1. The fundamental reason why Britain launched the Opium War: In the first half of the 19th century, in order to open up the Chinese market, promote industrial products, and plunder cheap industrial raw materials. The direct reason for smuggling opium into China: to reverse the trade deficit. 2.1839 In 2006, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Emperor Daoguang to carry out a secret investigation, arrest cigarette dealers, and confiscate opium. The destruction of opium at Humen Beach in June was a great victory in the Chinese people's anti-smoking struggle and demonstrated the Chinese nation's determination to oppose foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who had a strong will and led this struggle, became a national hero. This event became the fuse of the Opium War. 3.1840-1842, the first Opium War broke out. After the Opium War, China began to gradually transform from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Society is the beginning of modern Chinese history. 4. From 1856 to 1860, the British and French forces launched the Second Opium War in order to further open up the Chinese market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Old Summer Palace. 5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced The Qing government signed a series of unequal treaties, and the Qing Dynasty ceded more than 1.5 million square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest of China. (Combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9) 6. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement from 1851 to 1864, In 1853, Nanjing was occupied and changed to Tianjing, designated as the capital, and a regime in confrontation with the Qing Dynasty was established. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the army was sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition. 7. As the imperial envoy, Zuo Zongtang adopted the strategy of "first north, then south, and slow down In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884. 8. From 1894 to 1895, after the failure of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government signed the " The Treaty of Shimonoseki greatly deepened China's semi-colonialization. 9. In the spring of 1900, the Boxer Rebellion was directed at the imperialist aggressive forces. 10. In 1901, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Xinchou Treaty" with eight countries, which was humiliating and humiliating, and gave the Chinese people It increased the burden of new students and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. From then on, the Qing government became a tool of imperialism to rule China. China completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 11. From the 1860s to the 1890s, "Learning from the Foreigners and Learning from the Skills" "The Westernization Movement" used the slogan "self-improvement" in the early stage, adopted Western advanced production technology, and established a number of modern military industries such as the Anqing Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. In the later period, the slogan "seeking wealth" was used to establish Some civilian industries were established, such as the Steamship Investment Promotion Bureau founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, Hubei Weaving Layout, etc. From the 1970s to the 1980s, three navies of the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian were established. Founded in 1862 Jingshi Tongwen Hall was the first new school founded by the Westernization Movement. 12. Evaluation of the Westernization Movement (page 30, key points) 13. In the spring of 1895, Kang Youwei’s "letter on the bus" kicked off the reform and reform. 14. June 1898 By September, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of reform decrees, content (P33): requiring mastery of five aspects: politics, economy, military, education, and ideology. 15. In 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized the revolutionary group Xingzhonghui. In 1905, he The Chinese Tongmenghui, a unified revolutionary organization, was established, with Sun Yat-sen as Prime Minister, and passed the revolutionary program of overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty, abolishing the autocratic monarchy, establishing a democratic communist country, and reforming the land system. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolution across the country. The Three People's Principles were the guiding ideology of the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen. 16. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the two thousand years of feudal monarchy in our country, and established democracy and democracy. The concept was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, the fruits of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by the Beiyang warlord Yuan Shikai, and he failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism. 17. In 1915, intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science" and published the magazine "New Youth" As the main position, the New Culture Movement was launched. With the Four Proposals and Four Oppositions as the main content, it attacked the countercurrent of respecting Confucius and the restoration of the past, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society. 18. In 1918, Li Dazhao published "The Victory of the Common People" and " "The Triumph of Bolshevism" two articles to promote Marxism

