Introduction to folk art
Buyi eight-tone sitting singing, also called "Buyi eight-tone", is a folk art form of singing and singing passed down from generation to generation by the Buyi people. The so-called Buyi Bayin refers to the traditional rap art spread from Anshun Guanling, Zhenning to Zhenfeng in southwestern Guizhou. Buyi Bayin is also called "Bayin Sitting Singing". The performance team ranges from 8 to 14 people. They sing Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou operas without makeup. It is named after the ensemble of 8 musical instruments including cow leg bone, bamboo harp, straight flute, yueqin, sanxian, mang gong, gourd and piccolo.
For thousands of years, it has been passed down and continued in the villages in the Nanpanjiang River Basin. It is said that the prototype of Buyi Bayin belongs to the palace music, which mainly focuses on wind and percussion. After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, due to the influence of the Buyi national aesthetic consciousness, it gradually developed into a form of folk art performed with silk and bamboo instruments as the main accompaniment.
Historical origins
Group singing? According to historical records, the eight tones were spread in Xingyi, Anlong, Ceheng, Wangmo and other places in Guizhou in the north and south of Panjiang as early as the Tang and Song Dynasties. The area where Buyi people live. Zhou Qufei of the Song Dynasty said in "Lingwai Daida·Pingnan Music": "Many counties in Guangxi are able to enjoy music together. In the city corridors and villages, there is no need to enjoy music in sacrifices, weddings, and funerals. Even if you are plowing the fields, you must also be happy with your mouth." Therefore, I heard the sound of drums and flutes every year. Every autumn, I recruited musicians to teach the disciples and listen to the music. However, there was no one in the countryside to listen to it. Only in Pingnan County, Xunzhou, which is related to ancient Gongzhou, there was an old teaching hall. The music was very different. There was a Jiaofang who got an official position and moved to Pingnan to teach local people how to play music. His voice can still be passed down to this day. "During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the eight-tone singing content added folk customs and festive content, and absorbed the characteristics of other operas, which greatly enriched it. Singing content. By the Qing Dynasty, "Bayin performed playing and singing as one of its businesses, singing Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou operas without makeup..." (according to "Qing Bai Lei Chao"). So far, Bayin has developed into a form of folk art singing. According to relevant records, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Buyi Bayi music was once popular. In the Buyi villages in the Panjiang River Basin, there are generally "Bayin Halls", a teaching music studio, which specializes in teaching Buyi Bayin skills. At times, there are more than 300 Bayin teams performing Bayin sitting singing. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Xingyi City Buyi Musical Troupe was invited to perform many times at home and abroad. It was praised as "the wonder of Panjiang River", "the most beautiful sound in the world, the sound of nature", "living fossil of sound", "Nanpanjiang Riverside" The Pearl of Art".
During the heyday of the development of octave singing, another new literary and artistic form quietly emerged. This is Buyi drama. Buyi Opera originated in the early Qing Dynasty, but there are different opinions on the age when it took shape. One is calculated based on the family tree of the old opera master, probably during the Qianlong period: the other is according to the "Xingyi County Chronicle" records, in the early years of Guangxu (1875), Wang Shoushan, a clansman of Xingyi's flattering king chieftain, initiated it, and many people funded it for the first time. Special costumes were made and a stage was set up in Bajie Laochangba. At this point, Buyi opera has truly completed its development. It not only has tunes, voices, performances, and costumes, it has become a kind of drama. Buyi opera is evolved and developed on the basis of "eight-note singing" (see "Chinese Opera Music Collection Guizhou Volume - Buyi Opera Music Volume"). From the performance point of view, Buyi opera has movements, makeup, and special costumes, which are exactly what "Bayin seat singing" does not have. From this point of view, performance is the main difference between the two. This has resulted in two different forms of culture and art.
It developed from purely instrumental music to performance singing, to eight-note singing, and later to Buyi opera, forming a unique phenomenon in which the four musical forms share the same origin. Moreover, these four musical forms have not been "swept away" by history, but currently exist at the same time, forming "four kinds of music under one roof", which is extremely valuable. This provides a living specimen for studying the evolution and development of folk literature and art.
