The first lesson
(1) Introduction to the author
Wang Shifu, whose name is Dexin and whose courtesy name is Shifu. A native of Dadu (Beijing), he was a famous dramatist in the Yuan Dynasty.
He has written 14 kinds of dramas, of which only "Cui Yingying Waits for the Moon in the West Chamber"
"The Four Prime Ministers Gao Hui at Lichuntang"
"Lü Meng Zheng's Wind and Snow Break" "The Story of the Kiln"
(2) Introduce the plot of "The Romance of the West Chamber"
(3) Introduce the position, function and words of "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" in "The Romance of the West Chamber".
The last five books of "The Romance of the West Chamber" are 21% off, and "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" is the third book on the fourth book. It is one of the most popular and exciting episodes in the whole play. As the plot develops, Yingying finally overcomes the contradiction between the demand for physical and mental liberation and the shackles of the feudal spirit, and takes a crucial step to privately marry Zhang Sheng. But the old lady forced Mr. Zhang to rush for the exam, and Cui and Zhang's love faced a new threat. In desperation, Zhang Sheng had no choice but to set off to "go to the court to get the answer", and Yingying said goodbye to him in Changting. This farewell play has 19 tunes and is sung by Yingying. It is not only an important play that shapes Yingying's image, but also fully embodies the characteristics of Wang Shifu's plays that blend scenes and are rich in literary talent.
(1) Dan: female role.
(2) End: Male character.
(3) Jie: Another name for monk. This refers to elders.
(4) Avoidance: avoidance, scruples.
(5) Promise: hold a wedding.
(6) Long Pavilion: In ancient times, there was a long pavilion every ten miles and a short pavilion every five miles, which were used for travel and rest, and were often a place for farewell.
(4) Introducing the three scenes of "Farewell at Changting"
1) Rushing to Changting: [Behave properly] [Roll the embroidered ball] [Taotao order]
( 2) Farewell at Changting Pavilion: [Taking off cloth][Xiaoliangzhou][Yaopian]
[Shang Xiaolou][Yaopian][Man Tingfang]
[Happy Three ][Chao Tianzi]
(3) Farewell instructions: [Quiet on all sides] [Playing with children] [Five evil spirits]
[Four evil spirits] [Three evil spirits] [Two evil spirits]
[Yisha][Ending]
(5) Analyze the ups and downs of Yingying’s emotional experience.
The section "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" has always been hailed as the swan song of farewell and sadness. Cui Yingying is lingeringly attached to Zhang Gong. They have just made a love agreement, and they are about to part ways. Naturally, Yingying is inseparable. During the farewell, she is full of sorrow and hatred, but these sorrows Don’t regret that you also experienced some ups and downs before and after the farewell. Now let's go into Cui Yingying's heart and experience the protagonist's unusual emotional experience.
The farewell to the pavilion coincides with the late autumn season. On the way to Changting, the blue sky was filled with clouds, and yellow flowers were withering all over the fields. You could hear the west wind blowing in your ears, and you could see the northern geese flying south in your eyes. A kind of sadness and sorrow of separation arose spontaneously. Especially in the early morning, when I see frost-covered leaves, they look like drunken faces. It must have been stained red by Li Ren’s blood and tears. At this moment, what is the mood of Yingying sitting in the car? Please pay attention to the song "Rolling the Hydrangea".
When a song is sung, there is a feeling that is sung repeatedly, which is "hate". First of all, Yingying and Zhang Sheng were in love with each other because they were late, but they met late. They wanted to be a good match but things often happened to them. Therefore, Yingying felt very uncomfortable in her heart, "but she told her to avoid lovesickness and broke the topic." "Beginning early again" is the reason for this hatred. It means that the lovesickness has just ended, and we have begun to face separation early. So along the way, Yingying hated that the willow silk was so long that it couldn't hold people and horses together, that the sparse forest couldn't keep the setting sun, and that the sound of someone "going away" tortured her physically and mentally.
At the farewell banquet in the Changting Pavilion, the old lady arranged for everyone to sit down: Zhang Sheng and the elders sat, and the young lady sat on the wall. The banquet table was like a Milky Way separated by the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. In addition, there were yellow leaves flying outside the Changting Pavilion. The decaying grass and luxuriant leaves make people even more sad.