. 19. The New Culture Movement was an unprecedented ideological liberation movement in the history of our country. It inspired people to pursue democracy and science, explore the truth of saving the country and the people, and created conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, during the New Culture Movement It also had a tendency to absolutely deny or absolutely affirm Eastern and Western cultures, which would later influence later. 20. On May 4, 1919, students from Peking University and other schools held a demonstration demanding "struggle for sovereignty abroad and eliminate national traitors at home" and cancel the "Twenty-One Articles". He opposed the signing of the "peace treaty" with Germany and demanded punishment of traitors, but was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and merchants went on strike to support the student struggle. The working class played a huge role, and the government was forced to release students, dismissed Cao Rulin and other traitors from their posts, and refused to sign the peace treaty. The May Fourth Movement achieved an initial victory. The May Fourth Patriotic Movement was a thorough patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism, and was the beginning of China's new democratic revolution. . 21. The National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in Shanghai in July 1921 adopted the party's program and determined that the party's goal is: to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize communism. The central task is: leadership Workers' Movement. 22. The Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1922 determined the party's democratic revolutionary program: overthrow the warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression, and establish a democratic Communist Party and a country. This was the first time in China that a thorough anti-imperialist campaign was proposed. Anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program. 23. The Whampoa Military Academy founded in 1924, with Zhou Enlai as director of the political department, trained a large number of military and political talents. 24. In 1926, the Guangdong National Government launched the Northern Expedition, with the purpose of overthrowing the rule of the Beiyang warlords and unifying the country; Target: Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang, Zhang Zuolin; Main battlefields: Hunan, Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, Hesheng Bridge; Wu Peifu's main force was eliminated in the two lakes battlefield; less than half a year after the army was launched, the Northern Expeditionary Army fought from the Pearl River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan . 25. In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represented the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie. It relied on imperialism externally and suppressed the people's revolutionary movement internally. 26. August 1, 1927, Zhou Enlai and He Long , Zhu De and others, led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot in the armed resistance to the rule of the Kuomintang reactionaries. 27. In September 1927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, attacked rural areas where the enemy was relatively weak, and established China's first rural revolutionary base: Jinggangshan Revolutionary base areas. The Nanchang Uprising, Autumn Harvest Uprising, etc. were the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party's independent leadership of the revolutionary war and the creation of the people's army to establish rural revolutionary base areas. 28. From October 1934 to October 1936, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army failed to crush the enemy's first After five "encirclement and suppression" campaigns, they were forced to make strategic shifts and carry out the Long March. 29. In January 1935, the Party Central Committee held the Zunyi Conference, which resolved the military and organizational mistakes made by Bogu and others, and canceled the military mistakes made by Bogu and others. The right to command affirmed Mao Zedong’s correct ideas. It was determined that Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others would be responsible for the military command. The Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the Party Central Committee with Mao Zedong as the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army, and the revolution. It was A life-and-death turning point in the history of the Party. 30. During the Long March, he crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the enemy's siege. In October 1936, the Second Red Front Army and the Fourth Red Front Army successfully joined forces with the First Red Army, declaring the victory of the Long March. The victory of the Long March , crushed the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone of the party and the Red Army, and turned the Chinese revolution out of danger. 31. When the September 18th Incident broke out in 1931, Chiang Kai-shek asked Zhang Xueliang, who was stationed in the Northeast, to implement a non-resistance policy, which resulted in more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces. In less than half a year, all the land fell into the hands of the enemy. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's non-resistance policy and demanded an end to the civil war and resistance to Japanese aggression. The people of Northeast China and some Northeast Army troops organized an anti-Japanese volunteer army to resist the Japanese invasion. The Chinese Communist Party Yang Jingyu organized the Northeast guerrillas to carry out the anti-Japanese guerrilla war. The Chinese people's local war of resistance began. 32. After the September 18th Incident, the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a national anti-Japanese national united front, requiring the National Government to stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted the Chinese Communist Party

