Commonly used argumentation methods for music education papers

Argument is a basic method and important link in writing music education papers. It is the author's use of arguments to prove the argument according to certain logical relationships. process. Argument is a rational cognitive process that requires the use of logical thinking, using concepts, judgments, reasoning and other logical forms to reflect the essence of things in an abstract way. Different methods can be used to demonstrate different things and problems. Commonly used demonstration methods in music education papers mainly include induction, deduction, comparison, citation, illustration, counter-evidence and other methods.

1. Inductive Argument

Inductive argument refers to an argumentation method that deduces general and universal conclusions from individual and specific premises. In logic, this method is called inductive reasoning, which is divided into complete inductive reasoning and incomplete inductive reasoning. Complete inductive reasoning requires examining all individuals of the same kind of things, discovering their respective attributes, and thereby deducing the general conclusion that all such things have certain attributes. Incomplete inductive reasoning only examines some of the individual attributes and draws general conclusions based on them. For example: "As for the meaning of quality education, there have always been different understandings and opinions in my country's theoretical circles and educational circles. Among them, the more authoritative expressions and definitions are as follows: Liu Bin believes that there are three essentials of quality education: The first is to face For all students, the second is to allow students to develop morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically, and the third is to allow students to develop proactively. Zhu Kaixuan proposed that quality education should be aimed at achieving the goals stipulated in the education policy and focusing on the long-term development of the educated group and society. Gu Mingyuan summarizes quality education as a kind of all-round development education, a general education, and an education for all students. Education that pays attention to personality development. Although the above expressions and definitions are not the same, they all strive to grasp the essence of quality education, summarize the connotation of quality education, and basically grasp the foundation of quality education. "The above argumentation is based on the quotation of three educational authorities. The discussion is used to summarize and prove the meaning of quality education, so it has high reliability. Generally, when the number of individuals of a certain type of thing or phenomenon is not large, the method of complete inductive reasoning is often used. When there are many individuals, since it is impossible to examine the attributes of each individual one by one, the method of incomplete inductive reasoning is often used. The incomplete induction method is simpler and easier to implement, but it requires more authoritative materials to obtain reliable conclusions.

2. Deductive Argument

Deductive argument refers to an argumentation method that deduces individual and specific conclusions from general and universal premises. In logic, this method is called deductive reasoning, and its process mostly adopts the syllogism method, that is, major premise, minor premise, and conclusion. The major premise indicates the general principle of something, such as: "The International Commission on Education in the 21st Century proposed in a report that 'learn to seek knowledge, learn to do things, learn to get along, and learn to be a human being'. These are the four pillars of education in the new century. . "The minor premise indicates the individual or attribute of something, such as: "It proposes that the core of education is the education of 'being a human being', with special emphasis on 'learning how to behave', which is the basis of being a human being and doing things." From this, it can be concluded that "learn to be a human being." Communicating, interacting, cooperating, and working together with others are abilities and skills in life. As music is a way of human communication, music education should make a difference in cultivating the awareness of cooperation and working together.” in conclusion. In the process of argumentation, sometimes a premise can be omitted, such as: "Music education is an important way of aesthetic education, and its characteristic is emotional aesthetics. This indissoluble bond between emotion and beauty determines that the fundamental way of music education is: to use emotions to educate people." , Educate people with aesthetics. "When using the method of deductive argumentation, attention should be paid to the selection of premises, which means that the quality and results of the argument often depend on the correctness of the hypothesis. Especially since logical analysis itself is the source of premises or hypotheses, further deductive reasoning is required to prove its correctness. In this case, reasoning verification is repeated from logical analysis to logical analysis, and the length of logical analysis is used to enhance persuasiveness.