At the banquet, Zhang Sheng was listless, "sitting sideways, frowning and dying." "He was in tears and did not dare to hang down. I was afraid that people would know. Suddenly he lowered his head, took a long breath, and straightened his plain clothes." Zhang Sheng. These frowns and tears, long and short sighs, Yingying sees in her eyes and feels pain in her heart. In fact, how good is Yingying's mood? ——"My mind is like crazy, my heart is like drunkenness, last night and tonight, I have reduced my waistline." Facing her lover who was about to break up, Yingying sang a song of resentment. This resentment is just the foolish words of deep affection. Invite the students to watch these three pieces of music together: "Yaopian", "Man Tingfang" and "Chao Tianzi".
Mother and son should stay away from each other. They can't stay together for a while with Zhang Sheng.
[Chao Tianzi] complained that the wine was tasteless, as light as water. The wine entered the sad intestines and turned into tears of lovesickness.
He complained that people in the world had the heart to "split the mandarin ducks in two places" for the sake of "a false reputation and a small profit"
At this time at the banquet, some changes occurred in Yingying's heart, and she rushed to On the way to the pavilion, she hated that the two of them were together less and separated more, so that she had to drink the bitter wine of lovesickness alone from now on. But as the banquet progressed, the moment of separation became closer and closer, and Zhang Sheng in front of her just sighed, so at this time Yingying is very resentful in her heart that fame, fortune and wealth are two separate things.
In an instant, the cups and plates were in a mess, the car turned east, and the horse turned west. The two finally have to face the final separation. This moment is even more confusing and full of mixed feelings. However, students please pay attention to the first and last words of Yingying's instructions to Zhang Sheng.
The first sentence said, "Zhang Sheng, if you get an official position in this business, you will come back soon." The last sentence is, "Don't worry about whether you have good fortune or not. I'm just afraid that you will stop marrying and then marry again." . There is no news from Yuyan! I have many letters from Qingluan here, but you have no name and vow not to return. You must remember that if you see those foreign flowers and plants, it will be too late to live here. ”
These instructions go beyond ordinary lingering feelings. This shows that there is a faint worry in Yingying's heart. Because whether Zhang Sheng wins or not is a huge test for their love: if he fails, the old lady will not recognize this son-in-law in white; if he wins, Zhang Sheng is likely to become the son-in-law of a noble family; if Zhang Sheng is not loyal and loyal A sincere gentleman, then the fate of Yingying's abandoned wife is inevitable. It should be said that this fear of being abandoned was a very common psychology among women at that time. However, when two people are in love, people tend to forget it temporarily. Once separation is imminent, it will highlight and make people uneasy. Yingying is a passionate woman. Women are naturally no exception. So when they finally parted, Yingying felt worried again.
After bidding farewell to Zhang Sheng, Yingying lazily got into the car. What was her mood like at this moment? "If you fill up your chest with all the troubles in the world, how can these large and small cars be able to carry them?" This means that all the sorrow and sorrow that can be experienced in the world are now filling Yingying's chest. It seems that this time, how can the word "sorrow" be used? How is the word "hate" so important? How can the word "resentment" be so important? Words really cannot convey it.
Okay, through the above analysis, let’s summarize the first chapter of "Farewell at the Long Pavilion". What changes have Yingying’s feelings experienced?
(On the surface) Hate - Resentment - Worry
(Substantially) Attachment
In short, in Yingying's heart, the word "love" is always In the most important position, as for fame, wealth, right and wrong, honor and disgrace, you can ignore them all. This kind of "love" character was a shining thought at that time. Since Wang Shifu created the image of the rebellious Cui Yingying in "Farewell at the Long Pavilion", Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber" is more innovative than the previous "Cui and Zhang" stories. Let's first briefly explain the evolution of the story of "The Romance of the West Chamber".
The love story of "Cui and Zhang" was first seen in "The Story of Yingying" by Yuan Zhen of the Tang Dynasty. It is written that although Yingying took the initiative to eat the forbidden fruit, she was unable to escape the tragic fate of an abandoned wife. The ending of the legend states that Zhang Sheng claimed to be a "good at making amends", but in fact he was making excuses for his "beginning with chaos and ending with abandonment".
In the novel, Yingying shows no resistance.
Dong Jieyuan's "The Romance of the West Chamber" connects Yingying's love for Zhang Sheng with "repaying virtue". In this way, young people's deviant behavior is written in a polite manner. Love has impurities.
