"Rebobi" in Yi language is popular in Shuangbai County in the southern mountainous area of ??Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Xinping area in Ashan Yi Autonomous Region. It is a performative dance usually performed by the flower drum troupe in the village. Performance. In Shuangbai County, flower drum troupes are invited to dance during every New Year's festival and funeral. They say that people are happy when they are alive and will be happy after death, so they have to dance flower drums during funerals, but not during happy events.
The Huagu Dance Festival in Mopi Dazhai, Pingdian Township, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yunnan, reproduces the heroic scenes of the battles of the Yi ancestors in Mopan Mountain and the heroic scenes of fighting and killing with the enemy. The dance movements and styles of martial arts are unique. The antique Yi people show the originality and unique charm of the grinding flower drum, praising the fearless national spirit of the ancestors of the Yi family who protect their hometown, love peace, and bravely kill the enemy.
According to the "Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances - Information Volume of Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yunnan Province" edited by Yi Ruihua: "Flower drum dance must be performed by more than 15 people. During the performance, men dance with weapons. The weapons used include broadswords, double swords, two-section sticks, spears, tridents, hooks and sickles. All the weapons are tied with red and green cloth strips. Women wear red silk on their waists, carry flower drums on their backs, and hold drumsticks and white drums in their hands. The dance is led by a man holding a white pheasant feather tied with a pheasant tail in his left hand and a white towel in his right hand. The entire dance is directed by the length and frequency of the whistle that are predetermined. It is said that it used to be the case. The use of horns for command is now lost and used.
Before the flower dance, gongs and drums are used as a prelude to heighten the atmosphere, stimulate enthusiasm, and inspire people. Then there are frequent whistles and shouts of weapons in the right hand. In front, the flower drum team beats the drum with the right hand and shakes the towel with the left hand. Then, under the leadership of the sword holder, they walk around the circle in a cabbage heart formation. The weapons team changes the weapons they hold every time they pass. After walking several times, separate in front of the percussion band: the percussion band is in the center, the weapons team stands on the right, and the flower drum team stands on the left, forming a figure of eight.
Secondly, the flower drum team beats the drums and dances in place with their weapons. The team is headed by the sword dancer, and they line up individually in order to perform in front of the queue with the weapons in their hands. The first one goes out to perform, and the second one moves to fill the position of the first one, holding the weapon in his right hand and jumping on the spot, maintaining the formation. Change. After all the weapon holders have completed their individual performances, the person holding the broad sword and the person holding the double sword will fight each other, and then return to the bottom of the team, and the person holding the double sword will fight with the next player, and so on. . Regardless of whether the above is performed alone or in a duel, it usually only takes one turn to perform in a group.
Again, the weapons team dances in place, and the flower drum team is led by the lead dancer in a small circle. Dance while turning in the clockwise direction. After the Flower Drum Team performs the routine several times, the Weapon Team inserts itself into the Flower Drum Team's dance circle to form a large circle and then dances counterclockwise. At the climax, the entire performance ends.
When the Flower Drum Team and the Weapons Team perform, the movements on their feet are basically the same. Most of them use their right foot to push forward and run 2 to 4 times. However, the skills of the Flower Drum Team's lead dancer ( The men hold colorful sticks and white towels in their hands and wave them with their arms. The women use their forearms to drive their hands to beat the drum and shake the towels at the same time. The weapons team moves according to the weapons they hold, and at the same time they move with their feet. The body, waist, head and other parts are swaying greatly, and the movements are clean and majestic. In short, the whole performance is serious, rhythmic, graceful and bold, which fully reflects the brave, strong, upright and cheerful character and temperament of the Yi people. < /p>
Huagu drums are accompanied from beginning to end by percussion instruments such as drums, waist drums, gongs, cymbals, and small cymbals. The accompanists stand in a horizontal line on the sidelines. The formation and position are generally fixed, and the accompaniment sound is required to be clear and loud. The beats are even and the speed depends on the mood and interest of the performer, but most of them are solemn and steady, and there are very few chaos.