Another form of deductive reasoning is extended reasoning, also known as reductio ad absurdum. It is to first assume that the other party's argument can be established, and then extend it to reach an absurd conclusion, thereby proving that the other party's point of view is wrong. In educational scientific research, there are often some controversial issues. While everyone expresses their opinions, sometimes it is necessary to use refutation methods, such as the following argument: "In the eyes of some people, reading music is of extraordinary significance and extremely useful. Important, for example, music reading is described as the 'key to the door of music', the 'ship' and the 'bridge' leading to the other side of music, etc. This means that one cannot contact, understand and learn music by oneself without reading music music. Music has existed since the beginning of mankind, but the appearance of musical notation is much later than music. If one can only enter the door of music through reading musical notation, then in the thousands of years before the birth of musical notation, people had no access. Can it be included? Isn’t such a long period of music history blank?” This argument aims at overestimating the role of musical notation in general music education, and proves the fallacy of the other party’s view through the discussion of the relationship between music and musical notation. Of course, there are two methods of refutation: direct refutation and indirect refutation, while deductive argumentation is an indirect refutation method.

3. Comparative Argument

Comparative argument is an argumentation method that compares comparable things and draws conclusions to prove one's point of view. Demonstration through comparison between things can better highlight the essence of things. Only through comparison can identification be made, which can make the point of view more profound and give people a clear impression and useful enlightenment. There are three commonly used forms of comparative arguments, namely horizontal ratio, vertical ratio and analogy.

Horizontal comparison is to compare two different things horizontally and demonstrate a point of view by revealing the differences between the two. For example, comparing literacy and music reading proves the difficulty of reading music: "In literacy, you can recognize the characters by remembering the shapes; in reading music, it is meaningless to only remember the shape of the symbols. With the help of words, you can read and write, and your cognitive and emotional activities can be understood through Vision arises immediately; with the help of music scores, it is necessary to listen, sing, play, etc. The simultaneous participation of vision and hearing will cause emotional and cognitive activities. Therefore, in a certain sense, reading music is far better than literacy. It’s much more difficult.” Another example is to compare professional music education with general music education to demonstrate the quality education nature of general music education: “If we say that professional music education trains ‘stage people’ (musicians) work, then general music education is a cause of cultivating "understanders" (audiences). This is a very important cause. General music education should be based on cultivating "understanders" and cultivate more people for concerts. "Excellent listeners, create more friends for the art of music." When using the horizontal comparison method, it is important to note that the two sides used for comparison must be things of completely different natures, so that a contrast can be formed and the point can be proved.

Vertical comparison refers to comparing the before and after of the same thing vertically, and demonstrating the point of view by revealing the differences between the two. For example, compare my country's primary and secondary school music syllabus in different periods to demonstrate the understanding of singing teaching: "The two primary and junior high school music syllabuses promulgated in 1982 still use the past 'singing is the main content of music teaching' The formulation of the music teaching syllabus for primary schools and junior high schools promulgated in 1988 has changed. "Singing teaching is an effective means of primary school music teaching" and "singing is an important content of middle school music teaching" respectively replaced "singing is music teaching". Main content' presentation. This change is conducive to clarifying the one-sided understanding that singing is the only content of music teaching in primary and secondary schools, and is conducive to the overall improvement of students' musical literacy. "Using the vertical comparison method, the two parties used for comparison must be things of the same nature but different time periods, so that the changes in development before and after can be compared to prove the point.

Analogy is to compare similarities A method of comparing things through metaphors to prove arguments.

For example: "If the Jiangsu folk song "Jasmine" is like a fresh and graceful meticulous painting, then the Northeastern folk song "Jasmine" is a passionate and bold freehand painting, and the "Jasmine" melody in the opera "Turandot" is More like Western oil paintings in an alternative style... These "Jasmine Flowers" deepen the students' musical experience from different dimensions, that is: "Jasmine Flower" is beautiful, and Chinese folk songs are also beautiful." Although the analogy is a metaphor, it is. It is different from metaphor, because the two parties used for metaphor are completely different things, and there is no essential connection between the two. They are only similar at a certain point; while the two parties used for analogy are the same kind of things. The two are essentially the same.