A brief talk about literature: mainly talk about the theoretical knowledge of literature

Literature and beauty: looking at literature from an aesthetic perspective

Literary appreciation: briefly talk about how to appreciate

Good Chinese and foreign articles: you can concisely describe famous Chinese and foreign novels, poems, essays, etc.

My literature: talk about your love for literature, and you can also add some of your own articles

Note: Each section must have its own unique insights

I will give you some articles and websites:

Everyone knows that the most fundamental nature of literature is aesthetics and language. Marx's theory of social structure attributes literature to the superstructure, which is the social ideology based on the economic foundation. If literature is subdivided, it belongs to the "aesthetic ideology" in social ideology.

According to the four elements of literature proposed by Abrams in "Mirror and Lamp—Romantic Literary Theory and Critical Tradition" as coordinates, five literary ideas can be derived . China is an ancient civilization that relies on "poetry" for its orthodoxy. Starting from the "Book of Songs", it has been passed down through the generations. Chinese literary concepts have their own characteristics. Throughout the history of China, poetry has been used to express one's aspirations, paying more attention to the author's inner feelings. And ancient Chinese poetry is subject to the influence of Confucianism. It is an important feature of ancient literary theory to advocate that the article serves as a carrier of "clarity". "Wen Xin Diao Long" is a classic masterpiece of ancient Chinese literary theory, which advocates that "the Tao follows the saints to understand the Tao, and the saints follow the Tao to write down the literature." Bai Juyi's theory of "matching the time" and "matching the matter", and Du Fu's "leading to the emperors Yao and Shun, and then making the people's customs pure" "can be used to educate and educate, and the bottom can be used to rationalize emotions". They all attach great importance to the role of education. Aspirations and education go hand in hand and go hand in hand.

Literature cannot be an independent existence. Literature of any period is affected by the times and many social objective factors. For example, the origin of dragons in China stems from the original tribal disputes. At the beginning, each tribe had different totems, each using an animal as the symbol of its tribe. When a tribe conquered another tribe, it took part of its totem and added it to its own tribe's totem, eventually forming a dragon pattern and passed down as China's greatest cultural concept. Then the literature at this time will invisibly use the dragon as the most common form of expression, mixing the author's personal emotions to create works. And dragons are evil in the West.

Another example is the initial exploration of human nature in China and the West. "At the beginning of human life, nature is good." This is a Chinese characteristic. The West believes that the reason why people become human is due to temptation, and that people are born with original sin. The process of human life is the process of atonement. The more complete the atonement for sins, the closer we are to God. These are all aspects of group independence, with obvious regional tendencies. Other abstractions, such as love that transcends space and time, are human beings' instincts, but they are also affected by different cultures due to different regions. China uses "filial piety" to bring peace to the world, but this concept does not exist in the West. In Chinese "filial piety", this kind of love is formed as an expression of love from the bottom up. The West does not believe that children must be "filial piety", so their interpretation of "filial piety" is "a pious feeling for parents." ".

As mentioned above, it seems that it has no direct connection with the aesthetics of literature. This is not the case. Because literature, as a social ideology, reflects a specific cultural origin. And literature is the "aesthetic ideology" in social ideology, and it is itself an aesthetic process. There is beauty first, and then there is judgment. The formation of beauty restricts the way and angle of review as well as the effect of review.

The connotation of beauty is very broad. It can be said that almost any social form can become beautiful. It can be concrete or abstract. The beauty of literature focuses on "the reality of art". That is what is commonly said as “from life, higher than life”.

In our daily creations, we will capture what we feel, think, and do in life. We can create an environment, an image, a story, and an event in order to express our innermost feelings. some kind of thought or perception. Of course, it cannot be ruled out that the current group of authors are engaged in pandering creations and complaining for no reason in order to get royalties. But this is also the aesthetics of literature, but the value is different. The most common mistake for first-time writers is not to cater, but to complain for no reason. It's hard to write a text when you see something that touches you a little bit. These things can be used as writing materials and stored somewhere in your own place.

I don’t mean that we must explore big and deep themes in life, and strange and dangerous plots, although this can, to a large extent, mobilize readers’ enthusiasm for reading. After all, the space and time that individuals come into contact with are limited, and more often than not, what they face are just the bits and pieces of life. Draw meaningful elements from every moment of life and express them in your own language. As long as they are true emotions, they will always arouse excitement.

The process of completing literary aesthetics is a temporary release of the soul. At least for a short period of time, you need to put aside the utilitarianism and burdens of reality, and try to achieve a pure state as much as possible. In some creations, the author does not intentionally reach this state, but can't help being brought to this state by his mind. Therefore, in many cases, the author's creation is "lonely". One is because "loneliness" must be used to purify things in reality; the other is that "loneliness" is a state of existence for the author. No matter how dissolute a poet is, he is actually the purest in his heart. From the perspective of the poet, it is precisely because of his own purity that he can be closer to art; from the perspective of the world, the poet's words and deeds may be said to be unreasonable. This is the evaluation of the truth of art from a realistic perspective, which is in two different time and space. No wonder some people say: "Poets think that the world is crazy, and the world thinks that poets are also crazy."

