Waist drum: According to legend, it evolved from Jiegu, and became popular in the 4th century. Because of its different functions in performance, the waist drum in the Tang Dynasty was called "Zhenggu" or "Hehu". Since the Ming Dynasty, waist drums have been widely used in Fengyang Huagu, Huagu Lantern and Huaibei Huagu Opera, and gradually evolved into the present form. The waist drum is shaped like a cylinder, slightly thinner at both ends and slightly thicker in the middle, with skin at both ends. The drum body has two iron rings, which are hung at the waist with a belt and struck with a mallet in each hand. The waist drum has no fixed pitch and the sound is clear. It can be used as both a dance instrument and a dance prop to show cheerful and lively scenes. It is the main instrument of the waist drum team. Wolf Rise: Also known as "Wolf Drum". Popular in Fujian. Langzhang originated from ancient musical instruments with thin waist drums, and its shape is similar to that of Korean long drums and Zhuang bee drums. The drum body is made of wood, with a total length of about 7 cm. The middle part is small, the two ends are thick and hollow, with two sides of Mengniu skin, and the drum surface is about 3 cm in diameter. The drum skin is mounted on a metal ring and tightened by ropes. Percussion with wooden pestle or tapping with hands is used for instrumental ensembles such as "Cage Blowing" and "Fuzhou Shifan" in Fujian and accompaniment of Fujian Opera. Fishing drum: Fishing drum, also known as "bamboo harp" or "Taoist drum", has been used since the Southern Song Dynasty. The fishing drum used in modern times is made of a bamboo tube with a length of 65 ~ 1 cm and a diameter of about 13 cm, and one end is covered with pigskin or sheepskin. When playing, the left hand firmly holds the fishing drum and the right hand slaps it, which is the main accompaniment instrument of folk folk music "Daoqing", "Fishing Drum" and "Zhuqin". Tonggu: a large drum musical instrument circulated among the people. A kind of drum. Widely popular in southern Jiangsu. The drum body of the same drum is barrel-shaped, slightly wider in the middle, and the drum height is about 6 cm. It is mostly made of Toona sinensis, colored wood, birch or poplar, with cowhide on both sides, and the drum surface is about 5 cm in diameter. There are three drum rings in the middle of the drum body, which are used for threading the drum belt or hanging it. When playing, hang the same drum on a wooden tripod and hit it with a double pestle made of mahogany or other hard wood. Used for folk instrumental ensemble, dance, opera accompaniment and mass gongs and drums teams in festive festivals. You can hang it on your body and play when the gongs and drums are marching. Playing methods include singles, doubles, rolling and boring. Different timbre changes can be obtained by tapping the drum center, drum edge and drum frame, playing from drum center to drum edge gradually, or tapping from drum edge to drum center gradually. In the instrumental ensemble "Shifan Drum" and "Shifan Gong and Drum", the same drum and banjo are played by one person, and the drumming skills are particularly complicated. By using light and heavy percussion, light and heavy rolling, continuous rolling with percussion or the interactive combination of various playing methods, drum segments (or "drum brands") with different styles can be played. Hua Pengu: It is named for its big drum surface, small drum bottom and flowerpot shape. It evolved from the hall drum, also known as the "south hall drum". Because it is shaped like a cylinder, it is also known as the "cylinder drum". Now it has been widely used in Peking Opera and other local dramas, song and dance accompaniment, instrumental ensemble and solo. The drum in Hua Pengu is 6 cm in height and 57 cm in diameter. The lower skin of the drum is twice as small as the epithelium, with a diameter of 28.5 cm. The golden Yunlong pattern with national style is painted around the drum body, which is vivid and lifelike. And attached with a special drum stand. Drum body is mostly made of Toona sinensis, poplar or willow, and it is made by turning the car. The drum skin is made of water cowhide or dry cowhide, but it is better to use the back skin of cattle for the drum skin. When Hua Pengu is played, it is pronounced by hitting the drum skin with a wooden pestle. The timbre is deep and rich, softer than that of a hall drum, and different tones can be played. Big drum: Among the drum instruments, Toona sinensis, colored wood, birch and poplar are mostly used to make drums. Because of the large drum surface, buffalo hide is mostly used for drums. The drum body is covered with two pieces of cowhide with the same area, and it is usually placed on a wooden frame and played with two drums. Drum sounds deep and strong, mainly used for instrumental ensemble, dance and opera accompaniment, but also the main instrument in the gongs and drums team. In ancient times, drums were mostly used for telling time, offering sacrifices, honoring ceremonies or military affairs. As a time-telling drum, it is also called "morning drum" and is often placed on the drum tower of the city. The drum on the Drum Tower in Beijing was made in the Qing Dynasty, and it was specially used for telling the time. The drum surface is 