Music theory knowledge-staff

The five parallel lines used to record notes are called staff. The five lines of the staff and the space formed by the five lines are calculated from bottom to top. If a musical work is written on several lines of staff, then these lines of staff should be connected by a hyphen. A hyphen consists of a starting line (a vertical line connecting several lines of staff) and an enclosing line (a bracket connecting several lines of staff). There are two kinds of enclosed lines: flowered and straight. The flower-enclosed line is used for musical instruments such as piano, organ, accordion, harp, dulcimer and pipa. Straight lines are used for ensemble, chorus and band notation. In the total score, straight brackets are used to connect the same instruments, and they are divided into complete or incomplete instrument groups. Sometimes, in addition to the straight line, an auxiliary line (flowered or straight) is added to connect the same instrument. In the score, if the solo part only includes one or two lines of staff, only one starting line is drawn on the left, without including the line. In order to mark the notes that are too high or too low, many short lines are added above or below the staff. These short lines are called plus lines, the ones above the staff are called plus lines, and the ones below are called plus lines. The room created by adding lines is called extra room, the extra room above the staff is called extra room, and the lower room is called extra room. The calculation method of additional lines and rooms is: the upper additional lines and rooms are calculated from bottom to top, and the lower additional lines and rooms are calculated from top to bottom.

** Explanation of basic musical terms **

Ton is a physical phenomenon. When an object vibrates, it produces sound waves, which pass through the air to the eardrum and are perceived as sound after being reflected by the brain. The sound that people can hear vibrates about 16-2 times per second, while the sound used in music (excluding overtones) is generally limited to 27-41 times per second. The sound level, strength, length and timbre depend on the vibration state of the object.

Tone-color refers to the sensory characteristics of sound. The vibration of the pronunciation body is composed of many kinds of homophones, including pitch and overtones. The number of overtones and the relative intensity between them determine the specific timbre.

*** (Resonance) When a speaker vibrates, it causes other objects to vibrate and produce sounds. This kind of vibration is * * *.

Fundamental tone (fundamental tone) The lowest frequency tone emitted by an object when it vibrates, and the rest are overtones. That is, the whole vibration of the pronunciation body. Pitch determines the pitch.

apart from the fundamental tone produced by the whole vibration of the pronunciation body, the Harmonic overtone also vibrates at the same time in its 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4 parts. For example, when playing the lowest C note of the cello, the vibration of the string includes the vibration as shown in the figure. The combination of overtones determines the specific timbre and can make people clearly feel the loudness of the pitch. Musical instruments and all sounds in nature have overtones

Pitch, which is expressed by the number of vibrations in one second. Those with more frequencies have a higher pitch, and those with less frequencies have a lower pitch. The sound that vibrates 44 times per second is defined as "A", which is the international standard sound at present.

Pitch name refers to the name that represents a fixed pitch in western music system. These names vary from country to country. Widely used is: C D E F G A B.

the names of the sounds on the roll-call names scale. 1do, 2re, 3mi, 4fa, 5sol, 6la and 7si are usually used. The tonic in major is 1do, and the tonic in minor is 6la.

Compass refers to the range from the lowest sound to the highest sound that a person's voice or musical instrument can reach.

Tonality refers to the mode category and tonic height. Such as c major and d minor. In music, the tonic is at the core of melody and harmony, and other sounds are subordinate to it and finally stop at the tonic. This kind of music becomes tonal music.

the tones in the Scale mode are arranged in a tone series according to the pitch order, starting from the tonic. According to the number of tones contained in the mode, it can be divided into "pentatonic scale" and "heptatonic scale". The scale from low to high is called ascending, and from high to low is called descending.

Pentatonic scale a scale consisting of five tones. Mostly used in the mode of national music. Such as do, re, mi, sol, la, (do).

a mode of Major mode. Its scales are full tones except for the semitones between the third and fourth tones and between the seventh and eighth tones. The colors in major are usually brighter than those in minor.

Minor mode is the abbreviation of western minor form, which has three forms: natural minor, harmony minor and melody minor. The color of minor is generally darker than that of major, and it is often used to express sadness and melancholy.

Just into the law is different from the law of twelve averages. The relationship between each tone and the tonic in a scale is a pure interval. Because the semitone formed in this way can't be divided evenly, it can't be transferred casually. Because of the inconvenience in use, it is rarely used now.

the first tone in the Key-note mode scale.

one of the Temperament of the twelve temperaments. Divide an octave into twelve semitones, and the intervals of the semitones are all equal. This unified theory was first established by Zhu Zaiyu, a great musician of Ming Dynasty in China. Piano, harp and other musical instruments are tuned according to this law.

in the west, the law of twelve averages originated in the 16th century and was widely adopted in the 18th century.

Semi tone (Whole tone) divides an octave into twelve equal parts, each of which is semitone, and two semitones are equivalent to the whole tone. A semitone is equivalent to a second degree, and a whole tone is equivalent to a second degree.

concordant and dissonance intervals can be divided into complete concordant intervals (pure 1, 4, 5 and 8 degrees) and incomplete concordant intervals (large and small 3 and 6 degrees) according to the degree of concordance. Other than that, it's a dissonance interval.

