Briefly describe the five main art classification methods. What are the commonly used art classification methods?

The first one: based on the existence mode of the artwork, divide art into time art. (music, literature), space art (sculpture, painting) and space-time art (drama, film and television).

The second type: Based on the perception method of artistic works, art is divided into auditory art (such as music), visual art (such as painting) and audio-visual art (such as drama).

The third type: Based on the way artistic works reflect the object world, art is divided into expressive arts (music, dance, architecture, lyric poetry, etc.) and representational arts (painting, sculpture, drama, etc.) novels, etc.). The fourth type: Based on the materialized form of art works, art is divided into dynamic art (music, dance, drama, film and television, etc.) and static art (painting, sculpture, architecture, practical crafts, etc.).

The fifth type: the emerging classification system in Europe and the United States and other countries divides art into: visual art, including painting, sculpture, photography art, architecture, crafts, as well as modern art design, advertising art, and film art , computer three-dimensional animation, etc.; performing arts, including music, dance, drama, and musicals that have become popular in developed countries in recent years. The advantage of this classification method is that it adapts to the development trend of modern art and promptly accommodates emerging art categories or styles that are newly emerging and widely popular. However, after all, this classification method has just emerged and has not been tested by time. Especially at present, it has not been generally recognized by the art circles, academia, and education circles around the world. Even in developed countries, it has not been universally recognized. Commonly used art classification methods

There are various methods of art classification? Commonly used classification methods include the following. Based on the social function of the work, art can be divided into aesthetic art and practical art. The so-called aesthetic art refers to art that has aesthetic function first and practical function second and is therefore mainly for aesthetic appreciation. Such as music, art, literature, dance, drama, etc. The so-called practical art refers to art that has first practical function and second aesthetic function and is therefore both for aesthetic appreciation. Practical and appreciative arts? Such as architecture, gardening, practical arts and crafts, etc. Within aesthetic art, based on the way the aesthetic subject perceives the work, which corresponds to the different media used in the artistic work, art can be divided into visual art, fine art, etc., auditory art, music, etc., and literary art. Imaginative art? and audio-visual comprehensive art? drama, film and television drama, etc.? Within aesthetic art, based on the way works of art exist in time and space, art can be divided into time art, music, literature, etc. It can also be called dynamic art, space art, painting, sculpture, etc. It can also be called For static art? and time-space comprehensive art? drama, film and television drama, etc. In addition, art can also be divided into representational art, expressive art and comprehensive representational art from different perspectives. The results of artistic classification are relative. Briefly describe the principles and methods of art classification

Art

[Explanation] 1. Social ideologies that use images to reflect reality but are more typical than reality, including literature, painting, and sculpture , architecture, music, dance, drama, film, folk art, etc.

2. Refers to a creative way. For example: the art of leadership.

3. Unique and beautiful shape.

People who understand art say art is art

People who don’t understand art say art is garbage

How do you understand it? . This is a personal ideological issue.

There are ten types of art: painting, sculpture, crafts, architecture, music, dance, literature, drama, movies, and games

Why do so many people not understand a piece of art at all? What is the beauty of painting? . Only those who paint can really understand emotions.

Art can usually be understood from three levels. The first is to regard art as a field of culture or a form of cultural value from a spiritual level, juxtaposing it with religion, philosophy, ethics, etc.

The second is to understand art from the level of activity process, believing that art is the artist's self-expression, creative activity, or imitation of reality. The third is to consider art as a work of art from the perspective of activity results, emphasizing the objective existence of art.

It is generally believed that art is a way for people to grasp the real world. Art activities are people grasping objective objects in an intuitive and holistic way, and on this basis, they create some kind of art in the form of symbolic symbols. Visual spiritual practices. It finally appears in the form of a work of art, which contains not only the artist's understanding and reflection of the objective world, but also the artist's own emotions, ideals, values ??and other subjective factors. It is a spiritual product.