According to Yi Zhenghe and Li Kaifu, the veteran artists of Mo Pi Dazhai, " I heard from the old man that the grinding flower drum existed more than 120 years ago and has been passed down to this day for several generations... Why does this flower of the Yi people never wither? Because the theme it expresses is the national will of the Yi ancestors to love their hometown, unite as one, and fight the enemy bravely, it has a unique style, healthy content, upward and extremely infectious charm, and is loved by everyone.
Features
The Yi flower drum dance is accompanied by percussion instruments, including large and small cymbals, large and small cymbals, and large and small gongs.
The flower drum is oval in shape, one foot and two inches long, with a red drum body, tied with a silk ribbon, and hung diagonally on the right shoulder.
The flower drum performance is performed by a master holding a wooden faucet with pheasant feathers inserted on the faucet and an hydrangea tied with red silk as a conductor. Another four people carry the drum, which is hung horizontally on the left side of the waist. They hold a white towel in their left hand and a mallet in their right hand to play the drum. There are certain procedures for drumming movements. Each set of movements has a first step and a closing step. The sequence of movements and the changes in graphics are strictly regulated. The master holding the dragon head uses the props in his hand to direct.
The style of flower drum dance is vigorous, powerful, cheerful and bold, with a distinctive beginning. The dance bounces upward on heavy beats, beating the drums with each beat. The action is characterized by the flexibility of the calves, and there are many difficult skills, such as the calves drawing circles in the air.
When performing the flower drum dance, since the entire dance is performed while bouncing, the dancers consume a lot of physical energy, so they perform the performance in sections, and sing a flower drum poem before each dance section. The tunes are divided into two types: fun songs and funeral songs.
The flower drum in Xinping County is only preserved in Mopi Dazhai in Qianjin Township, so it is also called "Mopi Flower Drum". The "grinding flower drum" comes from celebrating the victory of the war. There must be at least eleven people during the performance, one conductor holding a pheasant feather, and one person each playing the big sword, the two-section stick, the water and fire stick, the trident, the double sword, and the double hook sickle. , four people with flower drums tied around their waists. The dance is full of fighting atmosphere, and each performs martial arts with weapons. The formation changes are also based on the arrangement of the soldiers on the expedition, such as trekking through mountains and rivers, setting up battles, hand-to-hand combat, and returning in triumph. The dance movements are bold and rough, simple and elegant, and the scene is quite spectacular.
Artistic connotation
The Yi flower dance dance has a relatively unique form of expression, and is highly artistic, ornamental and cultural, with rich national characteristics and outstanding style. It is a relatively representative dance in Yi culture. The performance props used in the traditional flower drum dance of the Yi people are generally a dragon head, four waist drums, a gong, a large gong, a small cymbal, drum hammers and towels. During the performance, the accompanists (usually three people) stand in a horizontal formation on the sidelines holding gongs, cymbals, and cymbals. The formation and position are generally not fixed. They beat the accompaniment on the sidelines and do not participate in the dance. The other five "dance" team members stood in the middle of the field, and a master named "Longtou" led the dance with a dragon head (also called a Jingji tail) (the Jingji tail is actually made of a wooden stick, with a dragon head carved on the top and a Jing jing). The chicken tail is decorated with various colored ribbons, and some are even decorated with several small round mirrors.) The person holding the dragon head is the conductor of the drum troupe, and the dance scenes and movements are changed by the "leading head". The person holding the dragon head often holds the faucet in his left hand and a towel in his right hand, and dances his hands up and down alternately. Sometimes the left hand holds the neck of the faucet as a fulcrum, and the right hand holds the tail of the faucet facing the left side and dances up and down. Many times, both hands hold the tail of the faucet facing the left side and dance up and