1. Writing standard of paper structure
As a paper published in a sci-tech journal, its basic elements should include: title, author's signature, abstract, keywords, classification number, introduction, text, conclusion and references. Introduction, text, conclusion, thanks (if necessary) and references are the main parts. Its front is the front part. If necessary, an appendix can be added later.
1.1 Title and hierarchical title
1.1.1 Title
Title is a logical combination of appropriate and concise words that can reflect the specific content in the essay. A good title will often add color to an article and play a variety of roles, such as revealing the main contents of the article and stimulating readers' interest in reading. Therefore, in writing, it is advisable to use a concise combination of words within 2 words. The English title should have the same meaning as the Chinese title, generally no more than 1 substantive words. The common problems in the title are as follows:
1) The title is big, the content is small and the content is large. This is mainly because the relationship between the text and the topic is not well grasped. For the former, either re-give the topic according to the content or enrich the content according to the topic; For the latter, we should grasp the skimming or not writing that has little to do with the topic.
2) Set the subtitle at will. In general, it is best not to set a subtitle, but to add it only when the meaning you want to express cannot be fully expressed by the main title. At the same time, we should pay attention to avoid the subtitle being larger than the main title.
3) Use synonyms and synonyms. Such as "xx analysis and research" and "xx research and discussion". "Analysis, research and discussion" is a synonym, so just keep one of them in the title.
4) Raise the level of articles. Some articles are just general discussion and analysis, not research, but the author often likes to use the word "research" as the title, which inappropriately raises the level of the article, so the word "research" should be deleted.
1.1.2 hierarchical titles
The chapter sequence codes of hierarchical division of scientific papers are uniformly represented by Arabic numerals, but many authors still use chinese numerals notation.
The chapter hierarchy can be divided into several levels, with a dot between the numbers at each level and no addition at the last level. Hierarchical classification is generally not more than 4 levels. Its correct position is to write at the top of all levels. In the hierarchical title, it is best not to use punctuation marks. If it can't be deleted, you can use the space method to break it.
1.2 Author's signature and abstract
1.2.1 Author's signature
For the author of the paper, in addition to signing at the bottom of the title, a brief introduction of the main author of the article should be published at the foot of the home page (below) in the following order: name (year of birth-), gender (nationality, Han nationality can be omitted), native place, professional title, degree and what research he is mainly engaged in.
1.2.2 Abstract
Abstract is a necessary additional part of modern scientific papers, and its detail depends on the contents of the documents. In abstract writing, its four elements-purpose, method, result and conclusion can be emphasized according to the type of abstract. Generally, Chinese abstracts should be no more than 4 words, and pure indicative abstracts should be controlled at around 2 words. A foreign language abstract does not exceed 25 real words. Use the third person in the abstract, and don't use "I", "author" and "we" as the subject of the abstract statement. This is what most authors should pay attention to.
1.3 Comparison between the text and the pictures in the text and the tables in English and Chinese
1.3.1 Text
The text is the core part of scientific papers, and the problems are analyzed and solved in the text after the introduction leads to the problems. This part is the concentrated expression of the academic and creativity of the author's research results. Some papers are confused in thinking, loose in structure and unclear in level, which makes people unable to grasp the theme of the article, mainly because the author has not mastered the way of discussion of the text.
there are two ways to discuss the text: one is to take the whole process of scientific research as a whole and make a comprehensive discussion on all aspects concerned; The other is to divide the whole research process into several stages according to the actual situation of the research content, and then discuss the results of each stage in turn.
1.3.2 Comparison of figures and tables in English and Chinese
Figures and tables are widely used in modern scientific and technological publications, and they have become an indispensable means of expression in scientific and technological literature. Because of their application, the content expressed is more logical and accurate. The author of the paper makes good use of figures and tables in writing, but many authors ignore the necessary Chinese and English comparison of figures and tables in foreign exchange, which will inevitably affect the understanding of foreign readers. Although they can get the innovative content and quantitative and qualitative information outline of the paper from the English title and English abstract, they still can't understand more important information such as the movement process of things, the change process of relationship parameters between things and the experimental data. Therefore, the juxtaposition of figures and tables in Chinese and English will give important basis for foreign readers to understand the author's conclusion and get interested information from it.
In addition, it should be noted that the science and technology table adopts a three-line table, and auxiliary short lines can be added if necessary.
1.4 conclusion and references
1.4.1 conclusion
the purpose of writing this paper is to show its conclusion. Conclusion is the basic component of a paper, so a paper can't write a conclusion, but it can't be a repetition of the title of the main body. It is also necessary to avoid the appearance of a paper ending with "results and discussion", because it will lack real discussion content and no conclusive words.
1.4.2 references
references are an important part of modern scientific papers, but this part is often ignored by the author, and some of them are not standardized even though they are listed. The main standard description formats are as follows:
main responsible person of monograph [serial number], title of document [M], place of publication: publisher, year of publication, starting and ending page numbers (optional),
main responsible person of document [serial number] separated from anthology, title of document, main responsible person of original document (optional) and title of original document [M]. Year of publication. page number of the document.
The main responsible person of the document [serial number] separated from the periodical. Document title [J]. Publication name, year, volume (issue): page number.
The main responsible person of the document [serial number] separated from the newspaper. Document title [N]. Newspaper name, year-month-day (edition) Year.
The main responsible person of conference paper [serial number]. Document title, conference name, conference site and conference year.
It is particularly noteworthy that the recorded references must be marked in the upper right corner after the sentence in the text and arranged in order. The serial number of the references after the text should be consistent with the indicating serial number format in the text.
2. Language expression and writing norms
Scientific papers usually use strict and rarely changed sentence patterns. There are many complete sentences, long sentences, various restrictive additional elements and complex sentences with connecting words. This is because long sentences with a large number of additional elements are accurate and thorough, and are suitable for expressing rich and complex content. However, in the manuscripts of scientific papers, many authors have poor command of language, and some writers use oral conversation to write. As a result, sentences have either no subject or no object, or the word order is improperly arranged and words are abused, which seriously affects the expression of the papers. Here are a few examples to illustrate.
2.1 Abuse of prepositions and lack of subject
The problem of environmental pollution has attracted great attention of the China municipal government.
The preposition "about" and the following "environmental pollution problem" constitute an object-object phrase, which makes the whole sentence have no subject. Therefore, the preposition "about" is deleted and the following "problem" is restored to the subject position, so that the whole sentence can be expressed completely.
2.2 Improper word order
① Improper adverbial position
The large-scale afforestation technology in quicksand and saline-alkali land has been popularized and applied in Xinjiang since the early 199s.
There are two adverbial positions in the sentence: one at the beginning and the other in the sentence. Generally, adverbials indicating restrictions are placed at the beginning of a sentence, such as adverbials of time, place, conditions and related objects. Descriptive adverbials are placed in the sentence. Put "from the early 199s" in the above example at the beginning of the sentence, and its position will be appropriate.