The difference between art and other ideologies lies in its aesthetic value, which is its most important and basic feature. Artists express and convey their aesthetic feelings and aesthetic ideals through artistic creation, and appreciators obtain aesthetic feelings and satisfy their own aesthetic needs through art appreciation. In addition to aesthetic value, art also has other social functions, such as cognitive function, educational and edifying function, entertainment function, etc. The social function of art is that people understand nature, society, history, and life through artistic activities, which is different from the cognitive function of science. The educational function of art is that through artistic activities, people are nurtured and infected by truth, goodness, and beauty, and this subtly causes profound changes in thoughts, feelings, attitudes toward life, values, etc. It is different from moral education. The entertainment concept of art is that people satisfy their aesthetic needs and obtain spiritual enjoyment and aesthetic pleasure through artistic activities, which is different from physiological stimulation.

There are many types of art. According to different classification standards, art can be divided into the following types:

According to the way artistic images exist, art can be divided into time art, space art Art and space-time art. Art is a kind of spatial art. According to the aesthetic method of artistic image, art can be divided into auditory art, visual art and audio-visual art. Fine art is a visual art. According to the materialized form of art, art can be divided into dynamic art and static art. Fine art is primarily a static art. According to the aesthetic principles of art classification, art can be divided into practical art, plastic art, performing art, language art and comprehensive art. Fine art is a plastic art.

According to the way artistic images are expressed, art can be divided into expressive art and representational art. There are both expressive and reproducible elements in art.

It should be pointed out that there are certain differences between the East and the West regarding the meaning and scope of application of "art" and "fine art". Understanding these differences helps us better grasp their concepts and use them.

In the West, "art" and "art" both originate from the Latin "art" in ancient Rome. Its original meaning refers to "artificial skills" relative to "natural creation", and generally refers to various uses. Handmade artworks, music, literature, drama, etc. At that time, art in a broad sense even included skills in clothing, cultivation, boxing, medicine, etc. In the ancient Greek period, the concept of art was still equated with craftsmanship and technology. However, when ancient Greek painting and sculpture reached a mature stage in the fifth century BC, they had basically established a set of classical beauty standards, which provided the basis for the meaning of art in the future. The evolution laid the foundation. It was not until the Renaissance that art was gradually equated with "beautiful". In the mid-18th century, the artistic concept system based on beauty was formally established, and art became the main object of aesthetics. Today, the word "art" in English still means both "art" and "art". It can be used to refer to music, dance, literature, drama, film and other various artistic categories, and sometimes it is also used specifically Used to refer to visual arts including painting, sculpture, crafts, and architecture. In many Western works, we even see that the "art" mentioned by the author actually only refers to a part of what we Chinese think of as art: painting. And their "the arts fine" (which we directly translate as "art") still refers to poetry, music, painting, sculpture, architecture, etc.

The term "art" has been widely used by writers, artists and educators in China since the New Culture Movement.

When Cai Yuanpei used the term "art" at that time, he also included poetry and music. Later, China's literary and artistic circles and educational circles gradually separated the concepts of "fine arts" and "art". "Art" is the general term for all art categories. It uses different visual methods to reflect nature and society, and express Human emotions are a large humanistic subject, which includes art, music, poetry, dance, drama, film, calligraphy, etc., as well as clothing, gardens and other large areas. "Fine arts" is specifically used to refer to an important branch of art - the visual arts part.

In short, in Chinese we have two words "art" and "art", which have different meanings and different scopes of reference, but in English there is only one word "art", which is both It is used to refer to all art categories in general, and also to specifically refer to one part of all art categories - fine arts, or even one aspect of art - painting. This is the difference in the meaning and scope of application of the words "art" and "art" between the East and the West.

Art is an art that uses material materials as a medium to create considerable static artistic images that occupy a certain two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. A social ideology that expresses the author's thoughts and feelings, and it is also a form of production.