down. Dancing often involves holding the middle part of the dragon's head with both hands and making eight-figure circles on both sides of the body. The other four people each tie a flower drum with red cloth on their right shoulder and hang it down to their left waist. They wear a small round mirror in front of their chest. They swing a towel with their left hand and beat the drum stick with their right hand. They dance with the drum and cymbals beside them. From the props and performance forms used in flower drum dance, it is not difficult to discover the unique cultural and artistic characteristics and traditional cultural connotations of the Yi people. Take the dragon head engraved on the "faucet" and the green chicken feathers inserted on it, as well as the small round mirror on the chest and faucet of each drummer. On the surface, it is a kind of decoration, which is a symbol of the Yi people's love for nature and love for nature. Beauty, pursuit of beautiful expression. However, each of these subtle ornaments all reflects the cultural beliefs of the ancient Yi people. "Dragon" is the incarnation of the Chinese nation, and the entire Chinese nation respects "dragon". As a member of the Chinese nation, the Yi people are no exception. However, in the traditional culture of the Yi people, the dragon has a more special status and meaning. In the concept of the Yi people, the dragon is a kind of spirit and a mascot. It can bless and bless mankind. Therefore, the Yi people have an annual traditional festival - the Dragon Sacrifice Festival. It can be seen that the lead dancer holding a "dragon head" in the flower dance has its own special cultural connotation. There is also the small round mirror. The Yi people believe in religion and believe in the existence of ghosts. In the traditional concept of the Yi people, the mirror has a special function - to exorcise evil spirits and ward off evil spirits. It is said that the Yi flower drum drum was originally used for sacrifices and funeral activities. It can be seen that the small round mirrors on the drummer's chest and "dragon head" have special purposes and connotations.
The entire Yi flower drumming activity starts with the sound of cymbals, gongs, and cymbals as a prelude, and uses sonorous and melodious accompaniment music to set off the atmosphere, stimulate enthusiasm, and inspire people. Then the drums sound frequently, and the sound of gongs, cymbals, and cymbals Array. The dancers on the field danced to the sonorous and powerful rhythm. The dance movements are very rich, especially the movements of the feet, which are varied and dizzying. Such as: pedaling, pausing, throwing away, jumping, leaping; twisting around flowers, pedaling around, twisting one's feet, etc.
Another example is the suction-foot spinning, double-footed vertical step, and foot spraining in the air, which are even more powerful, highly skilled, and difficult. Breathtaking. At the same time, the waist, head and other parts swayed greatly, and the movements were clean and bold. It fully embodies the unique brave, strong, cheerful, resolute and generous character and temperament of the Yi people.
Another characteristic of Yi flower drum dance is the combination of "song" and "dance". But unlike other songs and dances, which are accompanied by musical instruments or danced while singing, Huagu dance involves singing a section, stopping to dance, and dancing a section, stopping to sing again. There is no accompaniment when singing, just the dancers beating the beat on the edge of the drum with drumsticks. The music scores are all in the tune of lanterns, and the lyrics are clear. The content of the lyrics is determined by the performance occasion, such as festival celebrations, inheritance, funerals, etc. The content of the lyrics will be different depending on the performance occasion. Of course, the singing tune is also different. Most of the performances of flower dance are used to express the dancers’ wishes, praise and thanks to the inviter. This reflects the intelligent, simple and kind-hearted character of the Yi people. The lyrics of Ruhe's new house: "As soon as you enter the door, you will see the sky. Chu stone railings line both sides. The three main halls are shining with golden light. The four corners of the hall windows and patio are square. Five stars shine high on the red poster. Master Luban comes to inspect the beams. Painters and painters paint colorful pictures. The eight-character pink wall and archway are inlaid with nine gold and silver tiles, and there are ten lattice windows. "The lyrics are neat, easy to remember, vivid and touching.
