A poem by Ruan Xian

Name: Ruan Xian also known as: Zhongrong

Gender: Male

Birth and death: unknown

Era: Three Kingdoms era

Children: Ruan Fu, Ruan Zhan

Related figures: Shan Tao, Ruan Ji

Position: Li Guan Sanqi Shilang, Bu Shiping Taishou

Description: Bohemian in life, proficient in music, and good at playing the pipa.

Character Ruan Xian Ruan Xian, also known as Zhongrong, was born in the Chen Liuwei family. Jin Shiping prefect. The son of Ruan Xi, the prefect of Wei Wudu, the son of Ruan Ji, the infantry colonel, and the father of Ruan Zhan and Ruan Fu. One of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" as the Jin people called him, he is the one who receives the least attention among the seven. There are very few surviving stories about Ruan Xian's life, which are scattered in Shishuoxinyu, Jinshu and some similar books.

Ruan Xian is slightly older than Wang Rong and is the second youngest among the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest. Ruan Xian had a long-term favor, and he once drank and feasted with his uncle Ruan Ji. Shan Tao, a minister of Sanqi in the past, once recommended Ruan Xian as the Minister of Libu, commenting on him: "(Xian) is pure and has few desires, and nothing can be moved." Emperor Wu was famous for his advocating vain talk and his addiction to empty talk. The reason is that wine is like life and not used.

Ruan Xian was ridiculed by the world for his unconventional and unconventional etiquette. Ruan Xian was lucky enough to have a Xianbei maid from his aunt's house. Later, Ruan Xian's mother died. Ruan Xian was in mourning, and his aunt also wanted to return to her husband's house. At first, the aunt promised to keep the maid, but when she left, she took her away privately. Ruan Xian was visiting a guest at that time. He heard that he borrowed the guest's donkey and went after him. After catching up, he rode back on a donkey with his maidservant in mourning clothes and said: "

The human race must not be lost." Ruan Fu is the son of Ruan Xian and his maid.

On July 7, according to the custom at that time, each Ruan family took out their luxurious clothes to dry. Only Ruan Xian wore a shabby cloth nose shirt in the courtyard. Others asked him, and he replied: "I can't avoid the vulgarity.

Let's talk about it."

Ruan Xian doesn't like to make friends with others. He only likes to have fun with his relatives, drinking and singing, especially with his son Ruan Xiu. Congeniality. When I had a banquet with my tribe, I didn't use ordinary wine glasses. Instead, I put the wine in a big urn, and several people sat around in front of the urn and drank at each other. At this time, a group of pigs also came looking for wine, and Ruan Xian followed the pigs to drink.

Ruan Xian is good at playing the pipa and is proficient in music. It is said that Ruan Xian modified the pipa imported from Qiuci, and later generations also called it Ruan Xian, or Ruan for short. Xun Xu, the supervisor of Zhongshu, often discussed music and rhythm with Ruan Xian and lamented that he was not like him. From this, he felt jealous

and moved Ruan Xian to be the prefect of Shiping, so later generations called him Ruan Shiping. After Ruan Xian died, he had two sons, Ruan Zhan and Ruan Fu.

Ruan Xian once made legal comments (see lt; Shishuo·Shujiegt;). But none of his works have survived to this day.

In Song Dynasty Yan Yannian's "Ode to the Five Lords" there is a poem by Ruan Shiping (see Selected Works). Records in Jin Dynasty

Xianzi Zhongrong. Fu Xi, the prefect of Wudu. Xian Renda was informal and traveled to the bamboo forest with his uncle. The etiquette and law people of the world ridiculed him for what he did. Xianyu lives in the south of the road, and the Ruans live in the north. The northern Ruans are rich and the southern Ruans are poor. On the seventh day of the seventh month, Ruan Sheng in the north was drying clothes, all of which had bright and beautiful eyes. They hung large cloth noses on poles in the courtyard. People may be surprised by this and reply: "I am not exempt from the vulgarity, so I will talk about it!"

Historical officialdom is Sanqi Shilang. Shan Tao cited Xian Dianxuan and said: "Ruan Xianzhen has few desires, a deep understanding of purity and turbidity, and cannot move anything. If he is in the position of an official, he will definitely die in time." Emperor Wu thought that Xian was drunk and drunk, so he didn't use it. Tai

It turns out that Guo Yi was Gaoshuang, wise and well-known at that time. He was recommended by the young people first. When he saw Xian, he was so drunk that he sighed unconsciously. When one's mother is in mourning, one indulges in indulgence and becomes more polite. Su Xinggu's maidservant, she should return to her husband's family. At first, Yun left her as a maidservant, and then left.