Usually refers to an art such as painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, and architectural art that is developed in space, expresses one's attitude, and appeals to people's vision. When Europe began to use this name in the seventeenth century, it generally referred to paintings, sculptures, literature, music, etc. with aesthetic significance. When I began to use this term commonly around the time of the May 4th Movement, it also had a connotation equivalent to the entire art. For example, when Lu Xun explained the word "art" in 1913, he wrote: "Art is the word...translated from the English word Aite. The word "Aite" originally came from Greece, and its friendship was art. Soon afterwards, our country also used the word "art". The word "art" is translated as "爱特", and the word "art" has become a name specifically referring to visual arts such as painting. Briefly describe the classification method of steel bridges

Bridge structures can be divided according to stress systems. They are divided into beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, rigid frame bridges and composite system bridges. The load-bearing components (beams) of beam-type bridges are mainly subject to bending, the load-bearing components (arch rings) of arch bridges are mainly subject to compression, and the load-bearing components (arch rings) of suspension bridges are mainly subject to compression. The load-bearing components (main cables) are mainly subjected to tension. The load-bearing components (beams) of the rigid bridge are mainly subjected to bending and shear, and (columns) are mainly subjected to bending compression. Different elements in the composite system bridge have different stresses, and the arch rods are The middle arch is under compression, the tie beam is under bending, the hanger is under tension, the middle cable of a cable-stayed bridge is under tension, the beam is under bending, and the tower column is under compression.

Motor skills. Generally, they are divided into different types according to the following different standards:

First, according to whether the motor skills require the use of a certain tool (or the amount of equipment), they are divided into instrumental motor skills and non-instrumental motor skills. Motor skills refer to motor skills that use a certain tool (or device), such as writing, drawing, playing ball, riding a bicycle, using experimental equipment, and flying an airplane. Non-instrumental motor skills refer to motor skills that do not require the use of a certain tool. or equipment) motor skills. Such as boxing, walking, swimming, singing, dancing and other sports skills.

Second, according to the muscles involved and the range of movements, they are divided into fine motor skills and gross motor skills. Motor skills. Fine motor skills are mainly achieved by small muscle movements (such as movements of wrist joints and fingers), performed in a small space, and require fine coordination of movement skills, such as writing, typing, carving, embroidery, etc. Knitting and other skills. Gross motor skills are skills that use large muscles and require large movements, such as running, swimming, playing ball, weightlifting, etc.

Third, rely on the continuity of movements. Whether or not, it is divided into continuous motor skills and discontinuous motor skills. Continuous motor skills refer to a series of movement skills completed in a continuous and uninterrupted manner, such as typing, skating, etc. Skills in activities such as running, dancing, playing the piano, and driving a car. In these skills, the duration of the action is long, and there is no obvious new starting point that can be directly perceived between actions. Discontinuous movement skills refer to sudden movements. A skill composed of bursts of movement. The motor skill consists only of short sequences whose precision can be counted.

Such as archery, weightlifting, shooting, javelin throwing, pressing buttons, emergency braking, etc. The duration of these skill actions is short (generally within 5 seconds), and the starting point and end point of the action are clearly identifiable.

Fourth, according to the degree of utilization of external stimuli, they are divided into closed motor skills and open motor skills. Closed motor skills refer to motor skills that can be performed without reference to changes in external conditions of the individual. For example, high jump is a continuous closed skill, because the external environment remains relatively unchanged each time the athlete attempts to jump. Archery is a discontinuous closed skill. Closed motor skills generally have fairly fixed movement patterns. Open motor skills refer to skills in which movements can change accordingly with changes in the external situation of the individual. For example, playing table tennis is a continuous open skill, and the driver's emergency braking is a discontinuous open skill. Open motor skills require people to have the ability to process external information and predict the occurrence of events.

Briefly describe the customer classification method and coping skills

I think customers are generally divided into two types: one is long-term, such as companies, factories or individual households, which can be contacted frequently and Give certain discounts. The other is short-term, usually bought only when you think it is good. This kind of product should be selected with the best quality so that friends around him will like it when he takes it out. Briefly describe the three classification methods of my country's national instrumental music

Classification of Chinese national musical instruments

1. Wind instruments

Most of the sound bodies of my country's wind instruments are made of bamboo or wooden. According to their different starting methods, they can be divided into three categories:

The first category uses airflow into the mouthpiece to arouse the vibration of the pipe string, including flutes, flutes (qudi and bangdi), mouth flutes, etc.