Only Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber" writes that Yingying only knows one "love". Especially in the section "Farewell at the Long Pavilion", Yingying gives the best interpretation of the word "love". Therefore, "The Romance of the West Chamber" is far superior to the previous two works in terms of theme and ideas. The theme of "The Romance of the West Chamber" is "There will never be separation, and we will always be together forever. May all the loving people in the world become dependents." This means that love is the basis of marriage. As long as men and women are "love" for each other, they should be allowed to share the same love. We will be together forever; and all behaviors and systems that prevent lovers from becoming dependents should be whipped.
Assignment: (1) Read the full text carefully and choose your favorite song to recite.
(2) Tell us which lyrics in "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" reflect Yingying's thoughts and feelings of cherishing love and despising fame and wealth.
Second Lesson
(1) Appreciating music and lyrics, analyzing artistic characteristics
"The Romance of the West Chamber" has been passed down to this day and is widely praised, not only because it puts forward the idea of ??"having feelings" The love ideal of "people will eventually get married" is also due to its artistic language of "words that warn people and leave a lingering fragrance in their mouths". Let's make some appreciation from two angles.
(1) From the perspective of "emotion, scenery,"
"Farewell at the Long Pavilion" is a chapter in "The Romance of the West Chamber" that perfectly blends feelings, scenery, and environment. The combination of Yingying's parting feelings and the special scenery in different environments creates a euphemistic, deep and sentimental sad mood. Now let’s ask the students to watch the two songs [Duanzhao] and [Yisha]. The song [Duanzhao] was sung by Yingying when she was riding to Changting, showing us a very open realm. There is a piece of blue sky above the head and a field of chrysanthemums under the feet. The realm is so empty that when people stand in it, they will definitely feel their own insignificance, helplessness and loneliness. In this piece of music, Yingying sings about late autumn scenes such as blue clouds, yellow flowers, west wind, returning geese, and frost forest. Among these late autumn scenes, the most melancholy is the frost forest. "Who will be drunk in the frost forest at dawn?" "The tears of separation." The word "dye" communicates the connection between scenery and emotion. It reminds people of the blood and tears of Yingying dyeing the maple forest red overnight. So the frost forest at this time is no longer an ordinary frost forest, it has become a witness to Yingying's sorrow. This piece of music perfectly combines the scenery on the way, the scenery of late autumn, and the feeling of leaving people. [Yisha] A song about Yingying watching Zhang Sheng leave. The green hills are ruthless, blocking the sight of the person seeing off. The sparse forest is inconvenient and does not retain the setting sun. Riding away from the dust, turning the hillside and passing through the sparse forest. , the familiar figure is vaguely visible in the mist. After the separation, only the deserted setting sun accompanied Yingying. The autumn wind swept over the grain and the sound of horses neighing, which tore Yingying's heart. This song describes a suburban scene with no one around, and it is dusk, so it is more desolate than the scene in the middle of the road. "Green hills", "ancient roads", "sunset" and "mist" are not only unique natural scenes in this natural environment, but they are also carriers of feelings and hatred. Moreover, through the changes of time, this piece of music describes Yingying's infatuation for Zhang Sheng: the melancholy that she can't bear to see and the nostalgia that she can't bear to leave. This song is a high degree of integration of emotion, scenery and environment.
(2) From the perspective of "music, lyrics, and meaning"
"The Romance of the West Chamber" is a drama that focuses on singing. Since ancient music has no audio data to circulate, so The problem of palace tune has become a difficult point in the study of music. Now, we can only guess the singing style from some written records. So what is "Gong Diao"?
Gong Tiao is a mode composed of high and low sounds. Ancient music has seven tones: Gong, Shang, Jiao, Bian Zheng, Hui, Yu, and Bian Gong. The tone with Gong as the main theme is called "Gong", and the remainder is called "Diao". Together they are called "Gong tone". The "Five Palaces and Four Dialogues" are commonly used in Yuan Zaju, namely Zhenggong, Zhonglu Palace, Nanlu Palace, Xianlu Palace, Huangzhong Palace, Dashi Diao, Shuangdiao, Shang Diao and Yue Diao, collectively called "Nine Palaces".
"Farewell at Changting" uses the main palace. Zhou Deqing said in "Central Plains Rhythm" that the tone of the main palace is "melancholy and majestic". It can be seen that the music in "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" should be melancholy and tragic.
We talked about Gong Tiao above, now let’s talk about the tunes and tunes. Qupai is the name of the song. For example, "Duanzhao", "Rolling the Hydrangea Ball", "Taotao Ling", etc. The lyrics are words filled in according to a certain tune, usually with rhyme and emphasis on counterpoint.
