Peter ilych Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian: пётрильичайковв) Its style directly and indirectly influenced many latecomers.
[ Edit this paragraph] Music master
Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky is almost the most popular "classical" composer in the world. The emotions flowing in his works are sometimes passionate and sometimes delicate and tactful. His music has a strong appeal, full of passion, lyrical and gorgeous movements and a strong orchestral style. All these reflect the composer's extreme emotional and melancholy sensitive personality characteristics-he will suddenly be depressed and suddenly full of optimism.
The contradiction between Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's desire for a "normal" family life and his homosexual nature made him full of painful struggles all his life, which was also reflected in his music, especially in his late symphonies. In most of Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's music, we can clearly feel the influence of national culture-he successfully integrated national culture with the western symphony tradition. Although Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky met a "powerful group", he never joined any nationalist group. Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky once wrote: "As for my concern about Russian elements in music, it is because I live in a foreign country all the year round. When I was young, the indescribable beauty of Russian folk music filled my life. "
Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky was born in the Urals city of Vodkinsk, and his father was the director and engineer of a metallurgical factory. His childhood was spent in a typical wealthy aristocratic family. I studied piano under my mother's instruction since I was a child. Because of my father's opposition, I entered the law school and worked in the court after graduation. At the age of 22, Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky resigned, entered St. Petersburg Conservatory of Music, and studied music creation with anton rubinstein, with excellent results. After graduation, at the invitation of nikolai rubinstein (anton rubinstein's younger brother), he became a professor at Moscow Conservatory of Music.
Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky is physically weak, introverted and fragile, and full of feelings. After his marriage with a female student who idolizes himself broke down, he tried to commit suicide, and his friends sent him to a foreign country for recuperation. He was considered to have homosexual tendencies and tried to suppress them in the social environment at that time, so some people thought that this was the reason for the breakdown of marriage. During this period, I began to correspond with a Nadezhda von Meek who loves music. Later, Nadezhda von Meek became his patron, and many of his later works were dedicated to this lady. But the wonderful thing is that two people have never met. When their 14-year correspondence was terminated because the lady declared bankruptcy, Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky suffered a great blow and died in Moscow after three years of melancholy alone. There are many doubts about his death. Officially, he drank water with cholera virus and died of illness. However, according to later scholars' research, it is very likely that he committed suicide by taking arsenic himself. However, this is only speculation, and the real reason is still a mystery until now.
in music creation, Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky worships Mozart very much, and even created an orchestra suite (Suite No.4 in g major, "Mozart iana", op.61) imitating his style. My favorite is Mozart's opera Don Juan. He was disgusted with some characteristics of Wagner's music, thinking that Wagner paid too much attention to the orchestra and neglected the vocal music. Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky advocated using realistic methods to express the opera, and the dominant motivation was only used to describe the inner aspects such as psychology and feelings.
There are five main members of the Powerful Group, namely, Money Alekseyevich Balakirev (1837—191), the leader of the Powerful Group and the New Russian Music School, Cesar Cui (1835—1918), Modest Petrovich Musorgskiy (1839—1881) and Alexander porphyry.
Money Alekseyevich Balakirev is the leader of "Powerful Group" and New Russian Music School. In his vocal music creation, songs are the main works. The famous "1 Russian Folk Songs" is his masterpiece, as well as piano music and orchestral music.
Cesar Cui is the backbone of "Powerful Group". His major achievements are 1 operas, including William ratke Lev (1868), Angelo (1875) and 4 children's operas.
Modest Petrovich Musorgskiy is the most important composer in "Powerful Group". The founder of Russian modern music realism. Musorgskiy's major achievement is opera. Among them, Salangbao (1863-1866), which was adapted from a novel by French writer Flaubert, and Marriage (1847), which was adapted from a comedy by Gogol.