1.5 meters in diameter and was once known as the "king of drums". Every night at night, the bells and drums are ringing, and the low drums spread all over the city. It was not until 1915 that clocks and watches became a cultural relic for people to watch. In the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, there is also a big drum made in the Qing Dynasty, with a diameter of 1.5 meters and a height of about 2 meters, which was used by emperors in the past when they offered sacrifices to heaven. The drum is pronounced by two thick wooden rafts. The center of the drum is pronounced low and deep, and the sound is higher and firmer towards the edge. Because the timbre of each circle is different from the center to the edge, these changes can be used to enrich its expressive force when playing. Playing methods include clicking, double-clicking, slamming, boring, pressing, shaking and rolling. The drum surface of the big drum is large, and the volume can vary from very weak to very strong, and the intensity changes greatly. It can play a great role in rendering emotions and atmosphere. The sound can be integrated with the band, which can strengthen the bass of the band. It can also be used solo or as an effect instrument to imitate thunder and cannon sound. Book Drum: The drum body is oblate, covered on both sides, with a drum surface diameter of 22 cm and a drum height of 8.5 cm. The pronunciation is low but loud. It is specially used to accompany various drum books such as the northern rap music "Drum Book", and is also suitable for folk art singing and drum book accompaniment in various places. Playing with a single arrow, the book drum is placed on the braided rope of a bamboo drum stand, which is about 9 cm high. The rapper holds the book board or pear slices in his left hand and the drum arrow in his right hand to beat the drum, which is also called "pregnant drum". It was popular in southern Jiangsu in the early 16th century. It is oblate, and the drum frame is made of hard wood such as colored wood. The middle is slightly high and the edge is gradually lower. The diameter of the drum cavity is about 18 cm. Both sides are covered with cowhide and tightened with close-spaced drum nails. The drum pestle is made of mahogany or bamboo, which is called a stick. When playing, the player stands one side of the drum upright on the right knee, with one side of the drum facing forward, and the upper edge of the drum is pressed by the right wrist to make it fixed, while tapping the drum pestle with the thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand. Hold the board with your left hand and clap your hands. It is used to accompany the instrumental ensemble of "Shifan Drum" or the cantata of Kunqu Opera. Generally, it is tapped every beat to master the rhythm. War drum: The shape is similar to that of big drum, but the drum body is low, so it is also called "flat drum". The pronunciation is lower than the drum, but it is loud. Used for religious music in the past, the Lama Temple in Beijing, established in 1723, contains a flat drum with a diameter of about 1 meter and a drum body only 2 cm high. Nowadays, it is mainly used in folk instrumental ensemble, dance, lantern festival, acrobatic troupe and gongs and drums team. Bangu: It is often named after one person playing with clappers. It is also known as "single skin" (one skin) and "bangu" (used to be used exclusively by theatrical troupes). It is a conducting instrument in Chinese traditional opera bands. As early as the Tang Dynasty (618 ~ 97), it was used in "Qingle", which was then called "Jiegu". Bangu has a unique structure and crisp timbre. With the development of opera art in Ming and Qing dynasties. From generation to generation, it has been widely used in Kunqu Opera, Peking Opera, Pingju Opera, Yue Opera, Han Opera, Henan Opera, Hebei Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, Shaanxi Bangzi, Shandong Liuzi and other local opera accompaniment and instrumental ensemble, or solo (such as Allegro drum in southern Jiangsu). In accompaniment or ensemble, it often occupies the position of conductor and leader. In Beijing opera music, all characters' appearances, role singing and plot changes are not only conducted by various percussion postures and percussion sounds, but also combined with clappers to beat the rhythm of singing, add flowers to the performance of gongs and drums, and set off the stage atmosphere and characters' images. Bangu is a short one-sided drum. The drum body is made of hard wood such as colored wood, birch, locust tree, Sang Mu, beech or teak. It is made up of five thick wooden boards. The drum body is 25cm in diameter, but most of them are wooden boards. The drum head vibrates only 5-1cm in the middle. The drum chamber is splayed and the drum edge is 9.5cm high. The drum skin is made of cowhide, which is tensioned on the whole board surface until the bottom edge. The bulging part of the skin, also known as "bulging light", is the percussion pronunciation part. The pronunciation of the drum depends on the size of the drum bore and the tightness of the skin. In order to maintain the tension of the drum skin, more nails are nailed to the drum, and iron rings are tied at the bottom. Because of the different types of dramas, banjo is divided into big drum chamber, middle