The music and lyrics of "The Romance of the West Chamber" have always been praised. Zhu Quan said in "Taihe Zhengyinpu" that "Wang Shifu's words are like a beauty among flowers, with euphemistic narratives, which are very interesting to poets. There are very good lines, like the jade ring emerging from Huaqing, or the green pearl picking lotus from Luopu." The section "Farewell at the Long Pavilion" is particularly outstanding.
First of all, the lyrics are inspired by many classical poems, such as the lyrics of Fan Zhongyan
"Su Muzhe"
The sky is blue and the ground is yellow leaves. The autumn colors are rolling in waves, and the waves are green and cold. The mountains reflect the setting sun, the sky meets the water, and the fragrant grass is ruthless, even outside the setting sun.
The soul of the dark country is thinking about traveling. Unless every night, good dreams leave people to sleep. The Mingyue Tower is high and I am leaning against it alone. The wine enters the sad heart and turns into tears of lovesickness.
The purpose of using Fan Zhongyan’s words and phrases is to take the desolate artistic conception of the autumn scene to heighten the desolate atmosphere of farewell.
In addition, there are some scattered uses of the original sentences or expression techniques of classical poetry in the lyrics. Here is a summary:
(1) "The snail's horn is in vain, and the head is in vain." "Meager profit": Su Shi's "Man Ting Fang" is used to express Yingying's thoughts and feelings of cherishing love and despising fame and fortune.
(2) "Before drinking, the heart is drunk first": The difference between "Before drinking, the heart is like drunk" in Liu Yong's "Complaining of Heartfelt Love" is used to make it more exaggerated and the meaning is heavier, expressing Yingying The extreme sadness during farewell
(3) "The willow silk is so long that it is difficult to tie it to the jade tree": Liusi is the homophonic pronunciation of "liu" and "si" (si)
(4) "Trouble in the world fills the mind "How can these large and small cars carry it?"
Huayong "I'm afraid that the grasshopper boat in Shuangxi can't carry many sorrows." (Li Qingzhao's "Wulingchun") There are so many sorrows.
The role of adapting the original sentence or technique: using the original sentence’s unique semantics, mood and expressive effect to fit the context of the play, adding to the literary grace and expressiveness of the language.
Secondly, he is good at using folk spoken language and processing it into literary language rich in literary grace. For example, the vocabulary and sentences of the song "Taotao Ling" are all folk spoken language, but by adding the word "er"; by changing the overlapping adjectives, and by setting them into parallel sentences, a kind of phonological loop is repeated, creating a Singing three sighs creates an artistic effect with both voice and emotion. The pain of parting that Yingying endures is expressed in a heartfelt and heartfelt way.
Finally, Quan Zhe uses rhetoric skillfully. Metaphor, exaggeration, allusion, contrast, antithesis, parallelism, repetition, overtones, questions, etc. Especially the clever use of exaggeration, combined with metaphors, allusions, and comparisons, to suit the mood and the object. Let’s summarize it together.
(1) Hearing the word "Go", he loosened his golden bracelet; saw the ten-mile long pavilion in the distance, and lost his jade muscles. (Same as below)
(2) Last night and today, Qing reduced her waistline. (Exaggeration) To express physical and mental exhaustion under emotional torture.
(3) The Yellow River overflows with tears, and the three peaks and five mountains are suppressed by hatred. (Exaggeration and metaphor) To write about the feeling of parting, reaching the point of extreme sorrow and hatred, which can no longer be added.
(4) The red tears dripping down the sleeves are wetter than Sima’s green shirt. (Zhang Jianyongdian) Describes extreme sadness
(5) The warm and melting jade fermented rice grains are as white and cold as water. (Exaggeration, metaphor and contrast) To show extreme sadness by being tired of drinking. The artistic characteristics of "Farewell at the Changting Pavilion": the scene is natural, the music and the lyrics are wonderful. Some people say: "Farewell at the Changting Pavilion" is a sincere lyric poem, an elegant ink painting, and a sultry song of separation. I think our reading understanding of it is still relatively superficial. I hope that students who are interested in "The Romance of the West Chamber" can choose their own topics for further study.
Homework:
Please summarize and organize the basic knowledge of characters, words, sentences, literary common sense and other topics involved in this lesson based on your actual situation. Taking "Changting Road" as the title, the three songs "Duanzhao", "Rolling Hydrangea" and "Tao Tao Ling" were rewritten into prose. Or use your imagination to rewrite the song "Playing with Children" into a drama excerpt with the title "Before departure".