1. What are the national musical instruments?
National musical instruments are unique musical instruments of China.
(1) Instrumental music of the Pre-Qin period. According to unearthed cultural relics and documentary records, the musical instruments of the Pre-Qin period included drums, harps, beadles, bigu, ying, tian, county drums, bells, yongs, nan and zheng. , chime, fou, braided pan, bell, pottery bell, Ya, Zhu, Hao, He, Luan, reed, whistle (made of pottery, bone, etc.), Xun, 龠, Heao, Yan, Xiao, Guan, Chi, There are many kinds of instruments such as sheng, qin, zither, and zhu. In primitive society, the emergence of musical instruments was closely related to myths and legends, worship of gods, folk dances, labor and life, etc.
After entering class society, musical instruments were mainly used for entertainment and enjoyment of rulers, in addition to being used in religious, ceremonial and other occasions. The production of musical instruments is exquisite and luxurious, and the scale is getting larger and larger. For example, it is recorded in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Extravagant Music": "Xia Jie and Yin Zhou regarded the extravagant music as the sound of big drums, bells, chimes, pipes, and Xiaos, with huge For the sake of beauty, the public is the observer; the ears have never heard of the unique beauty, and the eyes have never seen it, so they should pass by each other without thinking about measuring them."
(2) Instrumental music from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The main musical instruments that appeared at that time were zither, pipa (in two different shapes, Qin Hanzi and Ruan Xian), flute, fangxiang, and harp harp (that is, the lying harp). Zheng, pipa and flute are all accompaniment instruments of "Xianghe Song".
During this historical period, a large number of foreign musical instruments were absorbed. For example, with the introduction of drum music, wind instruments such as Jia, Jiao, Zhongming, Changming, and Qiang flute were also used. Due to the interaction with the culture of the Western Regions, the main musical instruments passed down to the people include the vertical harp, Persian pipa (i.e. Quxiang pipa), and the pipa.
The vertical harp is also a Persian instrument and was introduced to our country during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Quxiang pipa passed through India and Xinjiang around 350 AD and was introduced to the Gansu area. According to "Liang Shu Jian Wen Di Ji", it was spread to the south at least in 551 AD (Nanbei Lang).
(3) Instrumental music during the Sui and Tang Dynasties During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to further cultural exchanges in the Western Regions, the number of musical instruments increased sharply. Especially drum instruments, this may be due to the development of song and dance music.
Percussion instruments include cymbals, clappers, festival drums, stick drums, waist drums, Yubao drums, fan drums, 桴gu, Qi drums, Dan drums, Jie drums, Dutan drums, Mao Yuan drums, and Da drums. There are more than 30 kinds of wax drums, chicken drums, etc.; there are more than 20 kinds of stringed instruments such as duxianqin, three-stringed qin, laoqin, zither, wind-shou harp, five-stringed pipa, Xiqin, etc.; wind instruments include bamboo flute and Yizui flute. There are more than 20 kinds of instruments, such as harp hand flute, peace pipe, peach skin and long pipe. An important change in musical instruments during this period was the emergence of the stringed instruments Jia Zheng and Xi Qin, which opened up a new field of musical instrument performance.
(4) Instrumental music of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties Stringed instruments experienced outstanding changes and development during this period. Following the Xi Qin, the Mawei Huqin appeared in the Song Dynasty. Also found in records are the huqin, daruan, five-stringed ruan, yueqin, huluqin, Bohaiqin, Huobusi, two-stringed instrument, dambula, kitar, labab, fiddle, harzak, and dulcimer. There are more than fifty kinds of string instruments (actually there are far more types of folk string instruments than these).
During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the wind instrument Suona (also known as Jinkoujiao, Suernai, Suona) was introduced from the north. The performance combination of drum and wind instruments once again produced major changes, from timbre and volume. and style to further enrich the performance of drum music. Suona was originally used in military music.
For example, the Sanqu "Chao Tianzi: Chanting the Trumpet" in "Mr. Wang Xilou's Yuefu" written by Wang Pan of the Ming Dynasty: "The trumpet and the trumpet, the tunes are small and the tunes are big, and the official ships come and go like a mess. It all depends on you. The army is worried and the people are afraid.
What kind of truth and falsehood can you do? Let the geese fly away after blowing all the water!" According to the records of "Sancai Tuhui" written by Wang Qi, suona was used among the people in the Ming Dynasty. "Several important components of the local style of folk instrumental music" The composition of the local style characteristics of instrumental music works, from a technical point of view, involves the entire basic expression means of music (the pitch relationship of the tune, mode, tonality, rhythm, beat , speed, range, intensity, timbre, playing method, texture, etc.) and overall means of expression, they are the indispensable basic elements that make up the style characteristics of an instrumental work.
According to the performance characteristics of my country's traditional folk instrumental music, generally speaking, the important components of local style are performance skills, traditional folk melody development techniques, and band composition. [Edit this paragraph] Solo music "Flute and Sheng Music" ●The flute is made in the shape of a bamboo tube with a blow hole, a membrane hole, two (or four) air holes and six sound holes. .
The film hole is covered with reed film or bamboo film, the left end of the blowing hole is plugged with a flute stopper, and the blowing is done horizontally. ●Northern bangdi music Bangdi includes "Five Bangzi", "Happy Encounter", "Flying a Kite", "Hanging Red Lanterns" and "Orioles Spread Wings" played by Feng Zicun; "Selling Vegetables", "Bird in the Shade" and "Hebei" played by Liu Guan "Open the South Little Door", "Peace Dove" and "Backtalk".
●Representative songs of southern flute music include: "Little Herding Cows", "Partridge Flying", "Happy Song" and "Zhonghua Liuban" played by Lu Chunling; "Three Five Seven" played by Zhao Songting "Morning" and "Journey to Suzhou" performed by Jiang Xianwei. ●Sheng music Sheng is an ancient reed instrument in my country. As early as the Yin Dynasty (1401 BC - 1122 BC) oracle bone inscriptions, there is the name He (ie Xiao Sheng).
The ancient "Book of Songs·Yi Ji" has already mentioned "playing the sheng and the drum", and the "Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Lu Ming" also records "blowing the sheng and drums". Later, the Sheng instrument was recorded in many places in historical documents such as "Rituals", "Zhou Rites" and "Book of Rites".
The earliest physical instrument was found in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province. It has a history of more than 2,400 years. Historically, instruments with twenty-two, twenty-three, and twenty-six reeds were generally called Yu; instruments with nineteen, seventeen, and thirteen reeds were called Sheng.
The shape of Sheng: Sheng is mainly composed of three parts: Sheng reed, Sheng flute and Sheng bucket. Sheng reeds were made of bamboo in ancient times, but later they were made of brass; Sheng flutes are bamboo tubes of different lengths (mostly made of purple bamboo), with a long sound window (i.e. sound hole) near the upper end and a sound hole near the lower end. There is a circular sound hole, and the lower end is embedded with a wooden sheng foot to hold the reed, and is inserted into the sheng bucket; the sheng bucket is made of gourd, wood or copper, with a round flat top, and a hole for inserting seedlings on the top. Even has a mouthpiece.
The development of Sheng solo art: The development of Sheng solo art is mainly in the north. "Erhu, Banhu Music" ●Overview of Erhu: Erhu, Jinghu, Jing Erhu, Ruangong Jinghu, Genka, Cantonese Hu, Sihu, Zhuiqin, Zhonghu, Dahu, etc.; Bannian types such as Banhu, Yehu, Erhu, etc. string.
●Banhu music Banhu has many names among the people.