The second type, the air flow is blown through the reed to make the pipe column vibrate, including suona, sea flute, pipe, double pipe and throat pipe.

The third category, where the airflow passes through the reeds and causes the pipe string to vibrate, includes Sheng, Bao Sheng, Pai Sheng, Bawu, etc. Due to different pronunciation principles, the types and timbres of musical instruments are extremely rich and colorful, with strong individuality. And due to the different playing skills of various musical instruments as well as differences in regions, ethnic groups, eras and players, the wind instruments in national instrumental music have developed extremely rich playing skills in the long-term development process, with unique playing styles and genres.

Typical musical instruments:

Sheng, reed, pansheng, cucurbit flute, flute, pipe, bawu, flute, suona, and xiao.

2. Plucked instruments

There are two types of plucked instruments in my country: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal type, such as: zither (guzheng and modified zither), guqin, dulcimer and duxianqin, etc.; vertical type, such as: pipa, ruan, yueqin, sanxian, Liuqin, Tambula and Zhamu Nie, etc.

The sound of the instrument is bright and crisp. There are two ways to play with the right hand: wearing false nails and playing with a plectrum. Most of the instruments played, except the duxianqin, have a strong rhythm, but the lingering sound is short, and long tones must be played by rolling or taking turns. Plucked instruments generally have little change in intensity. In the band, except for the guqin, which has a weak volume, the other instruments have strong sound penetration.

Except for the duxianqin, plucked instruments mostly use yards (or columns) to divide the pitch. The vertical type uses phases and frets to divide the pitches, which are divided into two types: phaseless and fretless. Except for ordinary zithers arranged according to the pentatonic scale, they are generally easy to modulate.

Various types of instruments play overtones to great effect. Except for the duxianqin, all instruments can play double tones, chords, pipes and interval jumps.

There are many styles of playing musical instruments in my country, and the names and symbols of playing techniques are also inconsistent.

Typical musical instruments:

Pipa, zither, dulcimer, lyre (guqin), hotwapu, tambula, ruan, Liuqin, three-stringed lute, yueqin, and Tanbulin. ?l

3. Percussion instruments

my country’s national percussion instruments have many varieties, rich skills, and distinctive national styles.

According to their different pronunciations, they can be divided into:

1. Ringing copper, such as: large gong, small gong, cloud gong, large and small cymbals, bells, etc.;

2. Sound wood, such as: board, clapper, wooden fish, etc.;

3. Leather, such as: large and small drums, plate drums, row drums, elephant foot drums, etc.

Our country’s percussion instruments are not only rhythmic instruments, but each group of percussion groups can play independently, which plays an important role in setting off the music content, dramatic plots and enhancing the expressiveness of the music. National percussion instruments are also often used in Western orchestras in my country.

National percussion music can be divided into two types: those with fixed pitch and those without fixed pitch. Those without fixed pitches include: large and small drums, large and small gongs, large and small cymbals, boards, bangs, bells, etc. Those with fixed pitches include: timpani drums, row drums, cloud gongs, etc.

Typical musical instruments:

Tanggu (big drum), bells, cylinder drums, timpani cylinder drums, bronze drums, Korean long drums, large gongs and small gongs, small drums, row drums, and large cymbals .

4. Stringed instruments

Stringed instruments mainly refer to huqin-type instruments. Although its history is shorter than other ethnic instruments, due to its beautiful pronunciation, rich expressiveness, high performance skills and artistic level, stringed instruments are widely used in solos, ensembles, ensembles and accompaniments.

Most stringed instruments have two strings, and a few have four strings, such as:

Sihu, Gehu, Aijie, etc. Most of the piano tubes are covered with snake skin, python skin, sheepskin, etc.; a few are made of wooden boards such as coconut palm, banhu, etc. A few are flat or oblate, such as morinouqin, penhuhu, banhu, etc. Some of their timbres are elegant and soft, some are clear and bright; some are vigorous, cheerful and full of singing.