Honors Received
In 1953, the Grinding Flower Drum Troupe represented the Yi people’s songs and dances in Xinping to perform in Kunming. They won a red flag and were invited to Beijing to participate in national folk songs and dances. Performance; in 1980, when Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County was established, it appeared on TV for the first time in a grand performance and was received by Fang You, deputy secretary of the county party committee. He said, "Your flower dance is very unique and the performance is very successful. The county government wants Give you support..."; In 1982, the team led by Yi Xuechang went to the Yuxi Lighting Stadium to participate in the district's ethnic and folk cultural performances, winning honors for Xinping County; in 1988, the County Sports Committee, County Cultural Bureau, Each of the three departments of the County Ethnic Affairs Committee provided a subsidy of 300 yuan. After adding some props, he participated in the Yuxi Minority Games and competed in Yuanjiang, winning the third prize, a frame, and a bonus of 270 yuan; in 1990, he participated in the Xinping Yi and Dai Games The 10th anniversary of the founding of the autonomous county won a bonus of 300 yuan and was on TV. In 1995, he went to Ashan County to participate in the Magic Ailao Concert hosted by three counties. On the 15th anniversary of the county and the 50th anniversary of the National Day, he performed in the county and was also on TV. . Flower drum dance is the most widespread and important folk dance in Ashan Yi Autonomous County, Yuxi City. It has been widely spread in the county since the late Qing Dynasty and has a history of more than 100 years. In the past, flower drum dance was mainly a kind of sacrificial song and dance performed at funerals, with singing as the main part and dancing as the supplement. Later, it gradually evolved to dance as the main part and singing as the supplement. It is an indispensable dance for events such as celebrations and funerals.
The entire dance is mainly completed by changes in foot movements and footwork. The Yi people's "dance music" movements are largely absorbed into the flower drum dance. The tunes are mostly based on the Han people's lantern tunes. There are 35 kinds of performance routines with complete structures and rich and diverse content and forms. There are two types of drums: jiggu and pangu. Jigugu is powerful, passionate and inspiring, while pangu is slow and soft, with firmness in its softness. The flower drum dance of the Yi people in Ashan is a comprehensive expression of the social life, social psychology, ideological and cultural aspects of the Yi people. It integrates the Yi people’s understanding and love of production, life, society and nature. It is a carrier and form of expression of the inner emotions of the nation. It has strong national appeal and cohesion, and can enhance national self-confidence, pride and condense the national spirit
The Yi flower dance has become a national dance in Eshan and has a broad mass base. There are 594 flower drum teams in the county with 7,251 people and 774 main members, mainly young and middle-aged people. It has participated in many national, provincial, municipal and county cultural activities and competitions and won many awards. Among them, "Dragon Drum" won the first prize in the large-scale theatrical performance at the opening ceremony of the 3rd China Art Festival; the 100-person Flower Drum Team participated in the 50th anniversary of the National Day in the capital. The large-scale literary gala, with its strong national color and artistic characteristics, showed the world the splendid national culture and spiritual outlook of the Yi Mountains, and won the "Five Best Performance Units" and the "Organization Award"; "Yishan Flower Drums" won the second place Bronze Medal in the Kunming International Folk Dance Competition. There are few children participating in the flower drum performance team, and there are signs of a shortage of talents. At the same time, the flower drum team is mostly a spontaneous non-governmental organization, and it is very difficult to carry out activities in a long-term and stable manner.
Xiaoyao Miao Village is a relatively remote village in Wudang District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, but its Miao dance and flower drum are very famous. The men play the Lusheng, and the women play the flower drums. They shuttle between each other, and the rhythm jumps from time to time, which makes people dazzled...
The women's costumes with flower drums are very gorgeous, with a blue background and colorful colors. The embroidery is a traditional pattern embroidered by the villagers themselves. There is also a headdress on the head - "Pai Pai", which can be regarded as a major feature of this dance. During the first lunar month, villagers dance this dance to celebrate the festival. When the Miao people "dance in the flower field", the villagers will also go out of the village and dance with the nearby Miao compatriots. The old people said that "Tiaohuachang" is a channel for them to truly integrate into Guizhou.