drum chamber and small drum chamber in terms of specifications. Small-bore plate drum, with a diameter of only 5 cm in the middle, a height of 11.5 cm in the middle and a diameter of 23.5 cm at the lower mouth of the drum, is mainly used for accompaniment of Peking Opera and other local operas and instrumental ensemble, and has a wide range of applications. Large-bore plate drum, with a diameter of 1cm in the middle, a height of 11cm in the middle and a diameter of 24.5cm in the lower mouth, is suitable for the southern Shifan drum and can solo the fast drum section. The middle-bore drum is 8 cm in diameter, 11.2 cm in height, and 24 cm in diameter at the lower mouth of the drum. Its pronunciation is between that of the big and small-bore drum. It is mostly used for accompaniment of Yue Opera, local operas in northern Shaanxi and Shanxi, and for instrumental ensemble. When playing the banjo, the drum is hung on the wooden frame and struck with two rattan or bamboo drum arrows, which not only makes the sound of the drum center and drum edge different, but also makes the sound different because of the use of the point arrow (tapping the drum surface with the drum arrow) or the full arrow (tapping the drum surface with the drum arrow horizontally). Paigu: a new variety of drum instruments in China. After liberation, Chinese musical instrument workers and musicians summarized the technical experience of drum instruments at home and abroad, and reformed them according to the medium-sized hall drums and waist drums commonly used by the people. With beautiful shape and rich and varied timbre, it has become an important instrument in national bands and is widely used in instrumental ensembles, local operas and song and dance accompaniment. The drum set, which is often seen in some dance halls, is also called drum arrangement. Drum arrangement is generally composed of five drums with different sizes and different pronunciations. Both sides of each drum have the same outer diameter but different inner diameters, which can produce two tones with different pitches, and * * * can produce 1 different tones. Both sides of the drum are equipped with tuning equipment, and the tuning range can generally reach four or five degrees, and can be tuned according to actual needs. The drum body is fixed on a special drum frame. The upper end of the drum frame is a U-shaped fork frame, the middle is a column made of sleeve, and the lower end is a tripod. The upright post can be extended and retracted up and down, so that the drum body can rise and fall according to the needs of the player. The drum body is mounted on the fork frame, which is convenient for turning over to select the pitch. When playing, the drums are mostly arranged in a zigzag, a figure of eight, a semicircle or an arc. The drum surface can be tilted at 15 ~ 45 degrees, which can be used for vertical strike, sitting strike, side strike or oblique strike, and can be used for slap, round strike and cross strike. Pai-gu pronunciation is fierce and jumping, the middle and low notes are generous and majestic, and the high notes are solid and powerful, which not only maintains the style of a drum, but also has the characteristics of roundness and lyricism. Because of its different pitch, timbre and light and heavy changes, it is most suitable for large-scale national bands and drum solo, and it is a colored instrument. In addition to being used in groups, the timbre and performance can be selected according to different needs, and they can be extracted separately for local operas and instrumental ensembles. It is good at expressing warm and jubilant emotions and has rich and colorful sound effects. Qingu: A fishing drum that can play melodies. It was developed by the amateur research group of Chengdu national bamboo wind instrument and successfully developed under the inspiration of the accompaniment instrument of Sichuan folk music "Zhuqin". It consists of 16 bamboo tubes (or plastic slips) with different lengths, each of which is covered with cowhide or sheepskin and fastened to the upper mouth of the bamboo tube through a bamboo leather-fixing ring. Bamboo tubes are placed in two rows on the wooden piano frame. When playing, the player strikes with a bamboo piano arrow in each hand, producing 16 tones of (D ~ F1). The timbre is soft, clear and bright, which can be used for instrumental ensemble or accompaniment, or for playing music alone. Western drums include big drums, small drums, timpani drums, conga drums, bongo drums and jazz drums. The snare drum (also called Little snare drum, Sink Drum) is a percussion instrument with Sink Strings across the drum surface. It often appears in military bands, orchestras, wind orchestras, etc., and is recorded with a first-line or bass spectrum. The timpani is a kind of percussion instrument. The timpani is the cornerstone of a wind band or symphony orchestra. Kanga drum is a kind of percussion instrument. Generally, it is a drum with a diameter of 4 cm and a height of about one meter. Usually in groups of two. Bongo drum is a kind of drum. Most of them are in groups of two, with a diameter and height of about 3 cm. Often used in Latin music. Jazz drum, also known as drum set, is a kind of. This instrument combines many percussion instruments and is played by one person.