There was a visitor at that time, and after hearing about it, he suddenly borrowed the guest's horse to chase the maidservant. When he arrived, he and the maidservant rode back together. The commentators are very wrong.

Xian Miao understands the rhythm and is good at playing the pipa. Although he is not involved in human affairs, he only knows how to sing and feast.

Cultivation of special qualities with Congzi, always taking pleasure in success. All the Ruan people drank wine. When the salt arrived, the clan members gathered together. They no longer used cups to drink wine, but used large basins to hold the wine. They sat in a circle facing each other and drank more after drinking. At that time, a group of pigs came to drink the wine. Xian went directly to it and drank it. Qun Congkun

My younger brothers all want to be generous and generous, and I don't agree with them.

Every time Xunxu discussed music with Xian, he thought he was far behind, so he was quick to make up for it.

Shiping Taishou. End with life. Second son: Zhan, Fu. The biography of the character Ruan Xian is the nephew of Ruan Ji. He has an unrestrained temperament

and there are a lot of anecdotes about Ruan Xian, which is no less than that of Ruan Ji. This nephew is better than Ruan Ji

in this regard. He admired his uncle Ruan Ji very much and often traveled with him on sightseeing tours. Ruan Xian exposes his clothes

In "Book of Jin Ruan Xian's Biography", there is a story about "Ruan Xian exposes his clothes".

It is said that the Ruan family is a big family, including rich and poor. As a result, a high-end residential area was formed on the north side of the avenue, where all the rich people with the surname Ruan lived, while the south side was a shanty town, where all the poor people lived. Ruan Xian also belongs to the poor category and lives in Daonan. Every July 7th when the weather is sunny, I take out the clothes at home to dry them.

It rains a lot in summer, and the rainy season basically passed around July 7. The houses that ancient people lived in were generally not buildings

houses, and there were no cement floors, so the moisture-proof performance was very poor. Clothes will become moldy if they are not dried. So the rich people in "North Ruan" hung their clothes to dry their clothes, and for a while the flowers were beautiful and dazzling. This is not only a clothes display, but also a disguised wealth contest. Just like some current classmates' reunions are like wealth competitions, it is inevitable to compare who has a higher position and who drives a higher-end car at the party. Facing the momentum from the "Northern Ruan" side, the poor people in the "Southern Ruan" were ashamed

of their dirty appearance and did not dare to take out their rags to dry, but Ruan Xian didn't care about that. He took a bamboo pole, picked up a piece of his own tattered coarse trousers, and dried it on the roadside. People were surprised when they saw it, but Ruan Xian disagreed and said: "You can't avoid the vulgarity, let's talk about it! (You can't avoid the vulgarity, let's leave it like this)" Speaking of what Ruan Xian did,

The good life is admirable.

Many people nowadays feel that if they don’t have money, they are inferior to others. In fact, those who have money may not necessarily be noble.

He wears his brand-name suit, and I wear mine. Jeans, he drives his BMW, and I ride my crappy bicycle, so what?

What else? Don't look down on yourself first. Ruan Xian drinks with pigs and gets drunk with pigs like this:

Ruan Xian considers himself a transcendent person who does not abide by etiquette. Therefore, he invites his tribesmen to drink and impatiently uses small cups and bowls.

Everyone gathered around the wine vat, pouring it back and forth. Some people just used the containers, and some just scooped it up with their hands and drank. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties,

there were no high beds and high chairs like today. Generally, a mat was spread on the ground, and people knelt on the mat to drink and eat.

One tribesman put his head into the wine vat and drank to his heart's content. The others followed suit and their faces and hair were all covered with wine

The wine vat was also covered with wine. Many people's dirt, hair, and sweat were not dissatisfied by everyone. They drank, laughed, danced

and were as happy as gods.

A group of pigs came over, "Hmm, eh", the pigs also smelled the aroma of wine, dragged their heavy bodies and staggered over

came closer to the wine vat. . With a "bang" sound, the pig followed Ruan Xian's example and dipped its head into the wine vat. "Hulu" and "hulu" took a big gulp and smelled the wine in Ruan Xian's basin. It was quite fragrant ( At that time, because people did not know the distillation technology

the alcohol content was relatively low, which is equivalent to the alcohol content of today’s beer), so they ran over and drank it too

Ruan Xian got up, but Ruan Xian didn't know whether he was drunk or something, but he didn't mind the smell of pigs, and he didn't drive them away, so he squeezed through the pigs

and put his mouth into the basin. Here, drink with pigs. Everyone laughed and it became a legend. Musical attainments

Although Ruan Xian looks a little crazy, he also has extraordinary abilities. Although his poetry has not been handed down, his musical talent is very high. Among the Seven Sages, in addition to Ruan Ji and Ji Kang who have profound musical literacy, Ruan Xian is also an outstanding musical genius.