In 1868, his important work boris godunov was released, which left a deep impression on people. The Howansky Rebellion, which began in 1872, was premiered in 1892. This opera is based on the Russian history at the end of the 17th century, and shows people the Russian social life full of contradictions and conflicts. There are a lot of mass scenes in the play, which shows the realistic style. In addition, Musorgskiy also wrote a comic opera Sorochinsk Fair (premiered in 1917). Musorgskiy not only composed operas, but also composed more than 6 songs with diverse themes and vivid images, among which the most popular song was the famous satirical song "Song of Flea".
Musorgskiy's works exposed the social phenomenon in Russia at that time and reflected the realistic thought of people's sufferings. On the basis of inheriting traditional music, he reformed and innovated the recitation melody and expression form, which enhanced the authenticity and vividness of the artistic image. Musorgskiy's reform and innovation had a positive impact on later Russian composers.
The music works of "Powerful Group" reflect the Russian people's thinking about reality and expectations for the future, and strive to explore new and progressive ideas, making important contributions to the development of Russian national music and national vocal music.
Alexander porphyry Borodin, whose major achievements are songs, operas and instrumental music. Borodin has only written one opera, Prince Igor, which is the work that gives full play to Borodin's creative personality most strongly. This work started in 1869 until Borodin's death, but it was actually only partially completed, and was later arranged by rimsky, Kosakov and Glazunov. This work is based on Russia's 12th century long poem "The Expedition of Igor". The story tells the story of the war between Igor, the grand duke of Novgorod, and the southern nomadic Bolowitz in the 12th century when Russia was founded. The music in the play embodies the style of Russian folk music, especially the Polowitz dance in the second act, which fully shows the national characteristics of Russian opera music with beautiful melody, bright colors and unrestrained customs.
nicola andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov's major achievements are his two operas Sateko (1897) and Golden Rooster (199). In particular, Song of Indian Guests in Sateko is rich in oriental colors and has a soft and smooth melody. It is not only a repertoire often sung by tenors, but also adapted into light music and solo. Among his orchestral music, there are two outstanding works that show exoticism, one is Spanish capriccio, and the other is Shehrachad, a symphonic suite based on Arabian mythology "Arabian Nights".
There are two points worth mentioning about rimsky-Kosakov. First, after Musorgskiy and Borodin died in 198s, rimsky-Kosakov sorted out and revised their works, and rewrote or continued some of their unfinished works. Some works have been modified or matched by him, and have been more widely spread. Second, rimsky Kosakov has been engaged in music education in the Petersburg Conservatory of Music for more than 3 years, and has trained many outstanding composers for the 2th century, including Glazunov, prokofiev and Stravinsky.
In Russia, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary and other Eastern European countries, the rise of nationalist music school is even more magnificent because of the relatively backward music situation in the past, and the development of nationalist opera has achieved remarkable results. Russian national operas and romantic songs, represented by "Powerful Group" and Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky, undoubtedly occupy an eye-catching position in the history of European vocal music.
Money Alekseyevich Balakirev (1837-191), a Russian composer, studied piano since childhood. I met glinka and Stasov in Petersburg in 1855, and was deeply influenced by them in artistic thought. Since 1857, he has formed the famous "Powerful Five Group" (also known as "New Russian Music School"). In 1862, he hosted a compulsory music school, engaged in teaching and performing activities.
The main works are: Symphony in C major, Symphony in D minor and symphonic poem Tamara. Orchestral music "Three Preludes on Russian Folk Songs", piano fantasia "Islam", "Piano Sonata in B flat minor", "Piano Concerto in E flat major" (unfinished, continued by Ryaponov) and so on. In addition, he composed two sets of Romance Suite and solo songs such as Song of the Robber, Song of Serim and Song of Georgia, and adapted and arranged a large number of folk songs.
Cesar Cui (1835 ~ 1918), a Russian composer, was born in Lithuania. When I was young, I went to Poland to study music. Graduated from military technical university in 1857. After that, he mainly engaged in military engineering teaching. In 194, the rank was promoted to general of the army. As an amateur composer, he is a member of the "Powerful Five" in Russia.
