Corresponding to the exam, it is mainly a three-point multiple choice question on classical Chinese reading.
Memorizing cultural knowledge should be done at ordinary times. It is not recommended to recite a list of cultural knowledge. Of course, this is also a way. What I personally advocate in teaching is to accumulate reading exercises in classical Chinese. There are 4 questions for each question. When you encounter them, they are included in the scope that should be mastered. At the same time, each piece of cultural knowledge can radiate other knowledge points. I strongly recommend Wang in this regard. Mr. Li's book - "Common Sense of Ancient Culture", I can read it when I have free time to study. It is authoritative and accurate, and the content covers a wide range. I can accumulate a lot. It is also interesting to understand the origin of some traditional culture.