Although he was listed among the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", his literary works have not been handed down. Instead, he is known to the world for his musical achievements. Yan Yanzhi said of him: "There is no need to understand the sound deeply, for understanding lies in the golden performance."

That is to say, he praised his high attainments in music. Ruan Xian and Xun Xu

Xun Xu was good at understanding sound, and Shi Lun understood it secretly, so he tuned Lu and Zhengya music. Every time he came to the Zhenghui, he would make music in the palace and tune the palace himself

Shang , no dissonance. Ruan Xian's wonderful reward was said to be divinely understood at that time, and everyone was having fun, but his heart was said to be out of tune; since then, there was no straightforward statement

Xu. Feeling jealous, Ruan was appointed as the prefect of Shiping. Later, a farmer was plowing in the fields and obtained a jade ruler from the Zhou Dynasty, which became the correct ruler for the world. Xun Xun tried to correct the bells, drums, gold, stone, silk and bamboo, and found that they were all short of one millet. So Fu Ruan has spiritual consciousness.

Ruan Xian's divine interpretation should be higher than Xun Xu's secret interpretation. Ruan Xian truly understands phonology. The reason why he criticized Xun Xu was originally out of good intentions. I hope He can discover his own shortcomings and correct them. Helpless, Xun Xu himself was arrogant

and thought he was unparalleled in his musical achievements. Faced with Ruan Xian's accusations, he even regarded it as deliberately causing trouble and slandering Emperor Wu of Jin

, Ruan Xian was demoted from his position. But it is also because of this that Ruan Xian gained a place in the history of Chinese music

. From this we can find that "wine and music" are the two spiritual pillars of Ruan Xian's life. If pipa masters say that Ji Kang is a famous contemporary pipa player, then Ruan Xian is a pipa master at that time.

The Ruan Xian is a pure ancient Chinese plucked instrument with a history of more than 2,000 years. According to reports, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty married the princess

to King Wusun of the Western Regions. Before the marriage, he was afraid that she would miss her while she was far away, so he ordered craftsmen to refer to musical instruments such as Qin, Zheng, Zhu, and Konghou.

A musical instrument shaped like a full moon was created for the princess to relieve her boredom. According to its shape, people often use "holding the moon into their arms" to describe its playing. This instrument and other plucked instruments with similar playing techniques are collectively called "Pipa"

or "Han Pipa".

During the reign of Wu Zetian, someone once obtained a bronze pipa in an ancient tomb. People believe that this is an instrument made by Ruan Xian, one of the Seven Bamboo Sages of the Jin Dynasty.

In addition, Ruan Xian himself was good at playing the piano, and from then on this instrument was called "Ruan Xian".

The name "Pipa" gave way to an instrument from the Western Regions. In the history of Chinese music, there is only one named "Ruan Xian" when an instrument is named after a person.

The Ruan has now developed into an instrument group including treble Ruan, small Ruan, middle Ruan, large Ruan and double large Ruan. Their timbre is round

soft, full-bodied, delicate and smooth, with profound charm. Ruan not only carries thousands of years of excellent Chinese national music cultural traditions, but its mellow sound characteristics can better express the emotions of contemporary people and have unique artistic charm.

Listen to Ruan Xian, deep in a quiet and quiet bamboo forest, holding a cup of tea in his hand, filled with hot air and fragrant fragrance. The piano player strums freely, and the green notes pour out from the fingertips, and the coolness penetrates into the heart. The leisurelyness cannot be described as "comfortable".

Go and listen, the trembling sound of the piano just touches your strings, then let your heart make a sound together...

Go and get drunk, the sound of the strings It condenses the breathtaking spiritual energy, allowing you to purify your mind and dust in the secluded world of bamboo forest accompanied by clouds and water... .

Close your eyes and let joy and sorrow turn into peace and coolness like autumn water.

Ruan Xian is a pure ancient Chinese plucked instrument. Today, more than two thousand years later, its clear, mellow and elegant sound is still like the clear spring in the bamboo forest, nourishing the hearts of the listeners.