Development History
During the heyday of the development of octagonal singing, another new literary and artistic form quietly emerged. This is Buyi drama. Buyi Opera originated in the early Qing Dynasty, but there are different opinions on the age when it took shape. One is calculated based on the family tree of the old opera master, probably during the Qianlong period: the other is according to the "Xingyi County Chronicle" records, in the early years of Guangxu (1875), Wang Shoushan, a clansman of Xingyi's flattering king chieftain, initiated it, and many people funded it for the first time. Special costumes were made and a stage was set up in Bajie Laochangba. At this point, Buyi opera has truly completed its development. It not only has tunes, voices, performances, and costumes, it has become a kind of drama. Buyi opera is evolved and developed on the basis of "eight-note singing" (see "Chinese Opera Music Collection Guizhou Volume - Buyi Opera Music Volume"). From the performance point of view, Buyi opera has movements, makeup, and special costumes, which are exactly what "Bayin seat singing" does not have. From this point of view, performance is the main difference between the two. This has resulted in two different forms of culture and art.
It developed from purely instrumental music to performance singing, to eight-note singing, and later to Buyi opera, forming a unique phenomenon in which the four musical forms share the same origin. Moreover, these four musical forms have not been "swept away" by history, but currently exist at the same time, forming "four kinds of music under one roof", which is extremely valuable. This provides a living specimen for studying the evolution and development of folk literature and art.
Artistic Features
Solo performance? Whenever people talk about "Buyi Bayin" and "Bayin Sitting Singing", they always ask: What does "Bayin" mean? Why is she called "Bayin"? What does she represent? We know that in the history of Chinese music, the title "Bayin" first appeared in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. At that time, musical instruments were divided into eight categories according to different materials: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, wood, gourd and bamboo.
This is the "eight tones". Later it was generally referred to as a musical instrument. And is there any relationship between the "Bayin" in "Buyi Bayin" and the "Bayin" in Chinese music history? The "Bayin" in "Buyi Bayin" and "Bayinzuo Sing" is now more consistently interpreted to refer to eight musical instruments, namely: Xiaotong, Niujiaohu, Calabash Qin, Yueqin, Drum, Baobao gong, and Xiaoma Gongs, hairpins and other musical instruments.
"Bayin" is the name of the instrumental music group. Eight-note performances are generally performed in ensembles. Zhou Qufei of the Southern Song Dynasty said this when talking about "Eight Tones" in his book "Lingwai Dai Da Da": "Only Pingnan County of Xunzhou, which is related to ancient Gongzhou, has old teaching workshops, and the music is very different. Sometimes it is used to teach Fang Deguan came to Pingnan and taught the native people how to play together, and his voice can still be passed down to this day. "Whether it's "Le Shen Zheng Yi" or "Teaching the native people how to play together", they all use many orchestra instruments. The form of performance is ensemble. Judging from the music scores handed down and the performance forms circulated among the people, the characteristics of "hele" have been proved.
The eight-tone sitting singing of the Buyi people is called "Wanbodi" in Buyi language, which means playing, playing and singing. The performance form of Bayin Sitting Sing is eight people holding ox bone Hu (Niujiao Hu), Calabash Qin (Gourd Hu), Yue Qin, Cigu (Bamboo Drum), Xiao tube, hairpin, Baobao gong, Xiaoma gong, etc. Musical instruments are passed around in a circle to sing and sing. The performance uses the first person "jumping in" to sing and narrate the story, and the third person "jumping out" to explain the story. In some cases, Bouyei musical instruments such as Lelang, Leyou, and Konoha are added for accompaniment. When singing, male artists mostly use a higher octave, while women sing in the original key. This not only creates a strong contrast in pitch and timbre, but also increases the interest of singing. When singing, the aria is in Buyi language and the dialogue is in Chinese. There are small and medium voices, and the roles are shared among the band members. There are more than thirty types of tunes, including regular tune, regular tune, out-of-tune, freeboard, long tune, inverted long tune, anti-reflection tune, pouring tea tune, and eating wine tune. They can be played alone or sung while playing.