Interval refers to the distance between two tones. The unit of interval calculation is called "degree", and several syllables between two sounds are called several degrees. The intervals with the same degree are different from pure, big, small, increasing and decreasing because of the different numbers of semitones and whole tones.

the high and low range of the tone. The sounds in different sound regions have different functions and characteristics when expressing thoughts and feelings.

two or more sounds of harmony are combined at the same time according to certain rules. The strength and weakness of chord progression, stability and instability, harmony and dissonance, and the tendency of unstable and dissonant chords to stable and harmonious chords constitute the functional system of harmony. The function of harmony directly affects the strength, the tightness of rhythm and the power. In addition, the acoustic effect of harmony can be divided into light and dark and dense and light, which makes harmony have the function of rendering colors.

the simultaneous combination of two or more melodies. The simultaneous combination of different melodies is called contrast polyphony, and the successive imitation of the same melody at a certain elbow is called imitation polyphony. The application of polyphony can enrich the image of music, strengthen the momentum of music development and the independence of the voice, resulting in the effect of echoing before and responding after.

mode is a series of sounds that are summarized from the different tones used in the melody and harmony of a musical work. These sounds are interrelated and maintain a certain tendency. Tonality is the pitch of the central tone (tonic) of the mode. In many musical works, the conversion and contrast of mode and tonality is an important way to reflect the changes of atmosphere, color, mood and image.

** mode and chord **

The various elements of music language cooperate with each other, which has ever-changing expressive force. Although melody is the soul of music, other elements have changed, and the image of music will change to varying degrees. Under certain conditions, other factors can even play an important role. When talking about modes, let's first understand and review the following basic musical common sense and noun explanations:

sound name, roll name, basic sound level and changing sound level

Each sound level in the musical sound system has its own name. These names are different in different countries. Widely used is: C D E F G A B. The scale named after the letters C D E F G A B is called "basic scale".

besides C D E F G A B, there are also many re mi fa sol la si. These names are also called "roll calls" because they are mostly used for singing.

in the musical sound system, the sound represented by the sound name C D E F G A B is fixed. The sound represented by the roll-call do re mi fa sol la si varies with the roll-call method.

the tone obtained by raising or lowering the basic tone level is called "changing tone level". Raising the basic tone level by a semitone is called "raising the tone level", lowering the basic tone level by a semitone is called "lowering the tone level", raising the basic tone level by a whole tone is called "re-raising the tone level" and lowering the basic tone level by a whole tone is called "re-lowering the tone level".

The sum of the basic musical tones used in the music of tone, scale, sequence, semitone and whole tone

is called "musical tone system".

Each tone in the musical tone system is called "scale". The sound level and the sound are different. Tone level refers to music, and music includes music and noise.

arranging the sounds in the music system from low to high or from high to low according to a certain pitch relationship and high and low order is called "sound train". In the musical system, the smallest unit of measurement of pitch relationship is called "semitone". The sum of semitone and semitone is called "whole tone". Whole tone and semitone refer to the relationship between the two levels, and should not be confused with a single level.

melody music and polyphony music

polyphony music is a kind of symmetrical and multi-part music of melody music. It is an interrelated organic whole composed of several melodies simultaneously. On the horizontal relationship, all kinds of voices form a good and harmonious harmonious relationship with each other. Polyphony music can be divided into: (1) Polyphony music written by means of contrast is called "counterpoint music", which means counterpoint music. (2) Polyphony music written on the basis of imitation is commonly called "cannon", that is, "singing in turn" or "playing in turn". (3) Polyphonic music written by way of setting off is called "supporting polyphony". Polyphony music takes counterpoint as its main creative technique.

tonic music is a kind of symmetrical and multi-part music of polyphonic music. One part (usually the high-pitched part) has the strongest melody and is in the main position, while the other parts set off and foil the main theme by means of harmony.

There are certain standards for the height of each tone level in the standard tone and the central C

musical tone system. The standard height of sound varies from generation to generation. At present, the international standard height (the first international height) is the A sound that vibrates 44 times per second, that is, the A sound in a small group is the "standard sound". There is a unified pitch standard in the world, which is convenient for theoretical research, musical instrument making and cultural exchange. The c sound that vibrates about 261 times per second is called the central c in the musical system, which is at the top of the basic level.

In music activities, there are many chords involved, but the triad and heptachord are the most basic and important ones, and other chords can be evolved from them:

Trichord

Trichord is a kind of chord composed of three tones stacked three times. The bottom note of the chord is called the root note, the third note on the root note is called the third note, and the fifth note on the root note is called the fifth note.

(1) major triad. A triad in which the root sound is three degrees apart and the root sound is five degrees apart.

(2) minor chord. A triad in which the root sound is separated from the third note by three degrees, and the root sound is separated from the fifth note by pure five degrees.

(3) Subtract triad. The distance between the root sound and the third tone is three degrees, and the distance between the root sound and the fifth tone is a triad of MINUS five degrees.

(4) add a triad. The distance between the root sound and the third tone is three degrees, and the distance between the root sound and the fifth tone is a triad with an increase of five degrees.

heptachord

The composition of heptachord is a kind of chord composed of four tones superimposed by three degrees. Its notable feature is that the root tone is seven degrees away from the top tone, so it is named heptachord.

(1) major and minor chords. Based on major triad, a chord whose root is separated from the seventh note by seven degrees. Also known as the seventh chord

(2) major seventh chord. Based on major triad, a chord whose root and seventh notes are seven degrees apart.

(3) minor seventh chord. A chord that is based on a minor chord and whose root is separated from the seventh note by seven degrees.

(4) MINUS seven chords. A chord whose root is separated from the seventh note by minus seven degrees based on minus three chords.

(5) reduce the seventh chord. A chord whose root is separated from the seventh note by seven degrees based on the minus triad. Also known as the leading seventh chord