He wrote a large number of music mainly based on vocal works, and once wrote operas based on the literary works of famous poets such as Heine and Hugo. The representative work is the instrumental essay "Oriental Style".
Mussorgsky Modest Petrovich (1839-1881) was a Russian composer. Musorgskiy was born on March 21st, 1839 in Kalevo Village, Torobetz County, and his father was a manor owner. At the age of 6, I studied piano under the guidance of my mother. The life in the countryside and the feeding of the serf nanny made him have deep feelings for farmers and Russian folk music. In 1849, he entered Petropavlov School in St. Petersburg. In 1952, he entered the Petty Officer School of the Guards in Petersburg, where he studied from 1852 to 1856. At the same time, he studied piano with A．A． Gorkay and tried to compose music. In 1852, he published his first work-Polka's Army Warrant Officer (piano music). After graduation in 1856, he served as a guard in the Pleobranjensky Corps, and met U．A． Guy, A．C． Dargomyzhski, B．B． Stasov and M．A． Balakirev successively, which had a decisive influence on his artistic career. In 1858, he resigned from the army and left the army. Under the guidance of Balakirev, he devoted himself to composing music and became the most radical member of the "New Russian Music School" (the "Powerful Group"). From the late 195s to the early 196s, he wrote some orchestral music, piano music and songs, and also wrote music for the ancient Greek tragedy Oedipus the King (Sophocles' original work). He advocates that music must reflect reality and show people's mental outlook. His works are national and original. After the czar's government was forced to abolish serfdom in 1861, he returned to his hometown and distributed his ancestral land and property to farmers. Returning to St. Petersburg in 1863, he was further influenced by the Russian revolutionary democratic thought represented by H．r． Chernyshevski, and experienced a profound ideological change, forming a progressive world outlook and artistic view. His democratic ideological tendency and realistic creative principles are fully reflected in his works. The representative works in his life were all produced in this period. Musorgskiy spent the second half of his life in poverty, mentally attacked by the official and conservative forces, and had no material guarantee of life. He relied on piano accompaniment, teaching and working as a civil servant. He died in St. Petersburg on March 28, 1881.
In Musorgskiy's creative field, opera is in the first place. He always wrote five operas, but none of them were finished, which were continued by later generations. The first two operas, Salangbao (based on G. Flaubert's novel, 1863-1866) and Marriage (based on Nikolai Gogol's comedy, 1868), are still immature, but they have made useful explorations. In Salangbao, the author emphasized the theme of people's liberation and paid attention to the description of mass scenes, some of which were later transferred to boris godunov. Marriage has made a creative attempt in the relationship between music and language and the personalization of characters. Musorgskiy's highest achievement in opera creation is embodied in boris godunov and Howanski Rebellion. Boris godunov (based on Pushkin's tragedy of the same name, premiered in 1874) is a new type of historical opera. The composer redesigned it according to Pushkin's original work, which made the historical background of the opera on the eve of the peasant revolutionary storm. By shaping the historical group images of the people and depicting the inner contradictions of Tsar Boris, it sharply reflected the conflict between the people and the tyrant, and at the same time profoundly exposed the struggle for power and profit within the aristocratic ruling class. In order to meet the needs of the drama plot, on the one hand, the author uses multi-level and multi-line chorus to show the collective image of the people on different occasions (such as the scene of forcing people to ask Boris to ascend to the throne in a monastery), on the other hand, he uses recitation-style solo to depict the character of typical characters (such as Tsar Boris, who symbolizes the suffering of the Russian people), and at the same time pays attention to the contrast of the typical environment of the drama development plot (such as Boris's coronation ceremony in Kremlin Square) The musical language of the whole opera has a distinctive national style and the author's unique creative personality. Rebellion of the Howanski Party (based on the historical data provided by Stasov, the script was written in 1872, continued by H．A． Rimsky-Korsakov after his death, and premiered in 1886) is based on the historical fact that the shooting army led Howanski to launch rebellion at the end of 17th century, which vividly reproduces the picture of Russian history. With "boris godunov"