Literary aesthetics is not only reflected in creation.

Literature is an art of language. The fundamental reason why it is different from other arts such as performing arts and shaping art lies in the language of literature. Language can be extended with broader strokes to a height and breadth that other arts cannot reach. We can regard the plants, trees, words and deeds in life as aesthetic objects, and we can also use the literary texts created by the author as aesthetic objects.

When we use literary texts as aesthetic objects, some people prefer novels, some prefer poetry, some prefer prose, and so on. This is only different in genre. The emotion contained in the works is the fundamental reason that inspires us.

Advocates of the "experience theory" regard literature as a way for authors to communicate with readers, and raise this process to the theoretical level of literary concepts. I think that the text is a dead thing. It is the reader's aesthetics that gives life to the text, so that it can truly reflect its value. In the middle is the dual aesthetics: first, the author's aesthetic appreciation of the objectivity, and secondly, the reader's aesthetic appreciation of the text. Readers' study of works is generally divided into several levels.

The first level is that the reader is completely conquered by the author and led by the author. Some netizens have an explanation of the novel: The ultimate meaning of the novel is to make readers know that it is false, but they are still moved and speechless. Of course, this is only discussed from the perspective of readers being affected by the work. As for the "ultimate meaning", it is a large and broad proposition that must be supplemented by previous theoretical foundations and is not discussed in this article. Aesthetics in this sense means that readers do not have their own complete aesthetic concepts and are controlled by others.

The second level is for readers to eliminate the false and retain the true, discard the rough and retain the essence from the study of the works. The false and true essence here is just a relative concept. Mr. Engels once said something like this: The correctness of science is always relative. What seems correct now may be pushed forward by future generations into errors or even absurd and embarrassing situations. This shows that false and true, gross and refined are relatively unstable consciousnesses. One of the characteristics of people is that they like works and ideas that conform to their own thinking habits and ways. Things that they cannot express themselves but are expressed by works constitute readers' strong desire to seek consent. Readers at this level are relatively mature, have their own fixed ideas, and can give full play to "borrowing" from works.

The third level of readers will comprehensively evaluate the work from quality to value. Taking the internal structure of the text as the starting point for evaluation, starting from the language, structure, image, connotation, etc., we deeply analyze the internal context of the article, and combine it with the literary trends and concepts of the era, the author's growth environment and background, and the author's background. The creative intention, etc. analyze the value and status of the work. Readers at this level have profound theoretical knowledge and creative practical experience. There are standards for judging right and wrong, and the ability to judge articles. Such as Jin Shengtan and others.

In short, aesthetics is a complex process, which is based on the cultural knowledge and ideology of the person as the subject of aesthetics, giving full play to subjective initiative, and is the result of the unity of the inner world and the objective world. .

Website: /3601/more/3648/more3648.htm

An aesthetic cognitive activity when readers read literary works.

Through the medium of language, readers gain specific feelings and experiences of the artistic images created by literary works, arouse strong ideological and emotional reactions, gain aesthetic enjoyment, and thus understand the ideological content contained in literary works. This is literary appreciation. Literary appreciation is an important link for literature to play and realize its social role.

Literature appreciation is a spiritual activity that integrates feeling and understanding, emotion and knowledge. People's appreciation of literary works begins with the perception of images. The images act on the readers' feelings and emotions, making them influenced by art and gradually realizing the thoughts contained in them. Readers' understanding of the essence of life revealed in literary works, or their acceptance of the author's evaluation of creations, are always inseparable from the reader's direct feelings and emotional reactions to the specific life phenomena reflected in the works. Abstract thinking and logical judgment separated from concrete feelings cannot be called literary appreciation. However, it is impossible to have a deep understanding of the meaning of a literary work if there is only feeling without understanding, and if there is only emotion without knowledge, it is also not true literary appreciation. It is one-sided to exaggerate the role of feeling and emotion in literary appreciation and to attribute literary appreciation to an "image intuition" activity that is divorced from rational understanding. It is also one-sided to ignore the role of feelings and emotions in the process of literary appreciation and not understand that the life reflected in literary works must be affirmed and accepted by readers in terms of feelings and emotions before they can be affirmed and accepted rationally. In literary appreciation, feeling and understanding, emotion and knowledge are inseparably united. This is the basic characteristic of literary appreciation activities.

Objectivity and subjectivity in literary appreciation are the unity of opposites. Once any literary work is produced, it becomes an objective existence and has its own objective regulations. This objective stipulation is determined by the artistic image itself provided by the literary work. Readers' imaginations and associations during appreciation are ultimately based on the artistic images and life pictures provided by the works. However, readers' appreciation of literary works is not purely objective, passive, and passive. It also has a certain degree of subjectivity. Every reader has their own life experience and standpoint, as well as their own thoughts, feelings, and cultural accomplishments. Therefore, their feelings, experiences, and understandings during the appreciation process are often different from the writer's own feelings, experiences, and understandings when creating images. Exactly the same. The same work often produces different or even very different feelings, experiences and understandings in different readers, thus producing not exactly the same impact. Lu Xun once pointed out that when reading "A Dream of Red Mansions", the meaning of fate will vary depending on the reader's vision: "Confucian scholars see "Yi", Taoists see lewdness, talents see lingering, revolutionaries see rows, and gossips see palaces. Secret things..." ("The Complete Works of Lu Xun", Volume 7, Page 419). This is the difference caused by the subjectivity of literary appreciation.

