The fifth section is a supplementary mark for increasing the note value

Dotted: It is a small dot recorded on the right side of the note head, with a dotted note. When the original note is added One-half of the value. A note with two dots increases its duration by three-quarters of the original note.

Dotted notes also apply to rests.

Tie line: When used on two or more notes with the same pitch, it means that they are to be sung into one note, and its length is equal to the sum of these notes. (In monophonic music, the connecting line is always written in the opposite direction to the stem.)

The sixth verse diacritical marks

Used to indicate raising or lowering the basic note. The marks of grade are called diacritical marks.

There are five types of diacritical marks:

1. Sharp sign: (#) means to raise the basic tone level by a semitone.

2. Flat mark: (b) means lowering the basic pitch level by a semitone.

3. The re-rising mark (?) means raising the basic pitch level by two semitones (one whole tone).

4. The double flat sign (bb) means lowering the basic tone level by two semitones (one whole tone).

Diacritical marks can be recorded on the lines and spaces of the staff; they can be recorded in front of the notes and after the clef.

The clef written after the clef is called the key signature.

The omitted mark in the seventh verse

1. Use 8------------- to move the octave mark higher, and record it on the staff to indicate a dotted line The range is moved up an octave; written below the staff, it means moved down an octave.

2. Repeat the octave mark. Use the number 8 above or below the note to indicate that the note should be repeated an octave higher or lower.

3. Long rest mark: Mark the long rest mark on the third line of the staff, and write down the number of bars to be rested. Such as: 3

4. Tremolo mark

Indicates one note or a chord, and two notes or two chords alternate quickly and evenly. Marked with a slash. The number of slashes is the same as the number of symbols.

5. Repeat marks

Repeat marks can be used when part or all of the music is repeated.

When a certain melody pattern in the music is repeated, it is represented by slashes. The number of slashes is the same as the number of note symbols.

The repetition of a certain measure in a piece of music one or more times is represented by a dot followed by a slash. This mark is marked on the bar line between two bars, which means that the melody pattern of the previous two bars is repeated again.

Larger repetitions in music are represented by repetition symbols ||: :||.

Section 8 Symbols of the playing method

1. The legato playing method is marked with connecting lines, indicating that the notes of different pitches in the connecting lines are to be played (singed) It must be coherent. Most of the connecting lines of legato playing are recorded on the top of the staff, but rarely on the bottom.

2. There are three types. They are marked with dots (?), triangles (▲〈downward) and dots plus arcs (...), indicating that certain notes or chords need to be played in succession.

< p> 3. There are two ways to play sustained sounds: one is represented by a short horizontal line, and the other is represented by a short horizontal line plus a dot. The former means that the sound is played slightly forcefully and the duration of the sound is fully maintained. The latter means that the sound is played slightly forcefully, and at the same time, the notes are slightly separated.

4. Portamento playing method In the performance and singing of folk music, the portamento playing method is very distinctive, and its marks are generally curved or.

5. Arpeggio playing method

Playing the notes in the chord quickly from bottom to top is called arpeggio playing method, using vertical curves. Chords are marked before each other, sometimes with minor notes.

Chapter 4: Overview of Modes

The first mode, scale and tonality

Many tones (generally no more than seven) connected together according to a certain relationship , forming a system with one sound as the center (the tonic), this system is called mode.

The notes in the mode are arranged in the order of high and low (ascending or descending) from tonic to tonic, which is called a scale.

The key is the pitch position of the mode. The name of a key consists of two parts, namely the mark of the tonic and the mark of the mode. Example:

The palace mode with C as the main note is called the C palace mode.

The major mode with C as the main note is called the C major mode.

Section 2 Modeal tone levels and their characteristics

Each tone in the mode system is called tone level.

In the modal system, the sound that plays a supporting role and gives people a sense of stability is called stable sound (levels 1, 3, and 5). Among the stable sounds, the degree of stability is different. Among them, the most stable sound with a central role is the tonic. Sounds that give people a sense of instability are called unstable sounds (levels 2, 4, 6, and 7). Unstable sounds have the characteristic of progressing to stable sounds, and this characteristic is called a tendency. The unstable sound proceeds to the stable sound according to its tendency, which is called resolution.

Chapter 5 Various modes based on the pentatonic scale

Section 1 Pentatonic mode

Five tones arranged according to pure fifths The mode formed is called the pentatonic mode. These five sounds are called Gong, Shang, Jiao, Yu and Jiao in turn.

The characteristics of the pentatonic mode are:

1. The only major third (minor sixth) in the pentatonic mode is formed between the palace angles.

2. The "three-note group" composed of major second and minor third is the basic tone in the progression of pentatonic melody.

There are five types of pentatonic modes: the one with Gong as the main tone is called Gong mode. The mode with horn as the main tone is called horn mode, and the others can be deduced by analogy.

Section 2: Same tonic tone

Comparison of five pentatonic modes

Each tone with the same tonic tone is called the same tonic tone. Such as C palace mode and C business mode.

Section 3: Six-tone mode

The six-tone mode is due to adding a voiceless horn tone (minor second above the horn tone) or changing the palace tone (gongyin) to the pentatonic tone. Minor second degree below).

The five sounds of Gong, Shang, Shang, Yu and Jiao are called Zhengyin, while the two sounds of Qingjiao and Biangong are called partial sounds.

Section 4 Heptatonic Mode

The heptatonic mode is formed by adding different "partials" in the middle of the minor third interval of the pentatonic mode. There are 15 kinds. :

1. Yayue scale: It is based on the five pentatonic scales, adding Bian Zheng and Bian Gong.

2. Qingyue scale: Based on the five pentatonic scales, it is formed by adding the two tones of Qingjiao and Biangong.

3. Yanle scale: It is based on the five pentatonic scales and adds two tones, clear horn and leap.

Section 5 The tones of the same palace system

The modes with the same tone level as the palace (including six and seven tones) are called the tones of the same palace system.

In the Tonggong system, the tones used in various modes of the same type (five tones, six tones, and seven tones) are the same, and the only difference is the tonic.

Example: C palace system includes D quotient E angle G sign A feather

Characteristics: The key signature is the same, but the tonic is different.

Section 6 The fifth-degree cycle of the key containing sharps and the keys containing flats

How to find the key signature for sharp keys: the given key (i.e. the letter CDEFGAB) goes down Find the second degree

Basis for the sharp key: 4152637

How to find the key signature for the flat key: Find one more key after the given key (i.e. the letter CDEFGAB)

The basis for the flat tone: 7362514

All the pitch levels in the two palace systems (or keys) are equal tones and have the same modal meaning. Such a palace system (or key) It’s called the equal-tone palace system (or equal-tone system).

In the equal-tone palace system (or key), one of the two palace systems (or keys) always belongs to the sharp key and the other belongs to the flat key.

Among the above six tones of sharps and flats, three pairs are equal tones:

B palace system (#5) = bC same palace system (b7) #F palace system = bG Same Palace System (b6)

#C Palace System (#7)=bD Same Palace System (b2)