Typical musical instruments:

Erhu, Banhu, Gehu, Matouqin, Jinghu, Zhonghu and Gaohu. Briefly describe the classification method of seawater quality standards

1 Classification of seawater quality

According to the different use functions and protection goals of sea areas, seawater quality is divided into four categories:

The first category applies to marine fishery waters, marine nature reserves and rare and endangered marine life reserves.

The second category is suitable for aquaculture areas, bathing beaches, marine sports or entertainment areas where the human body is in direct contact with seawater, and industrial water areas directly related to human consumption.

The third category is suitable for general industrial water use areas and coastal scenic tourist areas.

Category 4 is suitable for marine port waters and marine development operation areas.

2 Seawater quality standards

Various seawater quality standards are listed in Table 1

Table 1 Seawater quality standards

(mg/L )

Serial number

Project

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3

Category 4

1

Floating substances

Oil film, scum and other floating substances shall not appear on the sea surface

Sea surface No obvious oil film, scum and other floating substances

2

Color, odor and taste

Seawater must not have strange color, odor or smell

Seawater must not have a disgusting or unpleasant color, smell or taste

3

Suspended matter

Artificially increased amount ≤10

Artificial increase ≤100

Artificial increase ≤150

4

Coliforms ≤

(Person/L)

10000

Shellfish culture water quality for human consumption ≤700

-

5

Fecal coliform ≤ (individuals/L)

2000

Shellfish culture water quality for human consumption ≤ 140

-

6

Pathogens

The water quality of shellfish culture for human consumption must not contain pathogens

7

Water temperature (℃)

The man-made seawater temperature rise shall not exceed 1℃ in summer and 2℃ in other seasons.

The man-made seawater temperature rise shall not exceed that in the current place

4℃

8

pH

7.8～8.5

At the same time, it does not exceed 0.2 pH units within the normal fluctuation range of the sea area

6.8～8.8

At the same time, it does not exceed 0.5 pH unit within the normal range of fluctuation in the sea area

9

Dissolved oxygen gt;

6

5

4

3

10

Chemical oxygen demand ≤ (COD )

2

3

4

5

11

Biochemical requirements Oxygen content ≤ (BOD5)

1

3

4

5

12

Inorganic nitrogen ≤ (calculated as N)

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

13

Nonionic ammonia≤

(calculated in N)

0.020

Continued Table 1

Serial number Project Category 1, Category 2, Category 3, Category 4

14

Active phosphate ≤

(calculated in P)

0.015

0.030

0.045

15

Mercury≤

0.00005

0.0002

0.0005

16

Cadmium≤

0.001

0.005

0.010

17

Lead≤

0.001

0.005

0.010

0.050

18

Hexavalent chromium≤

0.005

0.010

0.020

0.050

19

Total chromium≤

0.05

0.10

0.20

0.50

20

Arsenic≤

0.020

0.030

0.050

21

Copper≤

0.005

0.010

0.050

22

Zinc≤

0.020

0.050

0.10

0.50

23

Selenium≤

0.010

0.020

0.050

24

Nickel≤

0.005

0.010

0.020

0.050

25

Cyanide≤

0.005

0.10

0.20

26

Sulfide≤

(calculated as S)

0.02

0.05

0.10

0.25

27

Volatile phenol≤

0.005

0.010

0.050

28

Petroleum ≤

0.05

0.30

0.50

29

Six six six≤

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.005

30

DDT≤

0.00005

0.0001

31

Malathion≤

0.0005

0.001

32

Methyl parathion≤

0.0005

0.001

33

Benzo(a)pyrene≤

(μ/L)

0.0025

34

Anionic surfactant (based on LAS)

0.03

0.10

35

*Radioactivity

Nucleotide

Element

(Bq/L)

60Co

0.03

90Sr

4

106Rn

0.2

134Cs

0.6

137Cs

0.7