In literary appreciation activities, if the appreciator wants to turn the artistic image in the work into the artistic image in his or her own mind, he must "re-create" it. The psychological process of "recreation" mainly manifests itself in imaginative activities and emotional experiences. Readers' imagination and experience are one of the important reasons why the artistic image created by literary works can be seen from the small, embody reality in fiction, and convey the spirit through form. If the appreciator is not good at active imagination or lacks necessary life experience, it is impossible for him to have a deep feeling of the artistic conception of the work, and he will not be able to discover the subtext and rhyme in the work. In particular, as a language art, the image of literature is indirect. It does not directly shape the visual image and auditory image like the plastic arts, performing arts, and comprehensive arts. This requires the imagination of the appreciator and the "re-creation" of the appreciator. ". It requires appreciators to be good at imagining the artistic image and life realm created by the work through the medium of language, and then understanding its ideological content.

Literary appreciation activities are also a "re-evaluation" of the writer's life that has been evaluated in his works. The writer's subjective evaluation is an evaluation of objective life based on his own thoughts and feelings, while the appreciator's "re-evaluation" is the result of a new understanding of the life reflected by the writer based on the appreciator's thoughts and feelings. This evaluation may be completely consistent with the author's evaluation, or it may be higher or lower than the author's evaluation; it may violate the author's correct evaluation, or it may correct the author's wrong evaluation. This kind of evaluation is a necessary process for the appreciator to accept or not accept the ideological content of the work.

There is also a complex and common phenomenon in literary appreciation, which is "*** ringing".

"Sentiment" means that on the basis of "re-creation" and "re-evaluation", the thoughts and feelings of the appreciator are basically consistent with the thoughts and feelings of the author of the work, or even fit perfectly, or In some respects and on a certain point, they are similar and similar, they love what they love and hate what they hate, and there is an exchange of thoughts and feelings. ***Ming needs to be based on the same or similar thoughts, feelings and psychological experiences. Generally speaking, the author and the appreciator need to have generally consistent or close class positions, social ideals, and life experiences before cries can occur. Therefore, the phenomenon of anti-corruption is largely reflected in the works and appreciators of writers of the same class at the same time. However, there is also a phenomenon where readers have different opinions when appreciating literary works of different eras and different classes. Due to some different social and historical reasons, in addition to differences in era and class, there will also be some similarities in thoughts and feelings between different eras and different classes at certain times and under certain circumstances. There will also be some similarities or similarities in some aspects of life or certain issues. For example, the progressive writers of the ancient feudal class exposed social darkness to varying degrees in their works, reflected the people's sufferings and struggles, and expressed the people's wishes and demands in a tortuous way. They can infect today's people and even Make them scream. Another example is that although the noble spiritual character and moral sentiments of the ancients reflected in ancient literary works have a class aspect, they also have an aspect that can be inherited. The patriotism and national integrity of the ancients can easily impress people in similar societies. The thoughts and feelings of modern people in the environment arouse the excitement. However, it should be pointed out that this kind of consensus is not an absolute unity, but a unity of contradictions. Because there is always a gap in time and class between modern people and ancient people, it is impossible to completely agree with each other. Therefore, modern people usually only resonate with a certain aspect of ancient works. You can be dissatisfied with the positive factors, or you can be dissatisfied with the negative factors, which is also related to the subjective factors of the appreciator. In short, cries are an important phenomenon in which literary works influence readers' thoughts and feelings and have social effects.

Literary appreciation and literary creation are interdependent and mutually restrictive. The works created by writers provide objects for literary appreciation; and literary works must be appreciated by readers in order to have social effects. Therefore, when writing, writers also need to pay attention to the laws of literary appreciation and respect the readers' aesthetic requirements and artistic tastes. At the same time, literary creation also has the mission of cultivating and improving readers' appreciation level. Marx pointed out: "For ears that cannot distinguish music, the most beautiful music is meaningless, and music is not an object for it." ("Economics-Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844") If the appreciator does not have the due Without the aesthetic ability, it is impossible to carry out appreciation activities. The reader's appreciation level is not only restricted by the social aesthetic consciousness of a certain historical period, but also by the appreciation object of literary works. Marx said: "Art objects create a public that understands art and can appreciate beauty." ("Introduction to "Critique of Political Economy") Readers' appreciation level can only be cultivated and developed in the aesthetic activities of appreciating literary works. Therefore, many outstanding writers in ancient and modern times must not only strive to adapt their works to the appreciation level of readers and make them easily accepted by them; they must also strive to enrich and improve readers' aesthetic abilities and artistic tastes to meet readers' evolving appreciation needs.