Ruan Xian is not only good at playing, but also good at composing. The popular Qin music "Three Gorges Flowing Spring" in the Tang Dynasty is said to have been composed by him. Verses that cannot be heard enough"

. In 1950, a portrait of Ruan Xian holding a Ruan instrument was unearthed from the Southern Dynasties Tomb in Xishanqiao, Nanjing, with a focused expression.

According to the "History of the Qin": Ruan Xian's son Ruan Zhan "is also good at playing the piano. When people hear about his ability, they often come to listen to it. Regardless of whether they are old or young, they all play it." He can even play the piano. God plays for people without any sign of impatience

. The surviving works have a high tone, which means it is sad. My husband has lost his country and his close friends are mourning him. His people are trapped in poverty. Today's voice is not elegant, and I am afraid of the sound that is not virtuous and neutral. It must be caused by the length and shortness of ancient and modern rulers. Ranjin

The bell chime was made by Du Kui in the Wei Dynasty. It does not correspond to the rhythm of Xu, and the sound is elegant and long-lasting. I don’t know that when Kui created it, people did it, and it is not enough to change it.

Note: Xu created a high-pitched sound: Xun Xu, the supervisor of Zhongshu, studied Taiyue, and cast a bronze lü according to the ancient ruler to adjust the tone, and then the high-pitched sound was obtained. I wrote to my aunt, Hu, and gave birth to Hu'er.

Note:

This is a sentence in Ruan Xian's book to his aunt. There is no special collection of the original text. There is only a record of this matter in "Shishuo Xinyu. Ren Dan" . Also: "Seven Sages in the Bamboo Forest" says: Xian pursued his maid, so the world was divided

Since the end of the Wei Dynasty, he has fallen into Luxiang. After capturing all the people in Xianning, he began to ascend to the throne. And it is recorded in "Farewell Biography of Ruan Fu": After Xian wrote to his aunt, the aunt replied: Lu Lingguang's "Dian Fu" said: The Hu people gathered in the upper couplet from a distance,

The word "Yao" Set also. But the word is called Yaoji. Therefore, the word Fu is far away.

Poetry

Eight buckets of talent are thrown at Zijian, and a square of spiritual treasure is thrown at Huanxuan.

My uncle cried and was poor, but no one laughed. It was Ruan Xian who whipped his whip in a hurry.

Those with small necks and good looks will be favored, and famous people will look down upon them if they speak loudly.

I would like to invite you to dance often, among the old people with black hair and black hair.

1. "Eight buckets of talented grains are thrown at Zijian, and a piece of spiritual treasure is thrown at Huanxuan."

Zijian was Cao Zhi, the son of Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms period. It is said that he was very talented. Gao Ke Badou, the first sentence means I don't care how talented you are, just leave it to the unrivaled Cao Zijian

Lingbao is Huan Xuan's nickname. Huan Xuan was the son of Huan Wen, a powerful figure in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He worshiped the prince as a horse washer at the age of twenty-three, and he was also a talented man who was praised by the world for a while. Later, he was too ambitious and was destroyed by Liu Yu (the emperor of Song Qi, Liang and Chen era, the one who sent slaves in small characters). The second sentence says that no matter how high your talent is, I don't care, just throw it to the ambitious Huan Xuan.

2. "My uncle cried about being poor, but no one laughed. It was Ruan Xian who whipped his whip in a hurry."

Ruan Jiui is Ruan Xian's uncle. There is an idiom called "the end of the road", and it also There is an allusion called "Ruan Jui cries for poverty",

It is said that Ruan Jui often wanders around the countryside without any rein, until there is no road, he will give up

Cry loudly. He cried because of the times, and felt deep pain because of the humble people in the harsh world. But at this time

A person smiled. Who was he?

Ruan Xian, this man who laughs loudly is Ruan Xian. He is rushing to chase his beloved with a whip.

3. "Small necks and beautiful necks are favored, and famous names turn their eyes in vain."

This means that Ruan Xian only loves those he loves and those who are worthy of his love. Like his uncle Ruan Jiu, he turned a blind eye to those enviable fame and fortune.

Green refers to black eyes, and white refers to white eyes. If you look straight, people will be green, and if you look incorrectly, people will be white.

"The small neck (waist) is beautiful, just like the Xianbei" comes from Qu Yuan's "Dazhao", which describes the beautiful appearance, like a Xianbei woman

. Why is it said to be favorable? Ruan Xian fell in love with the Xianbei maid in his aunt's house. From the perspective of secular ethics, this was not allowed.