The 67-year-old Yang Shaoquan in the village said that about 300 years ago, the ancestors of this village moved from Yunnan. The three major surnames in the village are Tao, Deng, and Yang. Everyone is brought by relatives and friends. Friends have come here one after another and built a unique home. In the past, people in the village made a living by hunting and had little contact with the surrounding villages at that time. It is precisely the Miao family's "flower dance field" that allows Xiaoyao people to get out of the mountains. Like other Miao compatriots, the young people of Xiaoyao also took the opportunity of "dancing in the flower field" to find the one they love. By "dancing to get married" with their neighbors, they increased communication and communication, and gradually took root in Wudang.
Dance was originally the villagers’ own entertainment, but the government’s attention has given this dance a new space for development. Old man Yang Shaoquan is a literature and art lover in the village. Young people like to invite this "old literature and art" out if there is any literary and artistic matter. He has also witnessed the entire development process of flower dance over the past few decades. In 1986, cultural workers in the district unearthed this traditional dance. From then on, Hua Gu Gu began to come out of the small villages in the mountains. Not only did they participate in performances in the district and city, but they also performed in Beijing, Nanjing and other places. The most prestigious one even went to Singapore to show off their talents. From that time on, the children in the village became more enthusiastic about this dance. Deng Kaiping was the leader among that group of children. He gained a little fame in the dance circle at that time at a young age. Now he has become famous in the dance circle on his own. Traditional dances travel all over the country and make a living by performing Miao dances.
Hua Dance was originally the entertainment of Xiaoyao people, and later became a "tool" for them to communicate with their neighbors. Now they have begun to enter the world by relying on this dance. The scope of communication is different and the dance has undergone some changes. Compared with the past, the costumes of male dancers have changed a lot. In the past, they usually wore simple costumes of the Miao ethnic group, but now the reporter saw yellow costumes with red decorations. This is what the villagers wear. own creativity. Deng Kaiping explained: "Our women's clothing is already very beautiful, but men's clothing must have such a change. According to my performance experience, the clothing does not look good and is indeed not attractive enough." However, Yang Shaoquan is still used to playing some old clothes. He picked up a pipa with only one string left and began to play it: "These things are quite precious. In the past few years, Americans came here to take pictures..."
Someone in the village When there are "big literary and artistic events", the old people will come out to take charge, but when they really want to go out, the old people also respect the opinions of young people. Yang Shaoquan said, "Young people make this dance more beautiful."
Migration Dance
Xiaoyao Flower Dance is a traditional dance passed down from generation to generation by the Miao family in Xiaoyao Village. The Miao people in Xiaoyao Village love to dance this dance called "tie, grab and choke". There is such a beautiful and touching story among the Miao people here about "tying, grabbing and choking".
It is said that in ancient times, when the ancestors of the Xiaoyao Miao family crossed a huge river with huge waves during their long-distance migration, a young Miao man named Ayong jumped into the river to save his compatriots, elders and sisters. He entered the river and fought to the death with the evil fish. He fought hard for three days and three nights, killed the evil fish and rescued the man inside the fish. Everyone dragged the bad fish ashore, dried it, took off the skin, cut off a section of the fish tail, and gave it to A Yong. A Yong hung a small section of fish skin behind the door, and the wind blew and the fish drum whistled. He then placed the fish skin on a dry tree, and the birds threw stones on the fish skin, which also made a thumping sound. Ayong was so inspired that he cut down bamboo and made it into a "cho" (lusheng) based on the tail of a fish. He also took out the sacrificial cowhide and covered it on an empty tree to make a "tied and grasped" drum. Later, during festivals, he took the lead in teaching people to play "choi" and "tie Zhu". (Hu Kani, Zhang Xingtao) Shanxi’s “Flower Drum Dance” is most popular in Yuncheng and Linfen areas. For example, 13 of the 17 townships in Wanrong County have flower dance teams. In some towns, there is a stack of flower drums on every street, so they are called the "Hometown of Flower Drums".