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Expression form
There are seated playing and singing and dramatic playing and singing, etc. The melody of "Bayin Sitting Sing" is simple, smooth, melodious and melodious. It is often played on ethnic festivals, weddings and funerals, house building, birthdays and other occasions. It is a national rap art form deeply loved by the Buyi people. The most representative traditional programs include "Buyi Wedding Customs", "He Xi Tang", "Hu Xi and Nan Xiang", "Welcoming Guest Tune", "Singing the Biography of Wang Yulian", "Toast Song", "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" There are more than 40 songs, mainly including: "Fumantang", "Heshoutang", "Geran", "Baitang Diao", "Panlang", "Brother and Sister Diao", "Lai Qu Lai"; sitting singing "Hu Xi and "Nanyang" excerpts; excerpts of the Buyi opera "Saying Love"; the ending song "Shengshi Tune: Ang Yang", etc. The content is mainly based on Buyi folk oral literature, folk music and rap art, showing the Buyi people's love for life and harvest. yearning, pursuit of love, and lashing of ugliness. Because of its long history, elegance and rich national characteristics, it is called the living fossil of sound and the sound of nature.
Origin, form, artistic characteristics?
Whenever people talk about "Buyi Bayin" and "Bayin Sitting and Singing", they always ask: What does "Bayin" mean? Why is she called "Bayin"? What does she represent? We know that in the history of Chinese music, the title "Bayin" first appeared in the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. At that time, musical instruments were divided into eight categories according to different materials: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, wood, gourd and bamboo. This is the "eight tones". Later it was generally referred to as a musical instrument. And is there any relationship between the "Bayin" in "Buyi Bayin" and the "Bayin" in Chinese music history? The "Bayin" in "Buyi Bayin" and "Bayinzuo Sing" is now more consistently interpreted to refer to eight musical instruments, namely: Xiaotong, Niujiaohu, Calabash Qin, Yueqin, Drum, Baobao gong, and Xiaoma Gongs, hairpins and other musical instruments.
"Bayin" is the name of the instrumental music group. Eight-note performances are generally performed in ensembles. Zhou Qufei of the Southern Song Dynasty said this when talking about "Eight Tones" in his book "Lingwai Dai Da Da": "Only Pingnan County of Xunzhou, which is related to ancient Gongzhou, has old teaching workshops, and the music is very different. Sometimes it is used to teach Fang Deguan came to Pingnan and taught the native people how to play together, and his voice can still be passed down to this day. "Whether it's "Le Shen Zheng Yi" or "Teaching the native people how to play together", they all use many orchestra instruments. The form of performance is ensemble. Judging from the music scores handed down and the performance forms circulated among the people, the characteristics of "hele" have been proved.
The eight-tone sitting singing of the Buyi people is called "Wanbodi" in Buyi language, which means playing, playing and singing. The performance form of Bayin Sitting Sing is eight people holding ox bone Hu (Niujiao Hu), Calabash Qin (Gourd Hu), Yue Qin, Cigu (Bamboo Drum), Xiao tube, hairpin, Baobao gong, Xiaoma gong, etc. Musical instruments are passed around in a circle to sing and sing. The performance uses the first person "jumping in" to sing and narrate the story, and the third person "jumping out" to explain the story. In some cases, Bouyei musical instruments such as Lelang, Leyou, and Konoha are added for accompaniment. When singing, male artists mostly use a higher octave, while women sing in the original key. This not only creates a strong contrast in pitch and timbre, but also increases the interest of singing. When singing, the aria is in Buyi language and the dialogue is in Chinese. There are small and medium voices, and the roles are shared among the band members. There are more than thirty types of tunes, including regular tune, regular tune, out-of-tune, freeboard, long tune, inverted long tune, anti-reflection tune, pouring tea tune, and eating wine tune. They can be played alone or sung while playing.
Inheritance value
Bayin sitting singing is gradually created and formed by the Buyi people in their long-term production and life practice. It is deeply rooted in the Buyi people and has a distinctive Buyi ethnic characteristics and broad mass base. It can be said that eight-tone sitting singing is not only the crystallization of the wisdom of the Buyi people, but also a treasure in the treasure house of Chinese folk arts.
At present, the survival and development of Bayin Sitting Singing are facing serious difficulties and urgently need protection and support.
Others
Relevant countries attach great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20, 2006, this folk art was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists. .