4. "I want to invite you to dance often, in the old man's room with blue hair and green hair."

The last sentence expresses his thoughts in the form of Ruan Xian's confession: I just want to hold hands Your hands will dance gracefully with you, and we will grow old together all our lives (and the ridiculous fame and fortune in the secular world are not attractive at all to those with a temperament) force). Characters commented on Shan Tao: "He is chaste and has few desires, he has a deep understanding of the pure and the turbid, and everything cannot be moved. If he is in the position of an official, he will be in the best position." The Shangong promoted Ruan Xian to the position of official.

According to "Book of Jin. Biography of Ruan Xian", Shan Tao Judian Selection said: "Ruan Xianzhen has few desires, a deep understanding of purity and turbidity, and cannot move anything. If he is in the position of an official, he will definitely be eliminated. "This is a very high opinion of Ruan Xian. Although Ruan Xian does not adhere to etiquette and law, he can be chaste and restrained in desire, understand the pure and the dirty, and not be distracted by external things. This is Lao Zhuang Xuan

The quality of learning is to go beyond what is taught and let nature take its course. This shows that informality in etiquette and law is its manifestation, and chastity and lack of desire are its inner world. This is the spiritual essence of celebrities. If you only have informality, you are just a madman and cannot become a true celebrity. It's a pity that Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty still regarded Ruan Xian as indulging in wine country and did not put him to good use.

Yan Yanzhi: Zhongrong Qingyun ware is truly endowed with great talent. Why is Dayin Shen used? The subtle knowledge lies in Jinzou. Guo Yi is already intoxicated, the monkey

is not in vain. He was repeatedly recommended and refused to enter the official position, but he went out to guard under his command. (Yan Yanzhi? "Ode to the Five Lords? Ruan Shiping")

He is open-minded and does not follow etiquette. He is good at playing the pipa. The pipa he played was different from the later Quxiang pipa from Qiuci. In the Tang Dynasty, the instrument he played was named "Ruan Xian" after him, and in the Song Dynasty, it was shortened to "Ruan". He is the only one in the history of Chinese and foreign music to name musical instruments after people. The musical instrument Ruan Xian summarizes Ruan Xian's other meaning is the long-necked pipa, which is different from the melody-necked pipa from Kucha. Ruan Xian, one of the Seven Bamboo Sages of the Western Jin Dynasty, was good at playing the pipa. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, a copper pipa was unearthed from Ruan Xian's tomb and named "Ruan Xian", or "Ruan" for short. The structure is a wooden round sounding box with a straight handle,

four strings and twelve columns, held vertically and played by hand. In the Tang Dynasty, the pipa was used to convey orders in the army, so there is a saying that someone would play the pipa while drunk and immediately play the instrument.

In the Chinese orchestras developed in modern China, Ruan and Xian instruments include Zhong Ruan and Da Ruan. As the alto voice in plucked instruments.

The Ruan Xian, the long-necked pipa, is different from the curved-necked pipa from Qiuci. Ruan Xian, one of the Seven Sages of the Western Jin Dynasty, was good at playing the pipa. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, a copper pipa was unearthed from Ruan Xian's tomb and named "Ruan Xian", or "Ruan" for short. The structure

is a wooden round chime box with a straight handle, four strings and twelve columns, which can be played by hand when held vertically. In the Tang Dynasty, the pipa was a tool used to convey orders in the army.

Therefore, there is a saying: "The luminous cup of grape wine will prompt you to drink the pipa immediately. Don't laugh when you are drunk on the battlefield. How many people have fought in ancient times!"

Argument.

After 1949, Ruan and Xian instruments were improved and developed into Ruan instruments, including treble Ruan, small Ruan, middle Ruan,

large Ruan and bass Ruan. Among them, the treble ruan is used in the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra to replace the liuqin as a treble plucked instrument, while the middle ruan

and the large ruan are commonly used mid-bass plucked instruments in various folk orchestras

The middle ruan is tuned in each key There used to be various tunings, including G d a e1, etc., but after the 1980s, some new works gradually used the tuning of G d g d1 to write chords, so G.d.g.d1 has become the current standard.

Tune the strings.

C key→5.2.5.2

G key→1.5.1.5

F key→2.6.2.6

D key→4.1 .4.1

bB key→6.3.6.3

A key→b7.4.b7.4

bE key→3.7.3.7

E key→b3.b7.b3.b7

bA key→7.#4.7.#4

B key→#5.#2.#5.#2

#F key→#1.#5.#1.#5