Zhang, in order to force Chiang to resist Japan, launched the "Xi'an Incident" on December 12, 1936. After the incident, the Communist Party of China advocated a peaceful solution based on the interests of the entire nation. Since then, the ten-year civil war has basically ended, and the anti-Japanese The national united front was initially formed. 33. In 1937, the Japanese army launched an attack on the Chinese defenders of Marco Polo Bridge, creating the July 7th Incident. The Chinese people's national war of resistance against Japan broke out. During the incident, Tong Linge and Zhao Dengyu successively sacrificed their lives for the country. Pingjin and Tianjin fell one after another. At this time The Anti-Japanese National United Front was formally established. 34. In December 1937, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. Within six weeks, more than 300,000 Chinese residents were massacred. 35. During the all-out war of resistance, the leadership of the Communist Party of China The Eighth Route Army won the "Pingxingguan Victory", which was the first major victory since the Anti-Japanese War; in order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, the Hundred Regiment Campaign was organized under the command of Peng Dehuai in August 1940. This was the Chinese army's initiative during the Anti-Japanese War. The largest battle of the Japanese army. The Kuomintang army won the great victory at Taierzhuang in the spring of 1938. 36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, in April 1945, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Yan'an. The conference mainly discussed the victory of the Anti-Japanese War and what path China would take after the victory. Important issues. The party's political line was formulated: let go of the masses and, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, defeat the Japanese invaders, liberate the people of the country, and establish a new democratic China. 37. August 15, 1945 , Japan announced unconditional surrender, marking the final victory of the Anti-Japanese War. 38. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, conspired to launch an anti-Japanese and anti-people civil war, in order to further gain time to prepare for the civil war, and also to deceive the people , invited Mao Zedong to Chongqing for negotiations. From August to October 1945, in order to do everything possible to strive for domestic peace, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang, and finally reached the "Double Ten Agreement" for the peaceful founding of the country. 39.1946 In June, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the "Double Ten Agreement" and launched an attack on the liberated areas of the Central Plains, marking the outbreak of a full-scale civil war. 40. In the summer of 1947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led their troops into the Dabie Mountains to threaten Nanjing and Wuhan. This marked the beginning of the strategic counterattack. 41. September 1948 to 1949 In January of that year, the People's Liberation Army launched the three major battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai, and Pingjin. The victory in the Huaihai Battle laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Battle was launched by the people on small carts), 1949 At the beginning of the year, Peiping was peacefully liberated, and the victory of the Pingjin Battle basically liberated all of North China. (P98) With the victory of the three major battles, the Communist Party of China annihilated and reorganized more than 1.5 million Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated. was eliminated, greatly accelerating the victory of the People's Liberation War across the country. 42. On April 23, 1949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, marking the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years. 43. The number one industrialist Zhang Jian, in the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" After the signing, when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, it put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry" and founded a series of enterprises such as Dasheng Cotton Mill. At the same time, it established schools and carried out charities. During World War I, enterprises relaxed their influence on the Chinese nation due to imperialism. Under the oppression of capital, it achieved further development, but was annexed after the war. 44. The most famous Chinese newspaper is Shenbao, which was founded in Shanghai in 1872. The Commercial Press, founded in Shanghai in 1897, is the oldest newspaper in modern China. , the largest cultural publishing organization. 45. In 1909, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway built under the leadership of Zhan Tianyou was the first railway designed and constructed by the Chinese themselves. 46. Hou Debang, who revealed the secret of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production". His alkali-making method was named "Hou's alkali-making method". 47. Representative figures among modern thinkers who opened their eyes to the world include Wei Yuan and Yan Fu. Wei Yuan compiled the book "Hai Guo Tu Zhi", which systematically introduced Nanyang, The historical geography of European and American countries, and explained that the purpose of compiling it was to "learn from the barbarians and develop skills to control the barbarians". Yan Fu was an Enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated "The Theory of Heavenly Evolution" and elaborated on "Natural selection, the fittest" "Survival" and the progressive view that "the world must advance, and the future will be better than the present". 48. During the Reform Movement of 1898, the Capital University was founded, which was the first national university in modern China.

The highest university established by the family. 49. In 1905, the Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 1,300 years. 50. Lu Xun's representative works include "Diary of a Madman", "Kong Yiji", etc.; Xu Beihong's representative works include "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountains", etc.; was The representative work of Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is "March of the Volunteers", and the representative work of Xian Xinghai is "Yellow River Cantata".